[SDK] feat: exemplar filters

[proost]

Fixes #4178, #2526

Changes

Breaking Change is accompanied, But Because this is preview version, I think acceptable.

• CHANGELOG.md updated for non-trivial changes
• Unit tests have been added
• Changes in public API reviewed

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 93.18182% with 3 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 78.23%. Comparing base (3e4296e) to head (f99c77b).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...sdk/metrics/exemplar/filtered_exemplar_reservoir.h	88.89%	3 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #4267      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   78.15%   78.23%   +0.08%     
==========================================
  Files         440      441       +1     
  Lines       18736    18755      +19     
==========================================
+ Hits        14642    14671      +29     
+ Misses       4094     4084      -10     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
...ude/opentelemetry/sdk/metrics/exemplar/reservoir.h	100.00% <ø> (ø)
...entelemetry/sdk/metrics/exemplar/reservoir_utils.h	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...telemetry/sdk/metrics/state/async_metric_storage.h	95.24% <100.00%> (+4.33%)	⬆️
...ntelemetry/sdk/metrics/state/sync_metric_storage.h	90.00% <100.00%> (+7.50%)	⬆️
sdk/src/metrics/exemplar/reservoir.cc	75.00% <100.00%> (+8.34%)	⬆️
sdk/src/metrics/meter.cc	81.36% <ø> (ø)
...sdk/metrics/exemplar/filtered_exemplar_reservoir.h	88.89% <88.89%> (ø)

... and 2 files with indirect coverage changes

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