Bound and classify local version-manager network operations

[sdairs]

Summary

• Bound version resolution, build listing, master checks, and streamed downloads with explicit connect, read, and total operation deadlines through the shared HTTP client.
• Classify failures by stage, host, and stable status category; treat only build-probe 403/404 as expected fallback and preserve the original unexpected probe failure when fallback also fails.
• Retry installer downloads at most three times for transport, timeout, 429, and 5xx failures, honoring Retry-After within a five-second backoff cap.

Tests

• cargo test -p clickhousectl version_manager (95 passed)
• cargo test -p clickhousectl (all passed)
• cargo fmt --all --check
• cargo clippy -p clickhousectl --all-targets -- -D warnings

Stack

• Position: 2 of 2
• Base: issue-463-parse-version-operands (Validate local ClickHouse version operands during CLI parsing #485)

Closes #459

[cursor]

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