GH-51215: [C++] Migrate remaining datetime consumers to the chrono shim

cpp/src/arrow/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -550,7 +550,8 @@ set(ARROW_VENDORED_SRCS
     vendored/uriparser/UriResolve.c
     vendored/uriparser/UriShorten.c)
 if(APPLE)
-  list(APPEND ARROW_VENDORED_SRCS vendored/datetime/ios.mm)
+  # This wrapper excludes the iOS timezone implementation from standard-backend builds.
+  list(APPEND ARROW_VENDORED_SRCS vendored/datetime_ios.mm)
 endif()
 set_source_files_properties(vendored/datetime.cpp PROPERTIES SKIP_UNITY_BUILD_INCLUSION
                                                              ON)

cpp/src/arrow/array/diff.cc

@@ -43,17 +43,19 @@
 #include "arrow/type_traits.h"
 #include "arrow/util/bit_util.h"
 #include "arrow/util/checked_cast.h"
+#include "arrow/util/chrono_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/util/float16.h"
 #include "arrow/util/logging_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/util/range.h"
 #include "arrow/util/ree_util.h"
 #include "arrow/util/string.h"
 #include "arrow/util/unreachable.h"
-#include "arrow/vendored/datetime.h"
 #include "arrow/visit_type_inline.h"
 
 namespace arrow {
 
+namespace chrono = internal::chrono;
+
 using internal::checked_cast;
 using internal::checked_pointer_cast;
 using internal::MakeLazyRange;
@@ -631,14 +633,13 @@ class MakeFormatterImpl {
   template <typename T>
   enable_if_date<T, Status> Visit(const T&) {
     using unit = typename std::conditional<std::is_same<T, Date32Type>::value,
-                                           arrow_vendored::date::days,
-                                           std::chrono::milliseconds>::type;
+                                           chrono::days, std::chrono::milliseconds>::type;
 
-    static arrow_vendored::date::sys_days epoch{arrow_vendored::date::jan / 1 / 1970};
+    static chrono::sys_days epoch{chrono::jan / 1 / 1970};
 
     impl_ = [](const Array& array, int64_t index, std::ostream* os) {
       unit value(checked_cast<const NumericArray<T>&>(array).Value(index));
-      *os << arrow_vendored::date::format("%F", value + epoch);
+      *os << chrono::format("%F", value + epoch);
     };
     return Status::OK();
   }
@@ -854,42 +855,41 @@ class MakeFormatterImpl {
       auto value = checked_cast<const NumericArray<T>&>(array).Value(index);
       // Using unqualified `format` directly would produce ambiguous
       // lookup because of `std::format` (ARROW-15520).
-      namespace avd = arrow_vendored::date;
       using std::chrono::nanoseconds;
       using std::chrono::microseconds;
       using std::chrono::milliseconds;
       using std::chrono::seconds;
       if (AddEpoch) {
-        static avd::sys_days epoch{avd::jan / 1 / 1970};
+        static chrono::sys_days epoch{chrono::jan / 1 / 1970};
 
         switch (unit) {
           case TimeUnit::NANO:
-            *os << avd::format(fmt, static_cast<nanoseconds>(value) + epoch);
+            *os << chrono::format(fmt, static_cast<nanoseconds>(value) + epoch);
             break;
           case TimeUnit::MICRO:
-            *os << avd::format(fmt, static_cast<microseconds>(value) + epoch);
+            *os << chrono::format(fmt, static_cast<microseconds>(value) + epoch);
             break;
           case TimeUnit::MILLI:
-            *os << avd::format(fmt, static_cast<milliseconds>(value) + epoch);
+            *os << chrono::format(fmt, static_cast<milliseconds>(value) + epoch);
             break;
           case TimeUnit::SECOND:
-            *os << avd::format(fmt, static_cast<seconds>(value) + epoch);
+            *os << chrono::format(fmt, static_cast<seconds>(value) + epoch);
             break;
         }
         return;
       }
       switch (unit) {
         case TimeUnit::NANO:
-          *os << avd::format(fmt, static_cast<nanoseconds>(value));
+          *os << chrono::format(fmt, static_cast<nanoseconds>(value));
           break;
         case TimeUnit::MICRO:
-          *os << avd::format(fmt, static_cast<microseconds>(value));
+          *os << chrono::format(fmt, static_cast<microseconds>(value));
           break;
         case TimeUnit::MILLI:
-          *os << avd::format(fmt, static_cast<milliseconds>(value));
+          *os << chrono::format(fmt, static_cast<milliseconds>(value));
           break;
         case TimeUnit::SECOND:
-          *os << avd::format(fmt, static_cast<seconds>(value));
+          *os << chrono::format(fmt, static_cast<seconds>(value));
           break;
       }
     };

cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_cast_temporal.cc

@@ -462,8 +462,7 @@ struct ParseDate {
   using value_type = typename DateType::c_type;
 
   using duration_type =
-      typename std::conditional<std::is_same<DateType, Date32Type>::value,
-                                arrow_vendored::date::days,
+      typename std::conditional<std::is_same<DateType, Date32Type>::value, chrono::days,
                                 std::chrono::milliseconds>::type;
 
   template <typename OutValue, typename Arg0Value>

cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_temporal_test.cc

@@ -2003,6 +2003,28 @@ TEST_F(ScalarTemporalTest, TestAssumeTimezoneNonexistent) {
                    &options_earliest);
 }
 
+TEST_F(ScalarTemporalTest, StrftimeFormatSyntax) {
+  const auto type = timestamp(TimeUnit::MILLI, "UTC");
+  const char* input = R"(["1970-01-01T00:00:00.123", null])";
+  for (const auto& [format, expected] :
+       {std::pair{"", R"(["", null])"},
+        std::pair{"literal {%Y}", R"(["literal {1970}", null])"},
+        std::pair{"unmatched }%Y{", R"(["unmatched }1970{", null])"},
+        std::pair{"%Y}", R"(["1970}", null])"},
+        std::pair{"%Q %q %J %z %Z", R"(["123 ms %J +0000 UTC", null])"},
+        std::pair{"%% %n%t %Ez %Oz %OV %EJ end%",
+                  R"(["% \n\t +00:00 +00:00 01 %EJ end%", null])"}}) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(format);
+    const auto options = StrftimeOptions(format);
+    CheckScalarUnary("strftime", type, input, utf8(), expected, &options);
+  }
+
+  const auto options = StrftimeOptions("%Q %q");
+  CheckScalarUnary("strftime", timestamp(TimeUnit::MICRO, "UTC"),
+                   R"(["1970-01-01T00:00:00.000001", null])", utf8(),
+                   R"(["1 \u00b5s", null])", &options);
+}
+
 TEST_F(ScalarTemporalTest, StrftimeOffsetTimezone) {
   auto options_ymdhms = StrftimeOptions("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S");
 

cpp/src/arrow/config.cc

@@ -19,14 +19,15 @@
 
 #include <cstdint>
 
+#include "arrow/util/chrono_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/util/config.h"
 #include "arrow/util/config_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/util/cpu_info.h"
-#include "arrow/vendored/datetime.h"
 
 namespace arrow {
 
 using internal::CpuInfo;
+namespace chrono = internal::chrono;
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -77,8 +78,8 @@ RuntimeInfo GetRuntimeInfo() {
       MakeSimdLevelString([&](int64_t flags) { return cpu_info->IsSupported(flags); });
   info.detected_simd_level =
       MakeSimdLevelString([&](int64_t flags) { return cpu_info->IsDetected(flags); });
-  info.using_os_timezone_db = USE_OS_TZDB;
-#if !USE_OS_TZDB
+  info.using_os_timezone_db = ARROW_CHRONO_USE_OS_TZDB;
+#if !ARROW_CHRONO_USE_OS_TZDB
   info.timezone_db_path = timezone_db_path;
 #else
   info.timezone_db_path = std::optional<std::string>();
@@ -91,10 +92,10 @@ RuntimeInfo GetRuntimeInfo() {
 Status Initialize(const GlobalOptions& options) noexcept {
   ARROW_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATION_WARNING
   if (options.timezone_db_path.has_value()) {
-#if !USE_OS_TZDB
+#if !ARROW_CHRONO_USE_OS_TZDB
     try {
-      arrow_vendored::date::set_install(options.timezone_db_path.value());
-      arrow_vendored::date::reload_tzdb();
+      chrono::set_install(options.timezone_db_path.value());
+      chrono::reload_tzdb();
     } catch (const std::runtime_error& e) {
       return Status::IOError(e.what());
     }
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ Status Initialize(const GlobalOptions& options) noexcept {
     return Status::Invalid(
         "Arrow was set to use OS timezone database at compile time, "
         "so a downloaded database cannot be provided at runtime.");
-#endif  // !USE_OS_TZDB
+#endif  // !ARROW_CHRONO_USE_OS_TZDB
   }
   ARROW_UNSUPPRESS_DEPRECATION_WARNING
   return Status::OK();

cpp/src/arrow/config.h

@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ struct RuntimeInfo {
   /// The SIMD level available on the OS and CPU
   std::string detected_simd_level;
 
-  /// Whether using the OS-based timezone database
-  /// This is set at compile-time.
+  /// Whether the timezone database is managed by the OS or standard library,
+  /// rather than Arrow's configurable text database. This is set at compile-time.
   bool using_os_timezone_db;
 
   /// The path to the timezone database; by default None.

cpp/src/arrow/pretty_print.cc

@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@
 #include "arrow/util/int_util_overflow.h"
 #include "arrow/util/key_value_metadata.h"
 #include "arrow/util/string.h"
-#include "arrow/vendored/datetime.h"
 #include "arrow/visit_array_inline.h"
 
 namespace arrow {

cpp/src/arrow/public_api_test.cc

@@ -125,6 +125,19 @@ TEST(Misc, BuildInfo) {
 // TODO(GH-48593): Remove when libc++ supports std::chrono timezones.
 ARROW_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATION_WARNING
 TEST(Misc, SetTimezoneConfig) {
+  ASSERT_OK(Initialize(GlobalOptions{}));
+  if (GetRuntimeInfo().using_os_timezone_db) {
+    ASSERT_FALSE(GetRuntimeInfo().timezone_db_path.has_value());
+    // Standard-library backends must reject even an existing path rather than
+    // silently configuring an unused vendored database.
+    GlobalOptions options;
+    options.timezone_db_path = ".";
+    ASSERT_RAISES(Invalid, Initialize(options));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(GetRuntimeInfo().timezone_db_path.has_value());
+    EnvVarGuard tzdata("ARROW_TIMEZONE_DATABASE", ".");
+    ASSERT_OK(InitTestTimezoneDatabase());
+    return;
+  }
 #ifndef _WIN32
   GTEST_SKIP() << "Can only set the Timezone database on Windows";
 #elif !defined(ARROW_FILESYSTEM)
@@ -164,6 +177,7 @@ TEST(Misc, SetTimezoneConfig) {
 
   // Validate that tzdb is working
   ASSERT_OK(arrow::Initialize(options));
+  ASSERT_EQ(GetRuntimeInfo().timezone_db_path, options.timezone_db_path);
 #endif
 }
 ARROW_UNSUPPRESS_DEPRECATION_WARNING

cpp/src/arrow/testing/util.cc

@@ -141,6 +141,8 @@ std::optional<std::string> GetTestTimezoneDatabaseRoot() {
 // TODO(GH-48593): Remove when libc++ supports std::chrono timezones.
 ARROW_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATION_WARNING
 Status InitTestTimezoneDatabase() {
+  if (GetRuntimeInfo().using_os_timezone_db) return Status::OK();
+
   auto maybe_tzdata = GetTestTimezoneDatabaseRoot();
   // If missing, timezone database will default to %USERPROFILE%\Downloads\tzdata
   if (!maybe_tzdata.has_value()) return Status::OK();

cpp/src/arrow/util/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -22,6 +22,11 @@
 # Headers: top level
 arrow_install_all_headers("arrow/util")
 
+# The automatic rule excludes internal headers, but these are dependencies of
+# the installed formatting.h and value_parsing.h headers.
+install(FILES chrono_config_internal.h chrono_internal.h
+        DESTINATION "${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}/arrow/util")
+
 #
 # arrow_test_main
 #

cpp/src/arrow/util/chrono_config_internal.h

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <chrono>
+
+// Share backend selection with the vendored implementation without including its
+// headers. datetime.h undefines macros needed when compiling the implementation.
+//
+// On Windows, MSVC's standard library uses the system timezone database, while
+// libstdc++ reads tzdata files (using TZDIR). Libraries without the C++20 timezone
+// APIs, including older libc++, still require the vendored date library.
+//
+// Use the standard backend by default. Builds may explicitly define
+// ARROW_USE_STD_CHRONO to 0 or 1 when they need to select a backend.
+//
+// Automatically disable the default for libraries without the C++20 timezone APIs.
+// On non-Windows, older libstdc++ versions also need the fallback because of
+// https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=116110 (fully fixed in GCC 16.2).
+// Check library macros, not __GNUC__, so Clang using libstdc++ agrees with GCC.
+// The datestamp distinguishes 16.2 (2026-08-07) from 16.1 and early snapshots.
+// Keep the existing Windows backend selection unchanged.
+#ifndef ARROW_USE_STD_CHRONO
+#  define ARROW_USE_STD_CHRONO 1
+#  if !defined(__cpp_lib_chrono) || __cpp_lib_chrono < 201907L
+#    undef ARROW_USE_STD_CHRONO
+#    define ARROW_USE_STD_CHRONO 0
+#  elif !defined(_WIN32) && defined(__GLIBCXX__) && \
+      (!defined(_GLIBCXX_RELEASE) || _GLIBCXX_RELEASE < 16 || __GLIBCXX__ < 20260807)
+#    undef ARROW_USE_STD_CHRONO
+#    define ARROW_USE_STD_CHRONO 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Only the vendored Windows text database supports setting its path via Arrow.
+// The non-Windows vendored backend uses USE_OS_TZDB (see datetime/visibility.h).
+#if ARROW_USE_STD_CHRONO || !defined(_WIN32)
+#  define ARROW_CHRONO_USE_OS_TZDB 1
+#else
+#  define ARROW_CHRONO_USE_OS_TZDB 0
+#endif