updated biochar logic as CDR technology

docs/release_notes.rst

@@ -15,6 +15,12 @@ Upcoming Release
 ..   The features listed below are not released yet, but will be part of the next release! 
 ..   To use the features already you have to use the ``master`` branch.
 
+**Breaking changes**
+
+* ``biochar pyrolysis`` is now a carbon dioxide removal technology with all values per t_CO2 sequestered for >100 years instead of per MWh_biochar. ``investment`` is in EUR/t_CO2/h and ``VOM`` in EUR/t_CO2. New parameters ``biomass-input`` (MWh_biomass/t_CO2), ``electricity-input`` (MWh_e/t_CO2) and ``heat-output`` (MWh_th/t_CO2) replace ``efficiency-biochar`` and ``efficiency-heat``. ``yield-biochar`` is renamed to ``biochar-output`` and given in t_biochar per MWh of solid biomass (15% moisture) instead of per MWh of dried feedstock. 35% of the biomass carbon is assumed to be sequestered: 50% ends up in biochar, of which 70% is stable for >100 years. (https://github.com/PyPSA/technology-data/pull/258)
+
+**Changes**
+
 * Adding `Enhanced Weathering` (or Rocks) as CDR technology. (https://github.com/PyPSA/technology-data/pull/256)
 
 * Add cost assumptions for water network infrastructure: water pipeline HDPE and water pipeline booster pump (https://github.com/PyPSA/technology-data/pull/277)

outputs/US/costs_2020.csv

@@ -3526,13 +3526,14 @@ battery storage,investment,436.3481,USD/kWh,"NREL, 2024 ATB Excel Workbook, Shee
 battery storage,investment,436.3481,USD/kWh,"NREL, 2024 ATB Excel Workbook, Sheet “Utility-Scale Battery Storage”, https://data.openei.org/files/6006/2024_v3_Workbook.xlsx",Includes grid connection and project financing costs; Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Advanced
 battery storage,investment,436.3481,USD/kWh,"NREL, 2024 ATB Excel Workbook, Sheet “Utility-Scale Battery Storage”, https://data.openei.org/files/6006/2024_v3_Workbook.xlsx",Includes grid connection and project financing costs; Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,Market,Advanced
 battery storage,lifetime,15.0,years,"NREL, 2024 ATB Excel Workbook, Sheet “Utility-Scale Battery Storage”, https://data.openei.org/files/6006/2024_v3_Workbook.xlsx",,,,
-biochar pyrolysis,FOM,3.4615,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Fixed O&M",2020.0,,
-biochar pyrolysis,VOM,1035.4112,EUR/MWh_biochar,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Variable O&M",2025.0,,
-biochar pyrolysis,efficiency-biochar,0.404,MWh_biochar/MWh_feedstock,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  efficiency biochar",2020.0,,
-biochar pyrolysis,efficiency-heat,0.4848,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  efficiency heat",2020.0,,
-biochar pyrolysis,investment,210317.9044,EUR/kW_biochar,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Specific investment",2025.0,,
-biochar pyrolysis,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Technical lifetime",2020.0,,
-biochar pyrolysis,yield-biochar,0.0582,ton biochar/MWh_feedstock,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  yield biochar",2020.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,FOM,3.4615,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Fixed O&M",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,VOM,46.8509,EUR/t_CO2,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Variable O&M. Converted from DEA per MWh output via the total output per MWh_biomass and the biomass-input.",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,biochar-output,0.0587,t_biochar/MWh_biomass,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  yield biochar",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,biomass-input,7.6748,MWh_biomass/t_CO2,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Biomass Input. Per t_CO2 sequestered for >100 years (not t_CO2 emitted). Solid biomass with 18 GJ/t_DM LHV, 50% carbon on dry basis and 15% moisture, dried to 10% before pyrolysis. 50% of the biomass carbon ends up in biochar (DEA, straw) and 70% of the biochar carbon is stable for >100 years when spread on soil (Fuhrman et al. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01604-9), i.e. 35% of the biomass carbon is sequestered.",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,electricity-input,0.3129,MWh_e/t_CO2,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  El-Input. Per t_CO2 sequestered, see biomass-input.",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,heat-output,3.7196,MWh_th/t_CO2,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  H-Output. Pyrolysis oil and gas are assumed to be combusted for heat. Per t_CO2 sequestered, see biomass-input.",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,investment,9516589.1654,EUR/t_CO2/h,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Specific investment. Converted from DEA per MW output via the total output per MWh_biomass and the biomass-input.",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Technical lifetime",2025.0,,
 biodiesel crops,fuel,122.1631,EUR/MWhth,"JRC ENSPRESO ca avg for MINBIORPS1 (rape seed), ENS_BaU_GFTM",,2025.0,,
 bioethanol crops,CO2 intensity,0.1289,tCO2/MWh_th,,"CO2 released during fermentation of bioethanol crops, based on stochiometric composition: C6H12O6 -> 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 , i.e. 1 kg ethanol → ~0.956 kg CO₂ (from fermentation) → 0.1289 tCO₂/MWh (with LHV = 26.7 MJ/kg).",,,
 bioethanol crops,fuel,78.9195,EUR/MWhth,"JRC ENSPRESO ca avg for MINBIOCRP11 (Bioethanol barley, wheat, grain maize, oats, other cereals and rye), ENS_BaU_GFTM",,2025.0,,

outputs/US/costs_2025.csv

@@ -3606,13 +3606,14 @@ battery storage,investment,406.0761,USD/kWh,"NREL, 2024 ATB Excel Workbook, Shee
 battery storage,investment,355.7841,USD/kWh,"NREL, 2024 ATB Excel Workbook, Sheet “Utility-Scale Battery Storage”, https://data.openei.org/files/6006/2024_v3_Workbook.xlsx",Includes grid connection and project financing costs; Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Advanced
 battery storage,investment,355.7841,USD/kWh,"NREL, 2024 ATB Excel Workbook, Sheet “Utility-Scale Battery Storage”, https://data.openei.org/files/6006/2024_v3_Workbook.xlsx",Includes grid connection and project financing costs; Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,Market,Advanced
 battery storage,lifetime,15.0,years,"NREL, 2024 ATB Excel Workbook, Sheet “Utility-Scale Battery Storage”, https://data.openei.org/files/6006/2024_v3_Workbook.xlsx",,,,
-biochar pyrolysis,FOM,3.4615,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Fixed O&M",2020.0,,
-biochar pyrolysis,VOM,1035.4112,EUR/MWh_biochar,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Variable O&M",2025.0,,
-biochar pyrolysis,efficiency-biochar,0.404,MWh_biochar/MWh_feedstock,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  efficiency biochar",2020.0,,
-biochar pyrolysis,efficiency-heat,0.4848,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  efficiency heat",2020.0,,
-biochar pyrolysis,investment,210317.9044,EUR/kW_biochar,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Specific investment",2025.0,,
-biochar pyrolysis,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Technical lifetime",2020.0,,
-biochar pyrolysis,yield-biochar,0.0582,ton biochar/MWh_feedstock,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  yield biochar",2020.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,FOM,3.4615,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Fixed O&M",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,VOM,46.8509,EUR/t_CO2,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Variable O&M. Converted from DEA per MWh output via the total output per MWh_biomass and the biomass-input.",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,biochar-output,0.0587,t_biochar/MWh_biomass,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  yield biochar",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,biomass-input,7.6748,MWh_biomass/t_CO2,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Biomass Input. Per t_CO2 sequestered for >100 years (not t_CO2 emitted). Solid biomass with 18 GJ/t_DM LHV, 50% carbon on dry basis and 15% moisture, dried to 10% before pyrolysis. 50% of the biomass carbon ends up in biochar (DEA, straw) and 70% of the biochar carbon is stable for >100 years when spread on soil (Fuhrman et al. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01604-9), i.e. 35% of the biomass carbon is sequestered.",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,electricity-input,0.3129,MWh_e/t_CO2,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  El-Input. Per t_CO2 sequestered, see biomass-input.",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,heat-output,3.7196,MWh_th/t_CO2,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  H-Output. Pyrolysis oil and gas are assumed to be combusted for heat. Per t_CO2 sequestered, see biomass-input.",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,investment,9516589.1654,EUR/t_CO2/h,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Specific investment. Converted from DEA per MW output via the total output per MWh_biomass and the biomass-input.",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Technical lifetime",2025.0,,
 biodiesel crops,fuel,148.475,EUR/MWhth,"JRC ENSPRESO ca avg for MINBIORPS1 (rape seed), ENS_BaU_GFTM",,2025.0,,
 bioethanol crops,CO2 intensity,0.1289,tCO2/MWh_th,,"CO2 released during fermentation of bioethanol crops, based on stochiometric composition: C6H12O6 -> 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 , i.e. 1 kg ethanol → ~0.956 kg CO₂ (from fermentation) → 0.1289 tCO₂/MWh (with LHV = 26.7 MJ/kg).",,,
 bioethanol crops,fuel,91.7982,EUR/MWhth,"JRC ENSPRESO ca avg for MINBIOCRP11 (Bioethanol barley, wheat, grain maize, oats, other cereals and rye), ENS_BaU_GFTM",,2025.0,,

outputs/US/costs_2030.csv

@@ -3762,13 +3762,14 @@ battery storage,investment,355.6226,USD/kWh,"NREL, 2024 ATB Excel Workbook, Shee
 battery storage,investment,221.5107,USD/kWh,"NREL, 2024 ATB Excel Workbook, Sheet “Utility-Scale Battery Storage”, https://data.openei.org/files/6006/2024_v3_Workbook.xlsx",Includes grid connection and project financing costs; Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Advanced
 battery storage,investment,221.5107,USD/kWh,"NREL, 2024 ATB Excel Workbook, Sheet “Utility-Scale Battery Storage”, https://data.openei.org/files/6006/2024_v3_Workbook.xlsx",Includes grid connection and project financing costs; Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,Market,Advanced
 battery storage,lifetime,15.0,years,"NREL, 2024 ATB Excel Workbook, Sheet “Utility-Scale Battery Storage”, https://data.openei.org/files/6006/2024_v3_Workbook.xlsx",,,,
-biochar pyrolysis,FOM,3.4167,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Fixed O&M",2020.0,,
-biochar pyrolysis,VOM,1035.4112,EUR/MWh_biochar,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Variable O&M",2025.0,,
-biochar pyrolysis,efficiency-biochar,0.404,MWh_biochar/MWh_feedstock,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  efficiency biochar",2020.0,,
-biochar pyrolysis,efficiency-heat,0.4848,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  efficiency heat",2020.0,,
-biochar pyrolysis,investment,194139.6041,EUR/kW_biochar,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Specific investment",2025.0,,
-biochar pyrolysis,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Technical lifetime",2020.0,,
-biochar pyrolysis,yield-biochar,0.0582,ton biochar/MWh_feedstock,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  yield biochar",2020.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,FOM,3.4167,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Fixed O&M",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,VOM,46.8509,EUR/t_CO2,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Variable O&M. Converted from DEA per MWh output via the total output per MWh_biomass and the biomass-input.",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,biochar-output,0.0587,t_biochar/MWh_biomass,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  yield biochar",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,biomass-input,7.6748,MWh_biomass/t_CO2,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Biomass Input. Per t_CO2 sequestered for >100 years (not t_CO2 emitted). Solid biomass with 18 GJ/t_DM LHV, 50% carbon on dry basis and 15% moisture, dried to 10% before pyrolysis. 50% of the biomass carbon ends up in biochar (DEA, straw) and 70% of the biochar carbon is stable for >100 years when spread on soil (Fuhrman et al. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01604-9), i.e. 35% of the biomass carbon is sequestered.",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,electricity-input,0.3129,MWh_e/t_CO2,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  El-Input. Per t_CO2 sequestered, see biomass-input.",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,heat-output,3.7196,MWh_th/t_CO2,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  H-Output. Pyrolysis oil and gas are assumed to be combusted for heat. Per t_CO2 sequestered, see biomass-input.",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,investment,8784543.845,EUR/t_CO2/h,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Specific investment. Converted from DEA per MW output via the total output per MWh_biomass and the biomass-input.",2025.0,,
+biochar pyrolysis,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","105 Slow pyrolysis, Straw:  Technical lifetime",2025.0,,
 biodiesel crops,fuel,174.7869,EUR/MWhth,"JRC ENSPRESO ca avg for MINBIORPS1 (rape seed), ENS_BaU_GFTM",,2025.0,,
 bioethanol crops,CO2 intensity,0.1289,tCO2/MWh_th,,"CO2 released during fermentation of bioethanol crops, based on stochiometric composition: C6H12O6 -> 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 , i.e. 1 kg ethanol → ~0.956 kg CO₂ (from fermentation) → 0.1289 tCO₂/MWh (with LHV = 26.7 MJ/kg).",,,
 bioethanol crops,fuel,104.6769,EUR/MWhth,"JRC ENSPRESO ca avg for MINBIOCRP11 (Bioethanol barley, wheat, grain maize, oats, other cereals and rye), ENS_BaU_GFTM",,2025.0,,