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keygen: Stream s1 and s2 to reduce memory footprint - #1410

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keygen: Stream s1 and s2 to reduce memory footprint#1410
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keygen-lowram

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@mkannwischer mkannwischer commented Sep 1, 2026

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Key generation held s1 and s2 as full vectors from sampling until the end, although both are only needed one polynomial at a time: s1 for the bit-packing and the in-place NTT, s2 as the addend of row k of A*s1hat + s2.

Sampling now runs in batches of MLD_SAMPLE_BATCH polynomials that are bit-packed into sk as they are produced, so only the batch is held in memory; s1 is read back from sk for the in-place NTT.

The batch size is fixed at four regardless of
MLD_CONFIG_SERIAL_FIPS202_ONLY so that the allocation does not depend on the FIPS202 backend configuration.

mld_compute_pack_t0_t1 correspondingly takes the bit-packed s2 and unpacks row k on demand into the scratch buffer that afterwards receives t1[k].

Keypair allocation in bytes:

              default            REDUCE_RAM
  ML-DSA-44   26912 -> 22816    11584 ->  7488
  ML-DSA-65   44320 -> 38176    14656 ->  8512
  ML-DSA-87   75040 -> 66848    18752 -> 10560

Key generation held s1 and s2 as full vectors from sampling until the
end, although both are only needed one polynomial at a time: s1 for the
bit-packing and the in-place NTT, s2 as the addend of row k of
A*s1hat + s2.

Sampling now runs in batches of MLD_SAMPLE_BATCH polynomials that are
bit-packed into sk as they are produced, so only the batch is held in
memory; s1 is read back from sk for the in-place NTT.

The batch size is fixed at four regardless of
MLD_CONFIG_SERIAL_FIPS202_ONLY so that the allocation does not depend on
the FIPS202 backend configuration.

mld_compute_pack_t0_t1 correspondingly takes the bit-packed s2 and
unpacks row k on demand into the scratch buffer that afterwards receives
t1[k].

Keypair allocation in bytes:

              default            REDUCE_RAM
  ML-DSA-44   26912 -> 22816    11584 ->  7488
  ML-DSA-65   44320 -> 38176    14656 ->  8512
  ML-DSA-87   75040 -> 66848    18752 -> 10560

Signed-off-by: Matthias J. Kannwischer <matthias@zerorisc.com>

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Mac Mini (M1, 2020) benchmarks (opt)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 48150 cycles 46514 cycles 1.04
ML-DSA-44 sign 132054 cycles 131105 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-44 verify 47630 cycles 47334 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 keypair 82591 cycles 81690 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 sign 217115 cycles 215357 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 verify 79875 cycles 79299 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-87 keypair 134952 cycles 132541 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-87 sign 277896 cycles 277657 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 133728 cycles 133600 cycles 1.00

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Mac Mini (M1, 2020) benchmarks (no-opt)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 114994 cycles 112756 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-44 sign 404028 cycles 401203 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-44 verify 120301 cycles 119382 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 keypair 249079 cycles 192915 cycles 1.29
ML-DSA-65 sign 651172 cycles 649931 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 193282 cycles 193012 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 321866 cycles 318911 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-87 sign 830037 cycles 828661 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 322354 cycles 321767 cycles 1.00

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⚠️ Performance Alert ⚠️

Possible performance regression was detected for benchmark 'Mac Mini (M1, 2020) benchmarks (no-opt)'.
Benchmark result of this commit is worse than the previous benchmark result exceeding threshold 1.03.

Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-65 keypair 249079 cycles 192915 cycles 1.29

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Arm Cortex-A72 (Raspberry Pi 4) benchmarks (opt)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 219794 cycles 216756 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-44 sign 593490 cycles 599662 cycles 0.99
ML-DSA-44 verify 215712 cycles 218576 cycles 0.99
ML-DSA-65 keypair 383319 cycles 382553 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 986023 cycles 991078 cycles 0.99
ML-DSA-65 verify 365839 cycles 366619 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 643917 cycles 643881 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 1308035 cycles 1331767 cycles 0.98
ML-DSA-87 verify 617303 cycles 621211 cycles 0.99

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Intel Xeon 4th gen (c7i)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 44718 cycles 43430 cycles 1.03
ML-DSA-44 sign 130135 cycles 130083 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 45240 cycles 45192 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 75701 cycles 75802 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 213842 cycles 213832 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 74378 cycles 74497 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 125582 cycles 122973 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-87 sign 271157 cycles 271178 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 120753 cycles 120739 cycles 1.00

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Intel Xeon 4th gen (c7i) (no-opt)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 92534 cycles 91692 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-44 sign 349981 cycles 351662 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 99774 cycles 99535 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 154772 cycles 154072 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 569039 cycles 567980 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 159367 cycles 159633 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 259282 cycles 255184 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-87 sign 719628 cycles 719063 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 263524 cycles 263975 cycles 1.00

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AMD EPYC 4th gen (c7a)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 48574 cycles 47069 cycles 1.03
ML-DSA-44 sign 139001 cycles 140117 cycles 0.99
ML-DSA-44 verify 49481 cycles 49586 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 82793 cycles 82975 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 229613 cycles 228193 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 verify 82681 cycles 82573 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 133398 cycles 130858 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-87 sign 281230 cycles 281432 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 129188 cycles 129429 cycles 1.00

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⚠️ Performance Alert ⚠️

Possible performance regression was detected for benchmark 'AMD EPYC 4th gen (c7a)'.
Benchmark result of this commit is worse than the previous benchmark result exceeding threshold 1.03.

Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 48574 cycles 47069 cycles 1.03

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AMD EPYC 3rd gen (c6a)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 53680 cycles 52044 cycles 1.03
ML-DSA-44 sign 155060 cycles 154478 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 54273 cycles 54171 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 90114 cycles 90288 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 254983 cycles 255159 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 89391 cycles 89723 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 146111 cycles 144023 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-87 sign 310615 cycles 311435 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 139031 cycles 139380 cycles 1.00

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⚠️ Performance Alert ⚠️

Possible performance regression was detected for benchmark 'AMD EPYC 3rd gen (c6a)'.
Benchmark result of this commit is worse than the previous benchmark result exceeding threshold 1.03.

Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 53680 cycles 52044 cycles 1.03

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Graviton5

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 53198 cycles 51548 cycles 1.03
ML-DSA-44 sign 162360 cycles 162113 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 54802 cycles 54690 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 91798 cycles 90140 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-65 sign 267266 cycles 267396 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 89749 cycles 89797 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 149170 cycles 145755 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-87 sign 336380 cycles 336130 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 144922 cycles 145410 cycles 1.00

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⚠️ Performance Alert ⚠️

Possible performance regression was detected for benchmark 'Graviton5'.
Benchmark result of this commit is worse than the previous benchmark result exceeding threshold 1.03.

Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 53198 cycles 51548 cycles 1.03

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Intel Xeon 3rd gen (c6i)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 63659 cycles 61828 cycles 1.03
ML-DSA-44 sign 188048 cycles 187695 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 66261 cycles 66104 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 110201 cycles 108718 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 sign 312645 cycles 312467 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 109602 cycles 109821 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 174229 cycles 170106 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-87 sign 378340 cycles 378541 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 171706 cycles 171030 cycles 1.00

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AMD EPYC 4th gen (c7a) (no-opt)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 120408 cycles 118953 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-44 sign 457094 cycles 459598 cycles 0.99
ML-DSA-44 verify 130575 cycles 130974 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 200701 cycles 201005 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 743817 cycles 744567 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 209070 cycles 209501 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 334607 cycles 330311 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-87 sign 941430 cycles 935570 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-87 verify 343621 cycles 343111 cycles 1.00

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AMD EPYC 3rd gen (c6a) (no-opt)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 134625 cycles 133208 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-44 sign 517573 cycles 517943 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 145957 cycles 146617 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 225045 cycles 224548 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 844745 cycles 845053 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 234352 cycles 234404 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 372612 cycles 368072 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-87 sign 1064680 cycles 1059535 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 381584 cycles 381179 cycles 1.00

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Graviton5 (no-opt)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 101908 cycles 100305 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-44 sign 369460 cycles 368863 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 110264 cycles 110142 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 176353 cycles 175442 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 sign 597271 cycles 596517 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 177033 cycles 177401 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 288966 cycles 286665 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-87 sign 757652 cycles 757698 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 296289 cycles 295740 cycles 1.00

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Intel Xeon 3rd gen (c6i) (no-opt)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 157204 cycles 154677 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-44 sign 591127 cycles 589008 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 170268 cycles 169721 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 262641 cycles 261373 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 964442 cycles 962347 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 272112 cycles 271274 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 437568 cycles 436223 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 1217416 cycles 1229252 cycles 0.99
ML-DSA-87 verify 448706 cycles 452607 cycles 0.99

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Arm Cortex-A72 (Raspberry Pi 4) benchmarks (no-opt)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 301678 cycles 300414 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 sign 1127279 cycles 1139126 cycles 0.99
ML-DSA-44 verify 328231 cycles 331046 cycles 0.99
ML-DSA-65 keypair 547039 cycles 548825 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 1853184 cycles 1869608 cycles 0.99
ML-DSA-65 verify 525326 cycles 529294 cycles 0.99
ML-DSA-87 keypair 846962 cycles 849946 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 2362980 cycles 2373676 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 868280 cycles 881562 cycles 0.98

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Graviton4

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 69120 cycles 67437 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-44 sign 198254 cycles 198251 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 70346 cycles 70273 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 120739 cycles 119404 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 sign 325685 cycles 325857 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 116824 cycles 116855 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 199778 cycles 196729 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-87 sign 422686 cycles 422612 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 193212 cycles 193340 cycles 1.00

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Graviton3

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 73253 cycles 71611 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-44 sign 209286 cycles 209434 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 75035 cycles 74963 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 127581 cycles 126094 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 sign 345382 cycles 345749 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 124420 cycles 124181 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 209885 cycles 206303 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-87 sign 439883 cycles 439718 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 204487 cycles 204622 cycles 1.00

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Graviton4 (no-opt)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 129631 cycles 128049 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-44 sign 441116 cycles 441168 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 136518 cycles 136467 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 223131 cycles 221666 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 sign 714869 cycles 714474 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 220998 cycles 220904 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 368214 cycles 365008 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-87 sign 916856 cycles 916566 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 371703 cycles 371340 cycles 1.00

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Graviton3 (no-opt)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 140216 cycles 138707 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-44 sign 487346 cycles 486846 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 149713 cycles 149535 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 244296 cycles 242459 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 sign 794080 cycles 793806 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 242221 cycles 242128 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 399157 cycles 395846 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-87 sign 1017342 cycles 1016691 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 405466 cycles 404895 cycles 1.00

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Graviton2

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 115133 cycles 112613 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-44 sign 354181 cycles 354097 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 117569 cycles 117356 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 196792 cycles 194908 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 sign 584510 cycles 584211 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 193690 cycles 193186 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 325055 cycles 321947 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-87 sign 749467 cycles 749473 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 319097 cycles 319705 cycles 1.00

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Graviton2 (no-opt)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 214544 cycles 212605 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-44 sign 760320 cycles 761270 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 229546 cycles 230160 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 377324 cycles 376264 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 1247556 cycles 1248079 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 371353 cycles 372327 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 604538 cycles 601548 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 1585682 cycles 1584951 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 616284 cycles 617704 cycles 1.00

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Arm Cortex-A55 (Snapdragon 888) benchmarks (opt)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 277824 cycles 271982 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-44 sign 823694 cycles 811078 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-44 verify 275049 cycles 273238 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 keypair 474095 cycles 466703 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-65 sign 1331198 cycles 1368970 cycles 0.97
ML-DSA-65 verify 453959 cycles 454427 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 806322 cycles 799628 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-87 sign 1824451 cycles 1881952 cycles 0.97
ML-DSA-87 verify 771985 cycles 779593 cycles 0.99

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Arm Cortex-A76 (Raspberry Pi 5) benchmarks (opt)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 114986 cycles 112035 cycles 1.03
ML-DSA-44 sign 353789 cycles 353427 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 117051 cycles 117277 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 196619 cycles 194588 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 sign 583519 cycles 583734 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 192930 cycles 193178 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 325288 cycles 320562 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-87 sign 746290 cycles 746825 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 318268 cycles 318130 cycles 1.00

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Arm Cortex-A76 (Raspberry Pi 5) benchmarks (no-opt)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 214318 cycles 211494 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-44 sign 760599 cycles 759270 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 229627 cycles 228971 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 377876 cycles 375085 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 sign 1246744 cycles 1247662 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 371702 cycles 371342 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 605887 cycles 600696 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-87 sign 1584024 cycles 1584815 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 617210 cycles 616331 cycles 1.00

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Arm Cortex-A55 (Snapdragon 888) benchmarks (no-opt)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 472521 cycles 465334 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-44 sign 2135043 cycles 2136027 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 556744 cycles 556763 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 788323 cycles 784205 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 sign 3513127 cycles 3490891 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 verify 869319 cycles 869429 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 1276017 cycles 1267792 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-87 sign 4343905 cycles 4336698 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 1386552 cycles 1394843 cycles 0.99

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SpacemiT K1 8 (Banana Pi F3) benchmarks (no-opt)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 776194 cycles 760609 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-44 sign 3144181 cycles 3141192 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 859251 cycles 859636 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 1295405 cycles 1288789 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 sign 5089426 cycles 5078763 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 1367872 cycles 1368051 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 2136388 cycles 2110967 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-87 sign 6358431 cycles 6371124 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 2225827 cycles 2227585 cycles 1.00

This comment was automatically generated by workflow using github-action-benchmark.

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oqs-bot commented Sep 1, 2026

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CBMC Results (ML-DSA-44, REDUCE-RAM)

⚠️ Attention Required

Proof Status Current Previous Change
compute_pack_t0_t1 ⚠️ 28s 12s +133%
mld_attempt_signature_generation ⚠️ 163s 19s +758%
polyvecl_chknorm ⚠️ 33s 11s +200%
sign_pk_from_sk ⚠️ 26s 5s +420%
sign_verify_internal ⚠️ 159s 49s +224%
Full Results (207 proofs)
Proof Status Current Previous Change
**TOTAL** 1212s 1364s -11.1%
mld_attempt_signature_generation ⚠️ 163s 19s +758%
sign_verify_internal ⚠️ 159s 49s +224%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_c 65s 112s -42%
mld_invntt_layer 56s 105s -47%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec 41s 149s -72%
polyvecl_chknorm ⚠️ 33s 11s +200%
compute_pack_t0_t1 ⚠️ 28s 12s +133%
sign_pk_from_sk ⚠️ 26s 5s +420%
fqmul 22s 39s -44%
mld_ntt_layer 21s 41s -49%
sig_unpack_hints 18s 2s +800%
sign_keypair_internal 18s 4s +350%
keccakf1600x4_permute_native 13s 22s -41%
rej_uniform_c 13s 16s -19%
mld_ntt_butterfly_block 10s 23s -57%
sign_signature_internal 10s 4s +150%
poly_ntt_c 9s 21s -57%
polyeta_unpack 9s 14s -36%
polyt0_unpack 9s 12s -25%
rej_uniform 8s 8s +0%
rej_uniform_native 8s 5s +60%
rej_uniform_native_x86_64 8s - new
polyz_unpack_c 7s 8s -12%
keccak_absorb_once_x4 6s 8s -25%
poly_chknorm_c 6s 11s -45%
poly_invntt_tomont_c 6s 11s -45%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_native 6s 2s +200%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_row 6s 6s +0%
sign_keypair 6s 5s +20%
fqscale 5s 2s +150%
mld_check_pct 5s 15s -67%
poly_uniform_eta_4x 5s 12s -58%
polyveck_decompose 5s 7s -29%
sign_signature_extmu 5s 4s +25%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes 4s 3s +33%
make_hint 4s 3s +33%
mld_keccakf1600_permute_c 4s 7s -43%
mld_keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_c 4s 4s +0%
mld_polymat_expand_entry 4s 2s +100%
mld_sample_pack_s1_s2 4s - new
ntt_native_aarch64 4s 4s +0%
poly_add 4s 7s -43%
poly_challenge 4s 6s -33%
poly_chknorm_native 4s 4s +0%
poly_decompose_32_native_aarch64 4s 4s +0%
poly_decompose_88_native_aarch64 4s 3s +33%
poly_sub 4s 3s +33%
poly_use_hint_c 4s 5s -20%
polyt0_pack 4s 4s +0%
polyveck_invntt_tomont 4s 5s -20%
polyveck_reduce 4s 4s +0%
polyz_unpack_native_x86_64 4s 3s +33%
rej_uniform_native_aarch64 4s 3s +33%
sign_signature_pre_hash_shake256 4s 4s +0%
sk_t0hat_get_poly 4s 1s +300%
decompose 3s 3s +0%
intt_native_aarch64 3s 3s +0%
intt_native_x86_64 3s 2s +50%
keccak_absorb 3s 3s +0%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64 3s 3s +0%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes 3s 3s +0%
mld_compute_pack_z 3s 6s -50%
mld_ct_memcmp 3s 1s +200%
mld_h 3s 4s -25%
mld_prepare_domain_separation_prefix 3s 3s +0%
mld_sign_attempt 3s - new
mld_sign_resume 3s - new
mld_value_barrier_u8 3s 4s -25%
nttunpack_native_x86_64 3s 4s -25%
pack_sk_rho_key_tr 3s - new
pointwise_acc_native_aarch64 3s 6s -50%
pointwise_acc_native_x86_64 3s 4s -25%
poly_caddq_native 3s 3s +0%
poly_chknorm 3s 3s +0%
poly_decompose 3s 2s +50%
poly_decompose_native 3s 2s +50%
poly_decompose_native_x86_64 3s 2s +50%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional 3s 5s -40%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional_native 3s 3s +0%
poly_uniform 3s 3s +0%
poly_uniform_4x 3s 3s +0%
poly_use_hint 3s 2s +50%
poly_use_hint_native_aarch64 3s 3s +0%
polyvec_matrix_expand 3s 3s +0%
polyveck_caddq 3s 3s +0%
polyveck_pack_w1 3s 3s +0%
polyveck_unpack_eta 3s 2s +50%
polyveck_unpack_eta_chknorm 3s - new
polyvecl_ntt 3s 3s +0%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery 3s 3s +0%
polyw1_pack 3s 4s -25%
polyw1_pack_32 3s 3s +0%
rej_eta 3s 5s -40%
rej_uniform_eta_native_x86_64 3s - new
shake128_absorb 3s 3s +0%
shake128_squeeze 3s 2s +50%
shake128x4_absorb_once 3s 2s +50%
shake256 3s 1s +200%
shake256_finalize 3s 2s +50%
sign_signature 3s 6s -50%
sign_verify 3s 4s -25%
sign_verify_extmu 3s 5s -40%
sign_verify_pre_hash_internal 3s 5s -40%
sk_s2hat_get_poly 3s 5s -40%
unpack_sk 3s 3s +0%
unpack_sk_t0hat 3s 2s +50%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v84a 2s 3s -33%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_scalar_hybrid 2s 2s +0%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_v84a_scalar_hybrid 2s 3s -33%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_avx2 2s 2s +0%
keccak_finalize 2s 2s +0%
keccakf1600_extract_bytes (big endian) 2s 4s -50%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes 2s 2s +0%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_native 2s 4s -50%
keccakf1600x4_permute 2s 4s -50%
mld_ct_cmask_neg_i32 2s 2s +0%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u8 2s 2s +0%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u8 2s 2s +0%
mld_ct_sel_int32 2s 3s -33%
mld_sample_pack_s1_s2_serial 2s - new
mld_value_barrier_i64 2s 3s -33%
mld_value_barrier_u32 2s 1s +100%
ntt_native_x86_64 2s 3s -33%
pack_sig_c 2s 5s -60%
pack_sig_h 2s 4s -50%
pack_sig_z 2s 2s +0%
pointwise_native_aarch64 2s 2s +0%
poly_caddq 2s 4s -50%
poly_chknorm_native_aarch64 2s 2s +0%
poly_chknorm_native_x86_64 2s 2s +0%
poly_decompose_c 2s 5s -60%
poly_invntt_tomont 2s 2s +0%
poly_ntt_native 2s 3s -33%
poly_power2round 2s 4s -50%
poly_shiftl 2s 4s -50%
poly_uniform_eta 2s 2s +0%
poly_uniform_gamma1 2s 3s -33%
poly_uniform_gamma1_4x 2s 5s -60%
poly_use_hint_native 2s 3s -33%
poly_use_hint_native_x86_64 2s - new
polyeta_pack 2s 3s -33%
polyt1_pack 2s 3s -33%
polyt1_unpack 2s 2s +0%
polyvec_matrix_expand_serial 2s 4s -50%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_c 2s 4s -50%
polyz_pack 2s 2s +0%
polyz_unpack_17_native_aarch64 2s 2s +0%
power2round 2s 2s +0%
rej_eta_c 2s 4s -50%
rej_eta_native 2s 3s -33%
rej_uniform_eta_native_aarch64 2s 3s -33%
shake128_finalize 2s 3s -33%
shake128x4_squeezeblocks 2s 2s +0%
shake256_init 2s 4s -50%
shake256_release 2s 1s +100%
shake256_squeeze 2s 2s +0%
shake256x4_absorb_once 2s 1s +100%
shake256x4_squeezeblocks 2s 2s +0%
sign_signature_pre_hash_internal 2s 4s -50%
sign_verify_pre_hash_shake256 2s 5s -60%
unpack_pk_t1 2s 3s -33%
unpack_sk_s1hat 2s 3s -33%
use_hint 2s 2s +0%
yvec_get_poly 2s 3s -33%
yvec_init 2s 1s +100%
caddq 1s 6s -83%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64_v84a 1s 2s -50%
keccak_init 1s 3s -67%
keccak_squeeze 1s 2s -50%
keccak_squeezeblocks_x4 1s 3s -67%
keccakf1600_permute 1s 2s -50%
keccakf1600_permute_native 1s 3s -67%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes (big endian) 1s 6s -83%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_native 1s 5s -80%
mld_ct_abs_i32 1s 3s -67%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u32 1s 3s -67%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_i64 1s 4s -75%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u32 1s 2s -50%
mld_keccakf1600_extract_bytes 1s 2s -50%
mld_keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_c 1s 4s -75%
mld_sign_finish 1s - new
montgomery_reduce 1s 2s -50%
pointwise_native_x86_64 1s 4s -75%
poly_caddq_c 1s 3s -67%
poly_caddq_native_aarch64 1s 3s -67%
poly_caddq_native_x86_64 1s 4s -75%
poly_invntt_tomont_native 1s 3s -67%
poly_ntt 1s 3s -67%
poly_pointwise_montgomery 1s 3s -67%
poly_reduce 1s 4s -75%
polyveck_ntt 1s 2s -50%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_native 1s 3s -67%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1 1s 2s -50%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1_serial 1s 2s -50%
polyvecl_unpack_eta 1s 4s -75%
polyvecl_unpack_z 1s 3s -67%
polyw1_pack_88 1s 2s -50%
polyz_unpack 1s 3s -67%
polyz_unpack_19_native_aarch64 1s 4s -75%
polyz_unpack_native 1s 3s -67%
reduce32 1s 3s -67%
shake128_init 1s 2s -50%
shake128_release 1s 2s -50%
shake256_absorb 1s 2s -50%
sk_s1hat_get_poly 1s 2s -50%
sys_check_capability 1s 2s -50%
unpack_sk_s2hat 1s 4s -75%

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oqs-bot commented Sep 1, 2026

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CBMC Results (ML-DSA-87, REDUCE-RAM)

⚠️ Attention Required

Proof Status Current Previous Change
compute_pack_t0_t1 ⚠️ 26s 12s +117%
mld_attempt_signature_generation ⚠️ 175s 34s +415%
sign_keypair_internal ⚠️ 37s 6s +517%
sign_pk_from_sk ⚠️ 40s 6s +567%
sign_verify_internal ⚠️ 189s 47s +302%
Full Results (207 proofs)
Proof Status Current Previous Change
**TOTAL** 1286s 1436s -10.4%
sign_verify_internal ⚠️ 189s 47s +302%
mld_attempt_signature_generation ⚠️ 175s 34s +415%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_c 68s 125s -46%
mld_invntt_layer 60s 111s -46%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec 55s 196s -72%
sign_pk_from_sk ⚠️ 40s 6s +567%
sign_keypair_internal ⚠️ 37s 6s +517%
compute_pack_t0_t1 ⚠️ 26s 12s +117%
fqmul 24s 39s -38%
mld_ntt_layer 22s 44s -50%
mld_ntt_butterfly_block 13s 23s -43%
rej_uniform_c 13s 18s -28%
keccakf1600x4_permute_native 12s 25s -52%
sig_unpack_hints 12s 4s +200%
sign_signature_internal 12s 3s +300%
polyt0_unpack 10s 14s -29%
polyveck_decompose 10s 12s -17%
rej_uniform 10s 7s +43%
poly_ntt_c 9s 19s -53%
polyeta_unpack 8s 13s -38%
mld_keccakf1600_permute_c 7s 8s -12%
mld_sample_pack_s1_s2 7s - new
poly_uniform_eta_4x 7s 12s -42%
rej_uniform_native_x86_64 7s - new
poly_caddq_native_x86_64 6s 3s +100%
poly_invntt_tomont_c 6s 9s -33%
polyveck_caddq 6s 8s -25%
sign_keypair 6s 4s +50%
sign_signature_pre_hash_shake256 6s 3s +100%
keccak_absorb_once_x4 5s 8s -38%
mld_check_pct 5s 15s -67%
ntt_native_aarch64 5s 4s +25%
pointwise_acc_native_aarch64 5s 5s +0%
pointwise_acc_native_x86_64 5s 8s -38%
poly_chknorm_c 5s 13s -62%
poly_shiftl 5s 4s +25%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_row 5s 13s -62%
polyveck_invntt_tomont 5s 4s +25%
polyveck_reduce 5s 6s -17%
sign_signature 5s 4s +25%
caddq 4s 3s +33%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes 4s 1s +300%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u32 4s 5s -20%
mld_sample_pack_s1_s2_serial 4s - new
pointwise_native_x86_64 4s 5s -20%
poly_add 4s 8s -50%
poly_decompose_c 4s 6s -33%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional_native 4s 3s +33%
poly_uniform 4s 4s +0%
polyt1_unpack 4s 3s +33%
polyvecl_ntt 4s 8s -50%
power2round 4s 3s +33%
rej_uniform_native 4s 5s -20%
sk_t0hat_get_poly 4s 3s +33%
decompose 3s 2s +50%
intt_native_x86_64 3s 4s -25%
keccak_squeezeblocks_x4 3s 4s -25%
keccakf1600_permute_native 3s 3s +0%
mld_compute_pack_z 3s 6s -50%
mld_ct_cmask_neg_i32 3s 2s +50%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_i64 3s 2s +50%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u32 3s 2s +50%
mld_h 3s 2s +50%
mld_keccakf1600_extract_bytes 3s 1s +200%
mld_polymat_expand_entry 3s 4s -25%
mld_prepare_domain_separation_prefix 3s 3s +0%
mld_sign_attempt 3s - new
mld_sign_resume 3s - new
montgomery_reduce 3s 2s +50%
pack_sig_h 3s 3s +0%
pointwise_native_aarch64 3s 4s -25%
poly_challenge 3s 4s -25%
poly_chknorm_native 3s 1s +200%
poly_chknorm_native_x86_64 3s 2s +50%
poly_decompose_native 3s 2s +50%
poly_invntt_tomont 3s 4s -25%
poly_ntt 3s 2s +50%
poly_ntt_native 3s 4s -25%
poly_power2round 3s 7s -57%
poly_reduce 3s 4s -25%
poly_sub 3s 5s -40%
poly_use_hint_native_x86_64 3s - new
polyt1_pack 3s 5s -40%
polyveck_unpack_eta 3s 3s +0%
polyvecl_chknorm 3s 38s -92%
polyvecl_unpack_eta 3s 3s +0%
polyvecl_unpack_z 3s 3s +0%
polyw1_pack_88 3s 2s +50%
polyz_unpack_19_native_aarch64 3s 5s -40%
polyz_unpack_c 3s 7s -57%
polyz_unpack_native_x86_64 3s 3s +0%
reduce32 3s 3s +0%
rej_uniform_native_aarch64 3s 3s +0%
shake128_absorb 3s 2s +50%
shake128_init 3s 2s +50%
shake128_squeeze 3s 1s +200%
shake256_init 3s 3s +0%
shake256_squeeze 3s 2s +50%
sign_signature_extmu 3s 4s -25%
sign_signature_pre_hash_internal 3s 2s +50%
sign_verify_pre_hash_internal 3s 3s +0%
unpack_sk 3s 4s -25%
keccak_absorb 2s 4s -50%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64_v84a 2s 2s +0%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v84a 2s 1s +100%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_scalar_hybrid 2s 2s +0%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_v84a_scalar_hybrid 2s 2s +0%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_avx2 2s 3s -33%
keccak_squeeze 2s 5s -60%
keccakf1600_extract_bytes (big endian) 2s 3s -33%
keccakf1600x4_permute 2s 2s +0%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes 2s 1s +100%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_native 2s 2s +0%
make_hint 2s 2s +0%
mld_ct_abs_i32 2s 1s +100%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u8 2s 2s +0%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u8 2s 3s -33%
mld_ct_memcmp 2s 1s +100%
mld_ct_sel_int32 2s 2s +0%
mld_keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_c 2s 3s -33%
mld_keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_c 2s 1s +100%
mld_sign_finish 2s - new
mld_value_barrier_i64 2s 2s +0%
ntt_native_x86_64 2s 2s +0%
nttunpack_native_x86_64 2s 3s -33%
pack_sig_c 2s 2s +0%
poly_caddq 2s 5s -60%
poly_caddq_c 2s 3s -33%
poly_chknorm_native_aarch64 2s 5s -60%
poly_decompose 2s 2s +0%
poly_decompose_32_native_aarch64 2s 3s -33%
poly_decompose_native_x86_64 2s 3s -33%
poly_pointwise_montgomery 2s 3s -33%
poly_uniform_eta 2s 5s -60%
poly_uniform_gamma1 2s 3s -33%
poly_uniform_gamma1_4x 2s 3s -33%
poly_use_hint 2s 4s -50%
poly_use_hint_c 2s 4s -50%
poly_use_hint_native 2s 1s +100%
polyeta_pack 2s 3s -33%
polyt0_pack 2s 3s -33%
polyvec_matrix_expand 2s 3s -33%
polyveck_pack_w1 2s 3s -33%
polyveck_unpack_eta_chknorm 2s - new
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery 2s 2s +0%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_native 2s 2s +0%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1 2s 3s -33%
polyw1_pack_32 2s 3s -33%
rej_eta 2s 2s +0%
rej_eta_c 2s 4s -50%
rej_uniform_eta_native_aarch64 2s 3s -33%
rej_uniform_eta_native_x86_64 2s - new
shake128_finalize 2s 2s +0%
shake128_release 2s 3s -33%
shake256_finalize 2s 3s -33%
shake256x4_absorb_once 2s 5s -60%
shake256x4_squeezeblocks 2s 4s -50%
sign_verify 2s 2s +0%
sign_verify_extmu 2s 4s -50%
sign_verify_pre_hash_shake256 2s 7s -71%
unpack_sk_s1hat 2s 3s -33%
unpack_sk_s2hat 2s 3s -33%
unpack_sk_t0hat 2s 4s -50%
use_hint 2s 3s -33%
yvec_init 2s 4s -50%
fqscale 1s 1s +0%
intt_native_aarch64 1s 4s -75%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64 1s 2s -50%
keccak_finalize 1s 1s +0%
keccak_init 1s 1s +0%
keccakf1600_permute 1s 2s -50%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes 1s 1s +0%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes (big endian) 1s 2s -50%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_native 1s 4s -75%
mld_value_barrier_u32 1s 3s -67%
mld_value_barrier_u8 1s 2s -50%
pack_sig_z 1s 3s -67%
pack_sk_rho_key_tr 1s - new
poly_caddq_native 1s 3s -67%
poly_caddq_native_aarch64 1s 3s -67%
poly_chknorm 1s 4s -75%
poly_decompose_88_native_aarch64 1s 2s -50%
poly_invntt_tomont_native 1s 2s -50%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional 1s 2s -50%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_native 1s 3s -67%
poly_uniform_4x 1s 3s -67%
poly_use_hint_native_aarch64 1s 3s -67%
polyvec_matrix_expand_serial 1s 3s -67%
polyveck_ntt 1s 3s -67%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_c 1s 2s -50%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1_serial 1s 2s -50%
polyw1_pack 1s 2s -50%
polyz_pack 1s 4s -75%
polyz_unpack 1s 3s -67%
polyz_unpack_17_native_aarch64 1s 4s -75%
polyz_unpack_native 1s 1s +0%
rej_eta_native 1s 4s -75%
shake128x4_absorb_once 1s 4s -75%
shake128x4_squeezeblocks 1s 1s +0%
shake256 1s 3s -67%
shake256_absorb 1s 3s -67%
shake256_release 1s 5s -80%
sk_s1hat_get_poly 1s 3s -67%
sk_s2hat_get_poly 1s 2s -50%
sys_check_capability 1s 2s -50%
unpack_pk_t1 1s 2s -50%
yvec_get_poly 1s 2s -50%

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oqs-bot commented Sep 1, 2026

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CBMC Results (ML-DSA-65, REDUCE-RAM)

⚠️ Attention Required

Proof Status Current Previous Change
compute_pack_t0_t1 ⚠️ 39s 7s +457%
mld_attempt_signature_generation ⚠️ 149s 31s +381%
sign_keypair_internal ⚠️ 22s 3s +633%
sign_pk_from_sk ⚠️ 23s 5s +360%
sign_verify_internal ⚠️ 180s 71s +154%
Full Results (207 proofs)
Proof Status Current Previous Change
**TOTAL** 1242s 1482s -16.2%
sign_verify_internal ⚠️ 180s 71s +154%
mld_attempt_signature_generation ⚠️ 149s 31s +381%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec 105s 201s -48%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_c 63s 116s -46%
mld_invntt_layer 53s 108s -51%
compute_pack_t0_t1 ⚠️ 39s 7s +457%
sign_pk_from_sk ⚠️ 23s 5s +360%
fqmul 22s 40s -45%
sign_keypair_internal ⚠️ 22s 3s +633%
mld_ntt_layer 19s 43s -56%
rej_uniform_c 12s 16s -25%
sig_unpack_hints 12s 1s +1100%
sign_signature_internal 12s 6s +100%
keccakf1600x4_permute_native 11s 22s -50%
mld_ntt_butterfly_block 11s 25s -56%
polyveck_decompose 11s 14s -21%
poly_ntt_c 10s 22s -55%
rej_uniform 10s 7s +43%
poly_uniform_eta_4x 9s 13s -31%
polyt0_unpack 9s 13s -31%
polyvecl_chknorm 9s 43s -79%
rej_uniform_native_x86_64 9s - new
poly_chknorm_c 7s 13s -46%
poly_invntt_tomont_c 6s 10s -40%
polyt1_pack 6s 3s +100%
polyveck_invntt_tomont 6s 7s -14%
polyveck_reduce 6s 6s +0%
keccak_absorb_once_x4 5s 10s -50%
mld_check_pct 5s 12s -58%
mld_sample_pack_s1_s2 5s - new
polyeta_unpack 5s 4s +25%
intt_native_aarch64 4s 2s +100%
mld_sample_pack_s1_s2_serial 4s - new
poly_caddq_native_x86_64 4s 1s +300%
poly_chknorm_native_aarch64 4s 2s +100%
poly_chknorm_native_x86_64 4s 4s +0%
poly_decompose_native 4s 5s -20%
poly_invntt_tomont 4s 5s -20%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_native 4s 4s +0%
poly_uniform 4s 2s +100%
poly_uniform_eta 4s 5s -20%
poly_uniform_gamma1 4s 3s +33%
polyt1_unpack 4s 3s +33%
polyveck_caddq 4s 7s -43%
polyvecl_ntt 4s 7s -43%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1_serial 4s 1s +300%
polyw1_pack_88 4s 3s +33%
polyz_unpack_c 4s 9s -56%
shake128_absorb 4s 2s +100%
shake128x4_squeezeblocks 4s 2s +100%
sign_keypair 4s 4s +0%
sign_signature_pre_hash_shake256 4s 7s -43%
unpack_sk_s1hat 4s 1s +300%
keccak_absorb 3s 3s +0%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_scalar_hybrid 3s 3s +0%
keccak_init 3s 4s -25%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes (big endian) 3s 2s +50%
mld_compute_pack_z 3s 5s -40%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u8 3s 2s +50%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u32 3s 3s +0%
mld_ct_memcmp 3s 4s -25%
mld_keccakf1600_permute_c 3s 7s -57%
mld_sign_finish 3s - new
nttunpack_native_x86_64 3s 3s +0%
pack_sig_c 3s 3s +0%
pack_sig_z 3s 1s +200%
pack_sk_rho_key_tr 3s - new
pointwise_acc_native_aarch64 3s 6s -50%
pointwise_native_x86_64 3s 2s +50%
poly_caddq_native_aarch64 3s 2s +50%
poly_challenge 3s 5s -40%
poly_decompose_88_native_aarch64 3s 2s +50%
poly_decompose_c 3s 8s -62%
poly_ntt_native 3s 2s +50%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional 3s 3s +0%
poly_uniform_gamma1_4x 3s 3s +0%
poly_use_hint_c 3s 2s +50%
poly_use_hint_native_x86_64 3s - new
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_row 3s 8s -62%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_c 3s 3s +0%
polyw1_pack 3s 3s +0%
polyw1_pack_32 3s 2s +50%
polyz_unpack_native 3s 3s +0%
polyz_unpack_native_x86_64 3s 3s +0%
power2round 3s 2s +50%
reduce32 3s 2s +50%
rej_eta_c 3s 4s -25%
shake256 3s 2s +50%
shake256_init 3s 4s -25%
sign_signature 3s 5s -40%
sign_signature_extmu 3s 4s -25%
sign_signature_pre_hash_internal 3s 3s +0%
sign_verify_pre_hash_internal 3s 5s -40%
sign_verify_pre_hash_shake256 3s 6s -50%
unpack_pk_t1 3s 2s +50%
decompose 2s 4s -50%
intt_native_x86_64 2s 4s -50%
keccak_finalize 2s 2s +0%
keccak_squeeze 2s 2s +0%
keccak_squeezeblocks_x4 2s 4s -50%
keccakf1600_extract_bytes (big endian) 2s 3s -33%
keccakf1600_permute_native 2s 2s +0%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes 2s 4s -50%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_native 2s 2s +0%
mld_ct_abs_i32 2s 6s -67%
mld_ct_cmask_neg_i32 2s 3s -33%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u32 2s 3s -33%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_i64 2s 1s +100%
mld_ct_sel_int32 2s 2s +0%
mld_keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_c 2s 2s +0%
mld_keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_c 2s 2s +0%
mld_polymat_expand_entry 2s 3s -33%
mld_prepare_domain_separation_prefix 2s 4s -50%
mld_sign_resume 2s - new
mld_value_barrier_i64 2s 2s +0%
mld_value_barrier_u32 2s 4s -50%
mld_value_barrier_u8 2s 1s +100%
ntt_native_aarch64 2s 3s -33%
ntt_native_x86_64 2s 5s -60%
pack_sig_h 2s 2s +0%
pointwise_acc_native_x86_64 2s 5s -60%
pointwise_native_aarch64 2s 3s -33%
poly_add 2s 7s -71%
poly_caddq_native 2s 4s -50%
poly_chknorm 2s 3s -33%
poly_chknorm_native 2s 4s -50%
poly_decompose_32_native_aarch64 2s 4s -50%
poly_ntt 2s 2s +0%
poly_pointwise_montgomery 2s 2s +0%
poly_power2round 2s 7s -71%
poly_shiftl 2s 3s -33%
poly_sub 2s 4s -50%
poly_uniform_4x 2s 4s -50%
poly_use_hint 2s 3s -33%
poly_use_hint_native 2s 7s -71%
poly_use_hint_native_aarch64 2s 4s -50%
polyeta_pack 2s 1s +100%
polyveck_unpack_eta 2s 3s -33%
polyveck_unpack_eta_chknorm 2s - new
polyvecl_unpack_eta 2s 2s +0%
polyz_unpack_19_native_aarch64 2s 5s -60%
rej_eta 2s 5s -60%
rej_uniform_eta_native_aarch64 2s 5s -60%
rej_uniform_eta_native_x86_64 2s - new
rej_uniform_native 2s 4s -50%
shake128_finalize 2s 2s +0%
shake128_squeeze 2s 3s -33%
shake128x4_absorb_once 2s 2s +0%
shake256_absorb 2s 4s -50%
shake256_finalize 2s 1s +100%
shake256_release 2s 3s -33%
shake256x4_absorb_once 2s 2s +0%
shake256x4_squeezeblocks 2s 2s +0%
sign_verify 2s 6s -67%
sk_s1hat_get_poly 2s 3s -33%
sk_t0hat_get_poly 2s 1s +100%
sys_check_capability 2s 1s +100%
unpack_sk 2s 3s -33%
unpack_sk_t0hat 2s 4s -50%
yvec_init 2s 5s -60%
caddq 1s 2s -50%
fqscale 1s 3s -67%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64 1s 2s -50%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64_v84a 1s 2s -50%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v84a 1s 2s -50%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_v84a_scalar_hybrid 1s 3s -67%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_avx2 1s 2s -50%
keccakf1600_permute 1s 4s -75%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes 1s 4s -75%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_native 1s 1s +0%
keccakf1600x4_permute 1s 1s +0%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes 1s 2s -50%
make_hint 1s 3s -67%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u8 1s 4s -75%
mld_h 1s 3s -67%
mld_keccakf1600_extract_bytes 1s 2s -50%
mld_sign_attempt 1s - new
montgomery_reduce 1s 1s +0%
poly_caddq 1s 3s -67%
poly_caddq_c 1s 5s -80%
poly_decompose 1s 2s -50%
poly_decompose_native_x86_64 1s 2s -50%
poly_invntt_tomont_native 1s 5s -80%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional_native 1s 3s -67%
poly_reduce 1s 4s -75%
polyt0_pack 1s 5s -80%
polyvec_matrix_expand 1s 6s -83%
polyvec_matrix_expand_serial 1s 3s -67%
polyveck_ntt 1s 4s -75%
polyveck_pack_w1 1s 4s -75%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery 1s 3s -67%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_native 1s 3s -67%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1 1s 4s -75%
polyvecl_unpack_z 1s 1s +0%
polyz_pack 1s 3s -67%
polyz_unpack 1s 3s -67%
polyz_unpack_17_native_aarch64 1s 2s -50%
rej_eta_native 1s 3s -67%
rej_uniform_native_aarch64 1s 5s -80%
shake128_init 1s 6s -83%
shake128_release 1s 2s -50%
shake256_squeeze 1s 4s -75%
sign_verify_extmu 1s 2s -50%
sk_s2hat_get_poly 1s 1s +0%
unpack_sk_s2hat 1s 3s -67%
use_hint 1s 2s -50%
yvec_get_poly 1s 3s -67%

@oqs-bot

oqs-bot commented Sep 1, 2026

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CBMC Results (ML-DSA-44)

⚠️ Attention Required

Proof Status Current Previous Change
compute_pack_t0_t1 ⚠️ 80s 50s +60%
mld_attempt_signature_generation ⚠️ 203s 58s +250%
sig_unpack_hints ⚠️ 22s 2s +1000%
sign_keypair_internal ⚠️ 20s 4s +400%
sign_pk_from_sk ⚠️ 32s 5s +540%
sign_signature_internal ⚠️ 123s 26s +373%
sign_verify_internal ⚠️ 315s 114s +176%
Full Results (207 proofs)
Proof Status Current Previous Change
**TOTAL** 1730s 1514s +14.3%
sign_verify_internal ⚠️ 315s 114s +176%
mld_attempt_signature_generation ⚠️ 203s 58s +250%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_c 141s 114s +24%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_c 127s 131s -3%
sign_signature_internal ⚠️ 123s 26s +373%
compute_pack_t0_t1 ⚠️ 80s 50s +60%
mld_invntt_layer 56s 107s -48%
sign_pk_from_sk ⚠️ 32s 5s +540%
fqmul 22s 39s -44%
mld_ntt_layer 22s 42s -48%
sig_unpack_hints ⚠️ 22s 2s +1000%
sign_keypair_internal ⚠️ 20s 4s +400%
polyvec_matrix_expand 19s 28s -32%
mld_ntt_butterfly_block 14s 23s -39%
keccakf1600x4_permute_native 11s 22s -50%
poly_chknorm_c 9s 17s -47%
poly_ntt_c 9s 19s -53%
polyt0_unpack 9s 15s -40%
rej_uniform 8s 18s -56%
rej_uniform_native_x86_64 8s - new
keccak_absorb_once_x4 7s 9s -22%
poly_invntt_tomont_c 7s 11s -36%
poly_uniform_4x 7s 14s -50%
polyeta_unpack 7s 14s -50%
poly_uniform_eta_4x 6s 11s -45%
rej_uniform_c 6s 15s -60%
sign_keypair 6s 4s +50%
pointwise_acc_native_x86_64 5s 7s -29%
polyvec_matrix_expand_serial 5s 8s -38%
polyz_unpack_c 5s 11s -55%
sign_signature_pre_hash_shake256 5s 3s +67%
sk_s1hat_get_poly 5s 3s +67%
caddq 4s 2s +100%
keccak_squeezeblocks_x4 4s 4s +0%
mld_check_pct 4s 14s -71%
mld_compute_pack_z 4s 7s -43%
mld_sign_resume 4s - new
pack_sig_z 4s 4s +0%
pointwise_native_x86_64 4s 4s +0%
poly_challenge 4s 3s +33%
poly_chknorm_native 4s 4s +0%
poly_decompose 4s 3s +33%
poly_power2round 4s 4s +0%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_row 4s 2s +100%
polyveck_pack_w1 4s 1s +300%
rej_eta 4s 3s +33%
rej_uniform_eta_native_x86_64 4s - new
rej_uniform_native_aarch64 4s 5s -20%
shake256_squeeze 4s 2s +100%
sign_signature_pre_hash_internal 4s 6s -33%
sign_verify_extmu 4s 3s +33%
sys_check_capability 4s 4s +0%
yvec_get_poly 4s 3s +33%
yvec_init 4s 3s +33%
keccak_absorb 3s 5s -40%
keccak_finalize 3s 3s +0%
keccakf1600x4_permute 3s 4s -25%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u8 3s 2s +50%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_i64 3s 4s -25%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u32 3s 1s +200%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u8 3s 1s +200%
mld_h 3s 4s -25%
mld_keccakf1600_permute_c 3s 8s -62%
mld_keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_c 3s 2s +50%
mld_sign_attempt 3s - new
mld_sign_finish 3s - new
ntt_native_x86_64 3s 3s +0%
pack_sig_c 3s 2s +50%
pack_sk_rho_key_tr 3s - new
pointwise_acc_native_aarch64 3s 4s -25%
pointwise_native_aarch64 3s 5s -40%
poly_add 3s 7s -57%
poly_caddq_c 3s 2s +50%
poly_caddq_native_aarch64 3s 4s -25%
poly_chknorm 3s 4s -25%
poly_chknorm_native_aarch64 3s 4s -25%
poly_invntt_tomont 3s 4s -25%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional_native 3s 4s -25%
poly_reduce 3s 3s +0%
poly_uniform 3s 6s -50%
poly_uniform_gamma1_4x 3s 5s -40%
poly_use_hint 3s 4s -25%
poly_use_hint_native_aarch64 3s 2s +50%
poly_use_hint_native_x86_64 3s - new
polyt0_pack 3s 2s +50%
polyt1_pack 3s 4s -25%
polyveck_decompose 3s 4s -25%
polyveck_ntt 3s 5s -40%
polyveck_unpack_eta 3s 2s +50%
polyvecl_ntt 3s 2s +50%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_native 3s 2s +50%
polyvecl_unpack_z 3s 2s +50%
polyw1_pack 3s 3s +0%
reduce32 3s 2s +50%
rej_eta_c 3s 4s -25%
rej_uniform_eta_native_aarch64 3s 2s +50%
rej_uniform_native 3s 4s -25%
shake128_finalize 3s 2s +50%
shake128x4_squeezeblocks 3s 1s +200%
shake256 3s 1s +200%
shake256_release 3s 2s +50%
sign_signature 3s 3s +0%
sign_verify_pre_hash_shake256 3s 5s -40%
sk_s2hat_get_poly 3s 2s +50%
unpack_pk_t1 3s 5s -40%
unpack_sk 3s 3s +0%
unpack_sk_t0hat 3s 3s +0%
decompose 2s 2s +0%
fqscale 2s 3s -33%
intt_native_aarch64 2s 9s -78%
intt_native_x86_64 2s 4s -50%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64_v84a 2s 3s -33%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_scalar_hybrid 2s 3s -33%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_v84a_scalar_hybrid 2s 1s +100%
keccak_init 2s 3s -33%
keccakf1600_extract_bytes (big endian) 2s 2s +0%
keccakf1600_permute_native 2s 3s -33%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes 2s 1s +100%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes (big endian) 2s 4s -50%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes 2s 2s +0%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_native 2s 3s -33%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes 2s 2s +0%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u32 2s 2s +0%
mld_ct_memcmp 2s 3s -33%
mld_ct_sel_int32 2s 2s +0%
mld_polymat_expand_entry 2s 3s -33%
mld_prepare_domain_separation_prefix 2s 4s -50%
mld_sample_pack_s1_s2 2s - new
mld_value_barrier_i64 2s 2s +0%
mld_value_barrier_u32 2s 2s +0%
mld_value_barrier_u8 2s 3s -33%
nttunpack_native_x86_64 2s 1s +100%
pack_sig_h 2s 3s -33%
poly_caddq_native_x86_64 2s 4s -50%
poly_chknorm_native_x86_64 2s 2s +0%
poly_decompose_native 2s 3s -33%
poly_invntt_tomont_native 2s 4s -50%
poly_ntt 2s 3s -33%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional 2s 2s +0%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_native 2s 2s +0%
poly_sub 2s 3s -33%
poly_uniform_eta 2s 5s -60%
poly_uniform_gamma1 2s 4s -50%
poly_use_hint_c 2s 3s -33%
poly_use_hint_native 2s 4s -50%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec 2s 15s -87%
polyveck_invntt_tomont 2s 5s -60%
polyveck_unpack_eta_chknorm 2s - new
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery 2s 4s -50%
polyvecl_unpack_eta 2s 2s +0%
polyw1_pack_88 2s 1s +100%
polyz_unpack 2s 3s -33%
polyz_unpack_17_native_aarch64 2s 5s -60%
polyz_unpack_19_native_aarch64 2s 5s -60%
power2round 2s 3s -33%
rej_eta_native 2s 6s -67%
shake128_absorb 2s 2s +0%
shake128_init 2s 3s -33%
shake128_release 2s 1s +100%
shake128_squeeze 2s 1s +100%
shake128x4_absorb_once 2s 3s -33%
shake256_absorb 2s 3s -33%
shake256_init 2s 3s -33%
shake256x4_absorb_once 2s 3s -33%
sign_signature_extmu 2s 4s -50%
sign_verify 2s 4s -50%
sign_verify_pre_hash_internal 2s 3s -33%
sk_t0hat_get_poly 2s 2s +0%
unpack_sk_s1hat 2s 1s +100%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64 1s 2s -50%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v84a 1s 2s -50%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_avx2 1s 3s -67%
keccak_squeeze 1s 1s +0%
keccakf1600_permute 1s 2s -50%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_native 1s 3s -67%
make_hint 1s 3s -67%
mld_ct_abs_i32 1s 2s -50%
mld_ct_cmask_neg_i32 1s 3s -67%
mld_keccakf1600_extract_bytes 1s 2s -50%
mld_keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_c 1s 2s -50%
mld_sample_pack_s1_s2_serial 1s - new
montgomery_reduce 1s 3s -67%
ntt_native_aarch64 1s 3s -67%
poly_caddq 1s 2s -50%
poly_caddq_native 1s 5s -80%
poly_decompose_32_native_aarch64 1s 2s -50%
poly_decompose_88_native_aarch64 1s 4s -75%
poly_decompose_c 1s 4s -75%
poly_decompose_native_x86_64 1s 3s -67%
poly_ntt_native 1s 5s -80%
poly_pointwise_montgomery 1s 3s -67%
poly_shiftl 1s 3s -67%
polyeta_pack 1s 3s -67%
polyt1_unpack 1s 5s -80%
polyveck_caddq 1s 3s -67%
polyveck_reduce 1s 5s -80%
polyvecl_chknorm 1s 10s -90%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1 1s 3s -67%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1_serial 1s 2s -50%
polyw1_pack_32 1s 2s -50%
polyz_pack 1s 2s -50%
polyz_unpack_native 1s 2s -50%
polyz_unpack_native_x86_64 1s 3s -67%
shake256_finalize 1s 2s -50%
shake256x4_squeezeblocks 1s 4s -75%
unpack_sk_s2hat 1s 4s -75%
use_hint 1s 2s -50%

@oqs-bot

oqs-bot commented Sep 1, 2026

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CBMC Results (ML-DSA-65)

⚠️ Attention Required

Proof Status Current Previous Change
compute_pack_t0_t1 ⚠️ 130s 13s +900%
mld_attempt_signature_generation ⚠️ 242s 63s +284%
sign_pk_from_sk ⚠️ 40s 6s +567%
sign_signature_internal ⚠️ 191s 55s +247%
sign_verify_internal ⚠️ 367s 177s +107%
Full Results (207 proofs)
Proof Status Current Previous Change
**TOTAL** 1984s 1784s +11.2%
sign_verify_internal ⚠️ 367s 177s +107%
mld_attempt_signature_generation ⚠️ 242s 63s +284%
sign_signature_internal ⚠️ 191s 55s +247%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_c 134s 125s +7%
compute_pack_t0_t1 ⚠️ 130s 13s +900%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_c 103s 210s -51%
polyvec_matrix_expand 69s 110s -37%
mld_invntt_layer 57s 109s -48%
sign_pk_from_sk ⚠️ 40s 6s +567%
mld_ntt_layer 22s 41s -46%
fqmul 21s 40s -48%
sign_keypair_internal 19s 5s +280%
polyvec_matrix_expand_serial 16s 27s -41%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec 15s 18s -17%
sig_unpack_hints 15s 2s +650%
keccakf1600x4_permute_native 13s 23s -43%
poly_ntt_c 11s 19s -42%
mld_ntt_butterfly_block 10s 24s -58%
polyveck_decompose 10s 12s -17%
rej_uniform 10s 18s -44%
polyt0_unpack 9s 16s -44%
rej_uniform_native_x86_64 9s - new
poly_invntt_tomont_c 8s 11s -27%
poly_uniform_eta_4x 8s 14s -43%
poly_chknorm_c 7s 15s -53%
polyvecl_ntt 6s 4s +50%
rej_uniform_c 6s 14s -57%
mld_check_pct 5s 14s -64%
poly_add 5s 9s -44%
poly_challenge 5s 6s -17%
poly_decompose 5s 2s +150%
poly_decompose_c 5s 5s +0%
poly_uniform_4x 5s 13s -62%
poly_use_hint_c 5s 5s +0%
polyveck_caddq 5s 6s -17%
polyz_unpack_c 5s 13s -62%
rej_eta_native 5s 3s +67%
rej_uniform_native 5s 4s +25%
sign_verify_extmu 5s 3s +67%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes 4s 1s +300%
mld_compute_pack_z 4s 7s -43%
mld_sample_pack_s1_s2_serial 4s - new
pointwise_acc_native_x86_64 4s 8s -50%
poly_caddq_native_x86_64 4s 3s +33%
poly_decompose_32_native_aarch64 4s 3s +33%
polyt1_pack 4s 3s +33%
polyveck_invntt_tomont 4s 8s -50%
polyveck_ntt 4s 7s -43%
polyw1_pack 4s 4s +0%
polyz_pack 4s 3s +33%
rej_eta_c 4s 5s -20%
sign_keypair 4s 3s +33%
sign_signature_pre_hash_internal 4s 3s +33%
unpack_sk_s2hat 4s 4s +0%
keccak_absorb 3s 3s +0%
keccak_absorb_once_x4 3s 8s -62%
keccak_squeezeblocks_x4 3s 5s -40%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_native 3s 4s -25%
make_hint 3s 2s +50%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u32 3s 3s +0%
mld_keccakf1600_permute_c 3s 6s -50%
mld_sample_pack_s1_s2 3s - new
mld_sign_attempt 3s - new
mld_value_barrier_u8 3s 3s +0%
ntt_native_aarch64 3s 2s +50%
ntt_native_x86_64 3s 2s +50%
pack_sig_z 3s 2s +50%
pointwise_acc_native_aarch64 3s 6s -50%
poly_caddq 3s 2s +50%
poly_chknorm_native 3s 2s +50%
poly_chknorm_native_aarch64 3s 3s +0%
poly_chknorm_native_x86_64 3s 3s +0%
poly_decompose_88_native_aarch64 3s 1s +200%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_native 3s 3s +0%
poly_power2round 3s 4s -25%
poly_sub 3s 3s +0%
poly_use_hint_native_x86_64 3s - new
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_row 3s 1s +200%
polyveck_unpack_eta_chknorm 3s - new
polyvecl_chknorm 3s 7s -57%
polyvecl_unpack_z 3s 3s +0%
polyw1_pack_32 3s 4s -25%
reduce32 3s 3s +0%
rej_eta 3s 2s +50%
shake128x4_absorb_once 3s 3s +0%
shake256_release 3s 2s +50%
shake256_squeeze 3s 3s +0%
shake256x4_absorb_once 3s 3s +0%
shake256x4_squeezeblocks 3s 2s +50%
sign_signature 3s 6s -50%
sign_signature_extmu 3s 2s +50%
sign_signature_pre_hash_shake256 3s 3s +0%
sign_verify_pre_hash_shake256 3s 5s -40%
sk_s1hat_get_poly 3s 6s -50%
unpack_sk_s1hat 3s 2s +50%
use_hint 3s 2s +50%
caddq 2s 3s -33%
intt_native_aarch64 2s 3s -33%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64 2s 2s +0%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64_v84a 2s 3s -33%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v84a 2s 4s -50%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_scalar_hybrid 2s 2s +0%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_v84a_scalar_hybrid 2s 2s +0%
keccak_init 2s 1s +100%
keccak_squeeze 2s 4s -50%
keccakf1600_extract_bytes (big endian) 2s 2s +0%
keccakf1600_permute_native 2s 3s -33%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes 2s 2s +0%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes 2s 4s -50%
keccakf1600x4_permute 2s 4s -50%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_native 2s 3s -33%
mld_ct_abs_i32 2s 2s +0%
mld_ct_cmask_neg_i32 2s 2s +0%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u8 2s 3s -33%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_i64 2s 2s +0%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u8 2s 2s +0%
mld_ct_memcmp 2s 2s +0%
mld_h 2s 2s +0%
mld_keccakf1600_extract_bytes 2s 1s +100%
mld_keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_c 2s 3s -33%
mld_polymat_expand_entry 2s 4s -50%
mld_prepare_domain_separation_prefix 2s 2s +0%
mld_sign_resume 2s - new
mld_value_barrier_i64 2s 2s +0%
mld_value_barrier_u32 2s 3s -33%
pack_sig_c 2s 5s -60%
pack_sk_rho_key_tr 2s - new
pointwise_native_aarch64 2s 5s -60%
pointwise_native_x86_64 2s 3s -33%
poly_caddq_c 2s 2s +0%
poly_caddq_native_aarch64 2s 2s +0%
poly_chknorm 2s 4s -50%
poly_decompose_native_x86_64 2s 3s -33%
poly_invntt_tomont 2s 3s -33%
poly_invntt_tomont_native 2s 2s +0%
poly_ntt 2s 2s +0%
poly_ntt_native 2s 4s -50%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional 2s 2s +0%
poly_reduce 2s 3s -33%
poly_shiftl 2s 3s -33%
poly_uniform 2s 4s -50%
poly_uniform_eta 2s 4s -50%
poly_uniform_gamma1 2s 3s -33%
poly_use_hint 2s 3s -33%
poly_use_hint_native 2s 2s +0%
poly_use_hint_native_aarch64 2s 3s -33%
polyeta_unpack 2s 8s -75%
polyt0_pack 2s 3s -33%
polyt1_unpack 2s 5s -60%
polyveck_pack_w1 2s 3s -33%
polyveck_reduce 2s 4s -50%
polyveck_unpack_eta 2s 6s -67%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_native 2s 2s +0%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1 2s 2s +0%
polyvecl_unpack_eta 2s 3s -33%
polyw1_pack_88 2s 2s +0%
polyz_unpack_17_native_aarch64 2s 3s -33%
polyz_unpack_19_native_aarch64 2s 3s -33%
power2round 2s 1s +100%
rej_uniform_eta_native_x86_64 2s - new
rej_uniform_native_aarch64 2s 3s -33%
shake128_absorb 2s 2s +0%
shake128_release 2s 3s -33%
shake128_squeeze 2s 2s +0%
shake128x4_squeezeblocks 2s 3s -33%
shake256_absorb 2s 2s +0%
shake256_finalize 2s 1s +100%
sign_verify 2s 3s -33%
sign_verify_pre_hash_internal 2s 5s -60%
sk_s2hat_get_poly 2s 2s +0%
sys_check_capability 2s 4s -50%
unpack_pk_t1 2s 5s -60%
unpack_sk 2s 3s -33%
unpack_sk_t0hat 2s 5s -60%
yvec_init 2s 3s -33%
decompose 1s 1s +0%
fqscale 1s 3s -67%
intt_native_x86_64 1s 3s -67%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_avx2 1s 2s -50%
keccak_finalize 1s 2s -50%
keccakf1600_permute 1s 2s -50%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes (big endian) 1s 2s -50%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u32 1s 4s -75%
mld_ct_sel_int32 1s 3s -67%
mld_keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_c 1s 2s -50%
mld_sign_finish 1s - new
montgomery_reduce 1s 4s -75%
nttunpack_native_x86_64 1s 3s -67%
pack_sig_h 1s 5s -80%
poly_caddq_native 1s 2s -50%
poly_decompose_native 1s 3s -67%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional_native 1s 4s -75%
poly_pointwise_montgomery 1s 3s -67%
poly_uniform_gamma1_4x 1s 4s -75%
polyeta_pack 1s 3s -67%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery 1s 3s -67%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1_serial 1s 3s -67%
polyz_unpack 1s 3s -67%
polyz_unpack_native 1s 4s -75%
polyz_unpack_native_x86_64 1s 3s -67%
rej_uniform_eta_native_aarch64 1s 4s -75%
shake128_finalize 1s 1s +0%
shake128_init 1s 2s -50%
shake256 1s 2s -50%
shake256_init 1s 2s -50%
sk_t0hat_get_poly 1s 2s -50%
yvec_get_poly 1s 3s -67%

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CBMC Results (ML-DSA-87)

⚠️ Attention Required

Proof Status Current Previous Change
compute_pack_t0_t1 ⚠️ 214s 19s +1026%
mld_attempt_signature_generation ⚠️ 276s 55s +402%
sign_keypair_internal ⚠️ 32s 6s +433%
sign_pk_from_sk ⚠️ 50s 6s +733%
sign_signature_internal ⚠️ 344s 42s +719%
sign_verify_internal ⚠️ 579s 97s +497%
Full Results (207 proofs)
Proof Status Current Previous Change
**TOTAL** 2523s 2151s +17.3%
sign_verify_internal ⚠️ 579s 97s +497%
sign_signature_internal ⚠️ 344s 42s +719%
mld_attempt_signature_generation ⚠️ 276s 55s +402%
compute_pack_t0_t1 ⚠️ 214s 19s +1026%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_c 132s 144s -8%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_c 108s 353s -69%
polyvec_matrix_expand 82s 324s -75%
mld_invntt_layer 57s 115s -50%
sign_pk_from_sk ⚠️ 50s 6s +733%
sign_keypair_internal ⚠️ 32s 6s +433%
mld_ntt_layer 22s 45s -51%
fqmul 21s 43s -51%
polyvec_matrix_expand_serial 20s 38s -47%
sig_unpack_hints 13s 3s +333%
keccakf1600x4_permute_native 12s 23s -48%
mld_ntt_butterfly_block 12s 24s -50%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec 12s 18s -33%
poly_ntt_c 11s 21s -48%
polyt0_unpack 11s 14s -21%
poly_chknorm_c 8s 15s -47%
rej_uniform 8s 15s -47%
rej_uniform_native_x86_64 8s - new
sign_signature 8s 5s +60%
keccak_absorb_once_x4 7s 9s -22%
mld_sign_finish 7s - new
polyeta_unpack 7s 17s -59%
poly_uniform_eta_4x 6s 11s -45%
polyveck_decompose 6s 13s -54%
polyvecl_ntt 6s 7s -14%
rej_uniform_c 6s 19s -68%
sign_keypair 6s 4s +50%
keccak_absorb 5s 3s +67%
mld_check_pct 5s 16s -69%
mld_compute_pack_z 5s 8s -38%
mld_keccakf1600_permute_c 5s 7s -29%
poly_invntt_tomont_c 5s 12s -58%
poly_power2round 5s 3s +67%
poly_uniform_4x 5s 13s -62%
polyveck_ntt 5s 11s -55%
polyz_unpack_c 5s 3s +67%
sign_signature_pre_hash_shake256 5s 6s -17%
sign_verify_extmu 5s 3s +67%
intt_native_aarch64 4s 3s +33%
keccak_squeeze 4s 2s +100%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u8 4s 3s +33%
mld_h 4s 3s +33%
mld_polymat_expand_entry 4s 3s +33%
mld_sample_pack_s1_s2 4s - new
pointwise_acc_native_aarch64 4s 6s -33%
pointwise_acc_native_x86_64 4s 6s -33%
poly_chknorm_native 4s 4s +0%
poly_uniform 4s 4s +0%
poly_uniform_eta 4s 4s +0%
polyt0_pack 4s 4s +0%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_native 4s 3s +33%
polyz_pack 4s 5s -20%
power2round 4s 4s +0%
rej_uniform_eta_native_aarch64 4s 5s -20%
rej_uniform_eta_native_x86_64 4s - new
sign_verify 4s 5s -20%
sign_verify_pre_hash_shake256 4s 3s +33%
sk_t0hat_get_poly 4s 4s +0%
use_hint 4s 3s +33%
decompose 3s 3s +0%
fqscale 3s 3s +0%
intt_native_x86_64 3s 3s +0%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v84a 3s 4s -25%
keccakf1600_permute_native 3s 4s -25%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes (big endian) 3s 2s +50%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_native 3s 2s +50%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes 3s 3s +0%
make_hint 3s 3s +0%
mld_ct_abs_i32 3s 3s +0%
mld_ct_cmask_neg_i32 3s 4s -25%
mld_keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_c 3s 2s +50%
mld_prepare_domain_separation_prefix 3s 4s -25%
mld_sample_pack_s1_s2_serial 3s - new
ntt_native_x86_64 3s 2s +50%
pack_sig_c 3s 4s -25%
pack_sig_h 3s 4s -25%
pointwise_native_x86_64 3s 2s +50%
poly_chknorm 3s 3s +0%
poly_decompose_c 3s 5s -40%
poly_decompose_native_x86_64 3s 2s +50%
poly_invntt_tomont 3s 1s +200%
poly_ntt 3s 3s +0%
poly_ntt_native 3s 3s +0%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional_native 3s 5s -40%
poly_reduce 3s 2s +50%
poly_use_hint_c 3s 2s +50%
poly_use_hint_native_x86_64 3s - new
polyt1_pack 3s 3s +0%
polyveck_caddq 3s 8s -62%
polyveck_invntt_tomont 3s 9s -67%
polyveck_unpack_eta 3s 4s -25%
polyveck_unpack_eta_chknorm 3s - new
polyz_unpack 3s 2s +50%
polyz_unpack_17_native_aarch64 3s 3s +0%
polyz_unpack_native_x86_64 3s 3s +0%
rej_eta 3s 4s -25%
rej_eta_native 3s 6s -50%
sign_signature_extmu 3s 4s -25%
sign_signature_pre_hash_internal 3s 5s -40%
sign_verify_pre_hash_internal 3s 3s +0%
unpack_sk_s1hat 3s 2s +50%
unpack_sk_t0hat 3s 7s -57%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_scalar_hybrid 2s 3s -33%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_v84a_scalar_hybrid 2s 4s -50%
keccak_finalize 2s 1s +100%
keccak_init 2s 3s -33%
keccak_squeezeblocks_x4 2s 4s -50%
keccakf1600_extract_bytes (big endian) 2s 3s -33%
keccakf1600_permute 2s 3s -33%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes 2s 2s +0%
keccakf1600x4_permute 2s 3s -33%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_native 2s 3s -33%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u8 2s 3s -33%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_i64 2s 3s -33%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u32 2s 2s +0%
mld_ct_sel_int32 2s 3s -33%
mld_sign_attempt 2s - new
ntt_native_aarch64 2s 6s -67%
pack_sig_z 2s 5s -60%
pointwise_native_aarch64 2s 5s -60%
poly_add 2s 6s -67%
poly_caddq 2s 2s +0%
poly_caddq_c 2s 3s -33%
poly_caddq_native_aarch64 2s 3s -33%
poly_caddq_native_x86_64 2s 2s +0%
poly_challenge 2s 5s -60%
poly_chknorm_native_aarch64 2s 4s -50%
poly_decompose 2s 3s -33%
poly_decompose_32_native_aarch64 2s 5s -60%
poly_decompose_native 2s 2s +0%
poly_invntt_tomont_native 2s 5s -60%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional 2s 3s -33%
poly_pointwise_montgomery 2s 4s -50%
poly_shiftl 2s 4s -50%
poly_sub 2s 3s -33%
poly_use_hint 2s 1s +100%
poly_use_hint_native 2s 3s -33%
polyeta_pack 2s 4s -50%
polyveck_pack_w1 2s 3s -33%
polyvecl_chknorm 2s 7s -71%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery 2s 5s -60%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1 2s 2s +0%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1_serial 2s 4s -50%
polyvecl_unpack_eta 2s 5s -60%
polyw1_pack 2s 4s -50%
polyz_unpack_19_native_aarch64 2s 4s -50%
rej_eta_c 2s 5s -60%
rej_uniform_native 2s 8s -75%
shake128_absorb 2s 4s -50%
shake128_release 2s 4s -50%
shake128x4_absorb_once 2s 5s -60%
shake128x4_squeezeblocks 2s 3s -33%
shake256 2s 2s +0%
shake256_absorb 2s 2s +0%
shake256_finalize 2s 2s +0%
shake256_release 2s 3s -33%
shake256x4_absorb_once 2s 2s +0%
shake256x4_squeezeblocks 2s 1s +100%
sk_s1hat_get_poly 2s 3s -33%
sk_s2hat_get_poly 2s 3s -33%
sys_check_capability 2s 3s -33%
unpack_pk_t1 2s 1s +100%
unpack_sk 2s 5s -60%
unpack_sk_s2hat 2s 3s -33%
yvec_get_poly 2s 4s -50%
caddq 1s 4s -75%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64 1s 1s +0%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64_v84a 1s 1s +0%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_avx2 1s 2s -50%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes 1s 3s -67%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u32 1s 2s -50%
mld_ct_memcmp 1s 3s -67%
mld_keccakf1600_extract_bytes 1s 4s -75%
mld_keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_c 1s 4s -75%
mld_sign_resume 1s - new
mld_value_barrier_i64 1s 1s +0%
mld_value_barrier_u32 1s 2s -50%
mld_value_barrier_u8 1s 3s -67%
montgomery_reduce 1s 3s -67%
nttunpack_native_x86_64 1s 3s -67%
pack_sk_rho_key_tr 1s - new
poly_caddq_native 1s 4s -75%
poly_chknorm_native_x86_64 1s 2s -50%
poly_decompose_88_native_aarch64 1s 2s -50%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_native 1s 5s -80%
poly_uniform_gamma1 1s 4s -75%
poly_uniform_gamma1_4x 1s 3s -67%
poly_use_hint_native_aarch64 1s 2s -50%
polyt1_unpack 1s 4s -75%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_row 1s 3s -67%
polyveck_reduce 1s 3s -67%
polyvecl_unpack_z 1s 4s -75%
polyw1_pack_32 1s 4s -75%
polyw1_pack_88 1s 3s -67%
polyz_unpack_native 1s 4s -75%
reduce32 1s 3s -67%
rej_uniform_native_aarch64 1s 2s -50%
shake128_finalize 1s 2s -50%
shake128_init 1s 1s +0%
shake128_squeeze 1s 2s -50%
shake256_init 1s 2s -50%
shake256_squeeze 1s 2s -50%
yvec_init 1s 4s -75%

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Arm Cortex-M55 (NUCLEO-N657X0-Q) benchmarks (opt)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 2144222 cycles 2129870 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-44 sign 17851722 cycles 17851737 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 2398854 cycles 2398861 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 3737768 cycles 3731128 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 14799296 cycles 14793522 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 4013893 cycles 4012814 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 6522906 cycles 6482838 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-87 sign 24787769 cycles 24785143 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 6864906 cycles 6864412 cycles 1.00

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Arm Cortex-M55 (NUCLEO-N657X0-Q) benchmarks (no-opt)

Details
Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 2342009 cycles 2328440 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-44 sign 17851737 cycles 17851737 cycles 1
ML-DSA-44 verify 2398868 cycles 2398876 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 4031095 cycles 4025122 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 14793522 cycles 14793522 cycles 1
ML-DSA-65 verify 4012785 cycles 4012792 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 6903169 cycles 6864887 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-87 sign 24785165 cycles 24785157 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 6864426 cycles 6864412 cycles 1.00

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⚠️ Performance Alert ⚠️

Possible performance regression was detected for benchmark 'Mac Mini (M1, 2020) benchmarks (opt)'.
Benchmark result of this commit is worse than the previous benchmark result exceeding threshold 1.03.

Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 48123 cycles 46514 cycles 1.03

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⚠️ Performance Alert ⚠️

Possible performance regression was detected for benchmark 'Mac Mini (M1, 2020) benchmarks (opt)'.
Benchmark result of this commit is worse than the previous benchmark result exceeding threshold 1.03.

Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 48100 cycles 46514 cycles 1.03

This comment was automatically generated by workflow using github-action-benchmark.

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⚠️ Performance Alert ⚠️

Possible performance regression was detected for benchmark 'Mac Mini (M1, 2020) benchmarks (opt)'.
Benchmark result of this commit is worse than the previous benchmark result exceeding threshold 1.03.

Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 47935 cycles 46514 cycles 1.03

This comment was automatically generated by workflow using github-action-benchmark.

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⚠️ Performance Alert ⚠️

Possible performance regression was detected for benchmark 'Mac Mini (M1, 2020) benchmarks (opt)'.
Benchmark result of this commit is worse than the previous benchmark result exceeding threshold 1.03.

Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 48247 cycles 46514 cycles 1.04

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⚠️ Performance Alert ⚠️

Possible performance regression was detected for benchmark 'Mac Mini (M1, 2020) benchmarks (opt)'.
Benchmark result of this commit is worse than the previous benchmark result exceeding threshold 1.03.

Benchmark suite Current: d754692 Previous: 5a21649 Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 48150 cycles 46514 cycles 1.04

This comment was automatically generated by workflow using github-action-benchmark.

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