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Read a product with a power for a factor by the exponent's limit in a limit - #2417

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feature/a-power-tending-to-one-to-a-growing-power-in-a-limit
Nov 12, 2026
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Mulf's limit now has a third reading of a one-sided 0 * oo, after regrouping over a quotient and distributing over a sum. If one factor is a power u^v whose exponent tends to a constant c other than 0, the product is read as (other * u^c) * u^(v - c). It is taken only where u^(v - c) tends to a finite real other than 0. The principal power splits that way for any u, since e^(v ln u) is e^(c ln u) e^((v - c) ln u).

(tan(x) + 1)^(x^(x - 1)) at 0 from the right is 1^oo, and its exponent is tan(x) * x^(x - 1). Read through l'Hôpital's rule, that product differentiated x^(x - 1) for longer than any caller waits. Split, it is tan(x) / x times x^x, and both tend to 1.

Input, at 0 from the right 2.6.0 master this branch
(tan(x) + 1)^(x^(x - 1)) unevaluated, 0.28 s did not finish in 30 s e, 0.38 s
tan(x) * x^(x - 1) 1, 11 s 1, 2.5 s 1, 0.21 s
sin(x) * x^(x - 1) 1, 11 s 1, 2.4 s 1, 0.21 s

The first row is in BREAKING-CHANGES.md, and the new test pins all three, with x^2 * x^(x - 3) (+oo) and ln(x) * x^(x + 1) (0).

  • Two-sided limits are not changed. (tan(x) + 1)^(x^(x - 1)) at 0 two-sided stays NaN, as on master and 2.6.0, which is the held two-sided complex-branch case.
  • Left side: it stays unevaluated.

Checked on this branch:

  • Tests: UnitTests 19315 passed, plus the MCP, Terminal, InteractiveWrapper and F# wrapper suites, and the AOT smoke test.
  • Harnesses: BoundCheck, RootCheck, CasBench, PropCheck, SimpSweep, RuleCheck, CanonCheck and Confluence all pass.
  • limitcheck at DEPTH=3, COUNT=600, on 42 seeds against master: no differences. Seed 213 of a wider sweep found the case.

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

… limit

A one-sided 0 * oo with a power u^v for a factor, v tending to a
constant c other than 0, is read as (other * u^c) * u^(v - c) wherever
u^(v - c) tends to a finite real other than 0; the principal power
splits that way for any u. (tan(x) + 1)^(x^(x - 1)) at 0 from the
right has the exponent tan(x) * x^(x - 1), tan(x) / x times x^x, and is
e now, where l'Hopital's rule differentiated x^(x - 1) and did not
finish. tan(x) * x^(x - 1) there takes 0.21 s, from 2.5 s.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 92.30769% with 1 line in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 86.81%. Comparing base (58de4fb) to head (746bd78).

Files with missing lines Patch % Lines
...nctions/Continuous/Limits/Solvers/Limit.Classes.cs 92.30% 0 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️
Additional details and impacted files

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@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #2417      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   86.81%   86.81%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         312      312              
  Lines       69490    69503      +13     
  Branches    20298    20300       +2     
==========================================
+ Hits        60331    60341      +10     
- Misses       4927     4928       +1     
- Partials     4232     4234       +2     
Flag Coverage Δ
cpp 37.77% <ø> (ø)
csharp 87.36% <92.30%> (-0.01%) ⬇️
fsharp 32.97% <ø> (ø)
interactive 39.81% <ø> (ø)

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Files with missing lines Coverage Δ
...nctions/Continuous/Limits/Solvers/Limit.Classes.cs 77.44% <92.30%> (+0.43%) ⬆️

... and 4 files with indirect coverage changes

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@Rafael-SOWNet
Rafael-SOWNet merged commit f17be26 into master Nov 12, 2026
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@github-project-automation github-project-automation Bot moved this from Todo to Done in AngouriMath Nov 12, 2026
@Rafael-SOWNet
Rafael-SOWNet deleted the feature/a-power-tending-to-one-to-a-growing-power-in-a-limit branch November 12, 2026 06:28
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