refactor(rest): derive catalog configuration from properties

[blackmwk]

Which issue does this PR close?

• Closes refactor(rest): derive catalog configuration from properties #3100.

What changes are included in this PR?

• Derive crate-private, typed RestCatalogProperties for URI and warehouse without retaining a catch-all property map in the projection.
• Keep injected clients, auth managers, storage/KMS factories, and runtimes on the builder; construct runtime configuration only after property derivation and fail-fast validation.
• Preserve server-default, client, and server-override precedence and re-project the resolved URI and warehouse after the server handshake.
• Forward the complete raw property map, including modeled and custom properties, to KMS, authentication, and FileIO paths while preserving secret-redacting debug output.
• Add focused coverage for parsing/defaults, required name and URI validation, merge precedence, injection, and raw property retention.

Are these changes tested?

• cargo test -p iceberg-catalog-rest --lib (83 passed)
• cargo clippy -p iceberg-catalog-rest --all-targets -- -D warnings
• cargo public-api -p iceberg-catalog-rest --all-features -ss | diff - crates/catalog/rest/public-api.txt
• cargo fmt --all -- --check
• git diff --check

AI Disclosure

This change was developed with assistance from OpenAI Codex. The contributor reviewed the resulting diff and test output.