From f322f200b0eed3f988516028a8e9a05a494b4624 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Prins Kumar <prinskumar@Prinss-MacBook-Air.local>
Date: Thu, 20 Aug 2026 19:31:40 +0530
Subject: [PATCH] Add Recall@5 regression metric with Multihop30 dataset

- New recall_evaluator.py: computes Recall@K by querying GraphRAG and
  matching retrieved chunks against ground-truth chunks using embedding
  cosine similarity (threshold=0.70) or LLM judge
- New run_recall.sh: Docker wrapper to run recall evaluation
- New Multihop30 dataset: 30 multi-hop questions (10 each from HotpotQA,
  2WikiMultiHopQA, MuSiQue) with raw text corpus, answers, and
  ground_truth_chunks.csv for retrieval scoring
- Updated evaluator.py, run_eval.sh: unified --mode parameter replacing
  --agent + --search-type
- Updated run_setup.sh, setup_graph.py: support for Multihop30 graph setup

Co-authored-by: Cursor <cursoragent@cursor.com>
---
 graphrag/tests/regression/evaluator.py        |  64 +-
 graphrag/tests/regression/recall_evaluator.py | 936 ++++++++++++++++++
 graphrag/tests/regression/run_eval.sh         |  28 +-
 graphrag/tests/regression/run_recall.sh       |  66 ++
 graphrag/tests/regression/run_setup.sh        |   2 +-
 graphrag/tests/regression/setup_graph.py      |  30 +-
 .../tests/test_questions/Multihop30/README.md |  81 ++
 .../test_questions/Multihop30/answers.csv     |  31 +
 .../data/2wikimultihopqa_corpus.txt           | 289 ++++++
 .../Multihop30/data/hotpotqa_corpus.txt       | 300 ++++++
 .../Multihop30/data/musique_corpus.txt        | 453 +++++++++
 .../Multihop30/ground_truth_chunks.csv        |  91 ++
 .../test_questions/Multihop30/questions.csv   |  31 +
 13 files changed, 2361 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 graphrag/tests/regression/recall_evaluator.py
 create mode 100755 graphrag/tests/regression/run_recall.sh
 mode change 100644 => 100755 graphrag/tests/regression/run_setup.sh
 create mode 100644 graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/README.md
 create mode 100644 graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/answers.csv
 create mode 100644 graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/data/2wikimultihopqa_corpus.txt
 create mode 100644 graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/data/hotpotqa_corpus.txt
 create mode 100644 graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/data/musique_corpus.txt
 create mode 100644 graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/ground_truth_chunks.csv
 create mode 100644 graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/questions.csv

diff --git a/graphrag/tests/regression/evaluator.py b/graphrag/tests/regression/evaluator.py
index 3638fd44..df2ae257 100644
--- a/graphrag/tests/regression/evaluator.py
+++ b/graphrag/tests/regression/evaluator.py
@@ -595,6 +595,44 @@ def _print_detailed(r: EvalResult, total: int) -> None:
         print(f"     reason: {r.hallucination_reason}", flush=True)
 
 
+def _parse_mode(mode_str: str) -> tuple:
+    """Parse --mode into (api_mode, rag_pattern).
+
+    Agentic styles  (mode=agentic, rag_pattern=<style>):
+      planned                  → ("agentic", "planned")
+      reactive                 → ("agentic", "reactive")
+      auto                     → ("agentic", "auto")   ← graph config picks the style
+
+    Classic retrievers  (mode=classic, rag_pattern=<retriever>):
+      classic                  → ("classic", "auto")
+      classic/auto             → ("classic", "auto")
+      classic/similaritysearch → ("classic", "similaritysearch")
+      classic/hybridsearch     → ("classic", "hybridsearch")
+      classic/contextualsearch → ("classic", "contextualsearch")
+      classic/communitysearch  → ("classic", "communitysearch")
+    """
+    import sys as _sys
+    s = mode_str.strip().lower()
+    agent, _, retriever = s.partition("/")
+    retriever = retriever or None
+
+    if agent == "planned":
+        return "agentic", "planned"
+    if agent == "reactive":
+        return "agentic", "reactive"
+    if agent == "auto":
+        return "agentic", "auto"
+    if agent == "agentic":
+        return "agentic", retriever or "auto"
+    if agent == "classic":
+        return "classic", retriever or "auto"
+
+    _sys.exit(
+        f"ERROR: unrecognised --mode '{mode_str}'. "
+        "Use: auto | planned | reactive | classic | classic/<retriever>"
+    )
+
+
 def run_eval(
     questions: List[EvalQuestion],
     graphname: str,
@@ -701,18 +739,11 @@ def write_results(results: List[EvalResult], output_dir: str, detailed: bool = F
                         help="Path to server_config.json")
     parser.add_argument("--url",         default=None,
                         help="GraphRAG base URL (overrides server_config.json graphrag_config.query_url)")
-    parser.add_argument("--agent", default="planned",
-                        choices=["planned", "reactive", "classic"],
-                        help=(
-                            "Agent to use: 'planned' (Planned Agent, default), "
-                            "'reactive' (ReAct Agent), or 'classic' (Classic engine). "
-                            "Use --search-type to override the Classic retriever."
-                        ))
-    parser.add_argument("--search-type", default="auto",
+    parser.add_argument("--mode", default="planned",
                         help=(
-                            "Classic retriever override when --agent classic is set. "
-                            "Values: auto, similaritysearch, contextualsearch, "
-                            "hybridsearch, communitysearch (default: auto)"
+                            "Query mode as <agent>[/<retriever>]. Default: planned. "
+                            "Examples: planned  reactive  classic/auto  "
+                            "classic/similaritysearch  classic/hybridsearch"
                         ))
     parser.add_argument("--output",      default=None,
                         help="Output directory for result CSV/JSON")
@@ -755,21 +786,14 @@ def write_results(results: List[EvalResult], output_dir: str, detailed: bool = F
 
     output_dir = args.output or os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "results")
 
-    # Map --agent choice to (mode, rag_pattern) for the /query endpoint
-    _AGENT_MAP = {
-        "planned":  ("agentic", "planned"),
-        "reactive": ("agentic", "reactive"),
-        "classic":  ("classic", args.search_type.lower()),
-    }
-    mode, rag_pattern = _AGENT_MAP[args.agent]
+    mode, rag_pattern = _parse_mode(args.mode)
 
     questions = load_questions(dataset_dir)
     if args.limit:
         questions = questions[:args.limit]
 
     print(f"\n{_B}GraphRAG Evaluation{_X}  dataset={args.dataset}  "
-          f"graph={args.graphname}  agent={args.agent}  "
-          + (f"retriever={args.search_type}  " if args.agent == "classic" else "")
+          f"graph={args.graphname}  mode={args.mode}  "
           + f"questions={len(questions)}"
           + (f"  {_Y}(limit={args.limit}){_X}" if args.limit else "")
           + "\n", flush=True)
diff --git a/graphrag/tests/regression/recall_evaluator.py b/graphrag/tests/regression/recall_evaluator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..45d30b8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphrag/tests/regression/recall_evaluator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,936 @@
+"""GraphRAG Regression — Recall@K Evaluator
+
+Measures retrieval recall against a labelled dataset using:
+
+    Recall@K = (ground-truth chunks found in top-K retrieved chunks)
+               / (total ground-truth chunks for that question)
+
+Averaged over all questions to produce a final Avg Recall@K score.
+
+Dataset layout expected:
+    test_questions/<DatasetName>/
+    ├── data/<source>_corpus.txt      — one raw text file per source (GraphRAG chunks naturally)
+    ├── questions.csv                 — single column: question
+    └── ground_truth_chunks.csv       — columns: question_index, chunk_index, context
+                                        Recall denominator = GT chunks per question (not total dataset chunks).
+
+Matching strategy — two options via --match:
+
+  embedding (default):
+    Each GT chunk and each retrieved chunk are embedded with the model from
+    server_config.json (e.g. gemini-embedding-001).  A GT chunk is "found" when
+    cosine similarity ≥ threshold (default 0.75).  Handles paraphrasing and
+    contextual retrievers correctly.
+
+  llm:
+    An LLM (same model as completions in server_config.json) judges whether the
+    retrieved chunk contains the same factual information as the GT chunk.
+    Most accurate but slowest and costliest.
+
+Run via:
+    ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_recall.sh --dataset Multihop30 --graphname <name>
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import csv
+import json
+import logging
+import math
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import threading
+import time
+import warnings
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
+from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass, field
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
+
+import httpx
+
+if "/code" not in sys.path:
+    sys.path.insert(0, "/code")
+
+warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
+warnings.showwarning = lambda *a, **k: None
+logging.basicConfig(level=logging.WARNING, format="%(levelname)s %(name)s: %(message)s")
+
+# ── ANSI colours (mirrors evaluator.py) ──────────────────────────────────────
+if os.environ.get("NO_COLOR"):
+    _USE_COLOR = False
+elif os.environ.get("FORCE_COLOR"):
+    _USE_COLOR = True
+else:
+    _USE_COLOR = sys.stdout.isatty()
+
+_G = "\033[32m" if _USE_COLOR else ""
+_R = "\033[31m" if _USE_COLOR else ""
+_Y = "\033[33m" if _USE_COLOR else ""
+_C = "\033[36m" if _USE_COLOR else ""
+_B = "\033[1m"  if _USE_COLOR else ""
+_X = "\033[0m"  if _USE_COLOR else ""
+
+# ── Constants ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+_DEFAULT_K         = 5
+_MAX_CHUNKS        = 50     # max chunks extracted from GraphRAG response
+_MAX_CHUNK_CH      = 5000   # truncation per chunk before matching — keep higher than GT chunk size (4000)
+_EMBED_THRESHOLD   = 0.70   # cosine similarity threshold for embedding match
+                            # Calibrated on Multihop30: genuine misses cluster at 0.54–0.64;
+                            # true matches cluster at 0.70–0.85. Gap is clear and stable.
+_EMBED_MAX_CHARS   = 8000   # truncate text before embedding (API limit safety)
+_EMBED_CONCURRENCY = 4      # max parallel embedding API calls
+_LLM_CHUNK_CHARS   = 4000   # truncate chunk text sent to LLM judge
+
+# Corpus passages are stored in the graph with a "===== Title =====" header prepended
+# by the ingestion pipeline.  GT chunks never have this header, so we strip it from
+# retrieved text before embedding / LLM comparison to avoid a spurious similarity drop.
+_TITLE_HEADER_RE = re.compile(r"^\s*={2,}[^=\n]+={2,}\s*\n?", re.MULTILINE)
+
+# ── Shared caches (embedding vectors, LLM verdicts) ───────────────────────────
+_embed_cache: Dict[str, List[float]] = {}
+_llm_cache:   Dict[str, bool]        = {}
+_embed_lock   = threading.Lock()
+_llm_lock     = threading.Lock()
+_embed_sem    = threading.Semaphore(_EMBED_CONCURRENCY)
+
+
+# ─── Data types ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+@dataclass
+class RecallQuestion:
+    index: int            # 1-based, matches question_index in ground_truth_contexts.csv
+    question: str
+    gt_contexts: List[str]                        # GT chunk text (from ground_truth_chunks.csv)
+    gt_titles:   List[Optional[str]] = field(default_factory=list)  # Wikipedia title (may be None)
+
+
+@dataclass
+class RecallResult:
+    # ── written to CSV ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    question_index: int
+    question: str
+    gt_context_count: int           = 0
+    retrieved_chunk_count: int      = 0
+    matched_count: int              = 0
+    recall_at_k: Optional[float]    = None
+    agent_mode: Optional[str]       = None
+    search_type_used: Optional[str] = None
+    response_time_seconds: float    = 0.0
+    # ── CLI-only ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    error: Optional[str]            = field(default=None, repr=False)
+    answered_question: bool         = field(default=False, repr=False)
+    matched_indices: List[int]      = field(default_factory=list, repr=False)
+    unmatched_contexts: List[str]   = field(default_factory=list, repr=False)
+    embed_scores: List[float]       = field(default_factory=list, repr=False)  # max cosine per GT chunk
+
+
+# ─── Loaders ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def _detect_encoding(path: str) -> str:
+    with open(path, "rb") as f:
+        raw = f.read(4)
+    if raw[:3] == b"\xef\xbb\xbf":
+        return "utf-8-sig"
+    try:
+        import chardet
+        with open(path, "rb") as f:
+            detected = chardet.detect(f.read())
+        enc = detected.get("encoding") or "utf-8"
+        return enc if (detected.get("confidence") or 0) >= 0.5 else "utf-8"
+    except ImportError:
+        return "utf-8"
+
+
+def _read_single_column(path: str, column: str) -> List[str]:
+    encoding = _detect_encoding(path)
+    with open(path, newline="", encoding=encoding) as f:
+        reader = csv.reader(f)
+        rows = list(reader)
+    if not rows:
+        sys.exit(f"ERROR: {os.path.basename(path)} is empty.")
+    header = rows[0]
+    try:
+        col_idx = header.index(column)
+    except ValueError:
+        sys.exit(
+            f"ERROR: {os.path.basename(path)} must have a '{column}' column. "
+            f"Found: {header}"
+        )
+    results = []
+    for row in rows[1:]:
+        if not row:
+            continue
+        value = ",".join(row[col_idx:]).strip()
+        if value:
+            results.append(value)
+    return results
+
+
+def load_recall_questions(dataset_dir: str) -> List[RecallQuestion]:
+    """Load questions.csv and ground_truth_chunks.csv.
+
+    ground_truth_chunks.csv columns:
+      question_index  — 1-based int
+      chunk_index     — chunk number within the question (1-based)
+      context         — chunk text (~400-500 chars)
+
+    Denominator for Recall@K is the number of GT chunks for THAT question,
+    not the total chunks in the dataset.
+    Run build_gt_chunks.py once after setup to generate this file.
+    """
+    q_path      = os.path.join(dataset_dir, "questions.csv")
+    chunks_path = os.path.join(dataset_dir, "ground_truth_chunks.csv")
+
+    if not os.path.exists(q_path):
+        sys.exit(f"ERROR: questions.csv not found at {q_path}")
+    if not os.path.exists(chunks_path):
+        sys.exit(
+            f"ERROR: ground_truth_chunks.csv not found in {dataset_dir}.\n"
+            f"Run build_gt_chunks.py first:\n"
+            f"  python {dataset_dir}/build_gt_chunks.py"
+        )
+
+    questions_raw = _read_single_column(q_path, "question")
+
+    encoding = _detect_encoding(chunks_path)
+    gt_map: Dict[int, List[str]] = {}
+    with open(chunks_path, newline="", encoding=encoding) as f:
+        reader = csv.DictReader(f)
+        for row in reader:
+            try:
+                idx = int(row["question_index"])
+            except (KeyError, ValueError):
+                continue
+            ctx = row.get("context", "").strip()
+            if ctx:
+                gt_map.setdefault(idx, []).append(ctx)
+
+    result: List[RecallQuestion] = []
+    for i, question in enumerate(questions_raw, start=1):
+        chunks = gt_map.get(i, [])
+        if not chunks:
+            print(f"  {_Y}WARNING: no GT chunks for Q{i} — "
+                  f"recall will be 0 for this question{_X}", flush=True)
+        result.append(RecallQuestion(
+            index=i, question=question,
+            gt_contexts=chunks, gt_titles=[],
+        ))
+
+    return result
+
+
+# ─── Embedding cosine similarity matching ────────────────────────────────────
+
+def _cosine(a: List[float], b: List[float]) -> float:
+    dot    = sum(x * y for x, y in zip(a, b))
+    norm_a = math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in a))
+    norm_b = math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in b))
+    return dot / (norm_a * norm_b) if norm_a and norm_b else 0.0
+
+
+def _get_embedding_service():
+    """Return the GraphRAG embedding service (already configured in the container)."""
+    from common.config import get_embedding_service
+    return get_embedding_service()
+
+
+def _embed(text: str, **_kwargs) -> Optional[List[float]]:
+    """Return embedding for text using GraphRAG's configured embedding service (cached).
+    Extra kwargs (api_key, model) are accepted but ignored — config comes from
+    the container's server_config.json via common.config.get_embedding_service().
+    Returns None on any error.
+    """
+    cache_key = text[:200]
+    with _embed_lock:
+        if cache_key in _embed_cache:
+            return _embed_cache[cache_key]
+    try:
+        with _embed_sem:
+            svc = _get_embedding_service()
+            vecs = svc.embed_documents([text[:_EMBED_MAX_CHARS]])
+        vec = vecs[0] if vecs else None
+        if vec:
+            with _embed_lock:
+                _embed_cache[cache_key] = vec
+        return vec
+    except Exception as e:
+        logging.warning("Embedding error: %s", e)
+        return None
+
+
+def _check_embedding_api(**_kwargs) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Return None if the embedding service works, else an error string."""
+    vec = _embed("ping")
+    if vec is None:
+        return "embedding service unavailable — check container logs"
+    return None
+
+
+def _chunk_found_embedding(gt_chunk: str, chunks: List[str],
+                            threshold: float = _EMBED_THRESHOLD,
+                            **_kwargs) -> Tuple[bool, float]:
+    """Check whether any retrieved chunk is similar enough to the GT chunk.
+
+    Returns:
+        (found, max_cosine_similarity)
+        found  — True if max_cosine_similarity >= threshold
+        max_cosine_similarity — highest cosine score observed (0.0 if no embeddings)
+    """
+    gt_vec = _embed(gt_chunk)
+    if gt_vec is None:
+        return False, 0.0
+    max_sim = 0.0
+    for retrieved in chunks:
+        retrieved_vec = _embed(retrieved)
+        if retrieved_vec is not None:
+            sim = _cosine(gt_vec, retrieved_vec)
+            if sim > max_sim:
+                max_sim = sim
+    return max_sim >= threshold, max_sim
+
+
+# ─── LLM judge matching ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+_LLM_PROMPT = """\
+You are evaluating information retrieval quality for a RAG system.
+
+Ground-truth passage (the relevant source text):
+{gt}
+
+Retrieved chunk (returned by the retriever):
+{chunk}
+
+Task: Does the retrieved chunk contain information that is RELEVANT to the ground-truth passage?
+The retrieved chunk does NOT need to be identical or cover everything — answer YES if it overlaps
+on the same topic, entity, or key facts. Answer NO only if the retrieved chunk is clearly about
+a completely different topic with no meaningful overlap.
+
+Answer with a single word: YES or NO."""
+
+
+def _llm_judge(gt_chunk: str, retrieved_chunk: str, **_kwargs) -> bool:
+    """Ask GraphRAG's configured LLM whether the retrieved chunk contains the GT chunk's information.
+    Uses the same get_llm_service / get_chat_config pattern as evaluator.py.
+    Returns True for YES, False for NO or on any error.
+    """
+    cache_key = f"{gt_chunk[:100]}|||{retrieved_chunk[:100]}"
+    with _llm_lock:
+        if cache_key in _llm_cache:
+            return _llm_cache[cache_key]
+    try:
+        from common.config import get_chat_config, get_llm_service
+        from langchain_core.messages import HumanMessage
+
+        cfg = get_chat_config()
+        llm = get_llm_service(cfg)
+        lc  = getattr(llm, "llm", None) or llm
+        prompt = _LLM_PROMPT.format(
+            gt=gt_chunk[:_LLM_CHUNK_CHARS],
+            chunk=retrieved_chunk[:_LLM_CHUNK_CHARS],
+        )
+        resp    = lc.invoke([HumanMessage(content=prompt)])
+        text    = (resp.content if hasattr(resp, "content") else str(resp)).strip().upper()
+        verdict = text.startswith("YES")
+        with _llm_lock:
+            _llm_cache[cache_key] = verdict
+        return verdict
+    except Exception as e:
+        logging.warning("LLM judge error: %s", e)
+        return False
+
+
+def _chunk_found_llm(gt_chunk: str, retrieved_chunks: List[str]) -> bool:
+    """True if the LLM judges any retrieved chunk as relevant to the GT chunk."""
+    for retrieved in retrieved_chunks:
+        if _llm_judge(gt_chunk, retrieved):
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+# ─── Unified recall computation ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def _compute_recall(
+    gt_contexts: List[str],
+    top_k_chunks: List[str],
+    match_cfg: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    embed_threshold: float = _EMBED_THRESHOLD,
+    gt_titles: Optional[List[Optional[str]]] = None,  # unused, kept for compat
+) -> Tuple[float, int, List[int], List[str], List[float]]:
+    """Compute Recall@K for one question.
+
+    match_cfg keys:
+      strategy  — "embedding" (default) or "llm"
+
+    Returns:
+        recall, matched_count, matched_indices, unmatched_chunks, embed_scores
+        embed_scores — max cosine similarity per GT chunk (empty list when strategy="llm")
+    """
+    if not gt_contexts:
+        return 0.0, 0, [], [], []
+
+    strategy = (match_cfg or {}).get("strategy", "embedding")
+
+    matched_idxs: List[int] = []
+    unmatched:    List[str] = []
+    embed_scores: List[float] = []
+
+    for i, gt in enumerate(gt_contexts):
+        if strategy == "llm":
+            found = _chunk_found_llm(gt, top_k_chunks)
+            embed_scores.append(-1.0)  # not applicable
+        else:
+            found, score = _chunk_found_embedding(gt, top_k_chunks, threshold=embed_threshold)
+            embed_scores.append(score)
+
+        if found:
+            matched_idxs.append(i)
+        else:
+            unmatched.append(gt)
+
+    recall = len(matched_idxs) / len(gt_contexts)
+    return recall, len(matched_idxs), matched_idxs, unmatched, embed_scores
+
+
+# ─── GraphRAG query ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+_RETRIEVER_LABELS = {
+    "similaritysearch": "Similarity Search",
+    "contextualsearch": "Contextual Search",
+    "hybridsearch":     "Hybrid Search",
+    "communitysearch":  "Community Search",
+}
+
+
+def _query_graphrag(
+    url: str,
+    graphname: str,
+    username: str,
+    password: str,
+    question: str,
+    mode: str,
+    rag_pattern: str,
+) -> dict:
+    resp = httpx.get(
+        f"{url}/ui/{graphname}/query",
+        params={
+            "q":              question,
+            "mode":           mode,
+            "rag_pattern":    rag_pattern,
+            "include_fields": "query_sources",
+        },
+        auth=(username, password),
+        timeout=600.0,  # agentic mode can take >300s on complex multi-hop questions
+    )
+    resp.raise_for_status()
+    data = resp.json()
+    if isinstance(data, str):
+        data = json.loads(data)
+    return data
+
+
+def _extract_chunk_texts(final_retrieval: dict) -> List[str]:
+    """Extract text strings from a final_retrieval dict.
+
+    Each value is either:
+      - list[str]  → one text per item (common case after ingestion)
+      - str        → single text value
+      - dict       → extract 'content' or 'text' sub-key
+    """
+    texts: List[str] = []
+    for v in final_retrieval.values():
+        if isinstance(v, list):
+            for item in v:
+                if isinstance(item, str) and item.strip():
+                    texts.append(item)
+                elif isinstance(item, dict):
+                    t = item.get("content") or item.get("text") or ""
+                    if t:
+                        texts.append(str(t))
+        elif isinstance(v, str) and v.strip():
+            texts.append(v)
+        elif isinstance(v, dict):
+            t = v.get("content") or v.get("text") or ""
+            if t:
+                texts.append(str(t))
+    return texts
+
+
+def _extract_top_k_chunks(query_sources: dict, k: int, mode: str = "classic") -> List[str]:
+    """Extract retrieved text chunks from the GraphRAG response.
+
+    Classic mode (similarity/hybrid/contextual/community search):
+        Chunks are ordered by relevance score — most relevant first.
+        We return only the first k so Recall@K is honest and cannot
+        benefit from chunks beyond rank k.
+
+    Agentic mode (planned/reactive/auto agent):
+        The agent calls multiple tools in arbitrary sequence — there is no
+        single relevance ranking across tool calls.  Applying a k-cutoff
+        here would silently drop relevant chunks the agent DID retrieve but
+        that happen to appear after position k in dict-iteration order.
+        We therefore return ALL chunks the agent retrieved (up to _MAX_CHUNKS)
+        so the recall score reflects what the agent actually found, not an
+        arbitrary ordering artefact.
+
+    Chunk extraction strategy:
+        1. Top-level  result.final_retrieval  — populated in classic mode.
+        2. Per-step   result.unstructured[*].result.final_retrieval  — populated
+           in agentic mode for each vector/hybrid search tool call.
+        3. NO general fallback walker: agentic structural-only answers produce
+           no text chunks; falling back to walking the whole response would
+           extract Cypher query strings and reasoning text as fake chunks, leading
+           to artificially high LLM recall (entity name matching) and artificially
+           low embedding recall (near-zero cosine similarity with real passages).
+
+    Title-header stripping:
+        The ingestion pipeline prepends "===== Title =====" to each stored chunk.
+        GT chunks contain only the passage body, so we strip headers before
+        comparison to avoid spurious similarity penalties.
+    """
+    if not query_sources:
+        return []
+
+    result = query_sources.get("result") or {}
+    raw: List[str] = []
+
+    # ── Path 1: top-level final_retrieval (classic mode, and some agentic configs) ──
+    top_fr = result.get("final_retrieval") or {}
+    if isinstance(top_fr, dict) and top_fr:
+        raw.extend(_extract_chunk_texts(top_fr))
+
+    # ── Path 2: per-step unstructured results (agentic mode) ────────────────────────
+    if not raw:
+        for u_item in result.get("unstructured") or []:
+            u_result = u_item.get("result") if isinstance(u_item, dict) else None
+            if not isinstance(u_result, dict):
+                continue
+            inner_fr = u_result.get("final_retrieval") or {}
+            if isinstance(inner_fr, dict) and inner_fr:
+                raw.extend(_extract_chunk_texts(inner_fr))
+
+    # ── Deduplicate, strip title headers, apply length guard, cap at _MAX_CHUNKS ────
+    seen: set = set()
+    out: List[str] = []
+    for text in raw:
+        # Strip "===== Title =====" header added by ingestion pipeline
+        text = _TITLE_HEADER_RE.sub("", text, count=1).strip()
+        if len(text) < 5 or text in seen:
+            continue
+        seen.add(text)
+        out.append(text[:_MAX_CHUNK_CH])
+        if len(out) >= _MAX_CHUNKS:
+            break
+
+    # For classic mode honour the K limit (ranked by relevance).
+    # For agentic mode return everything the agent retrieved — no meaningful rank exists.
+    if mode == "agentic":
+        return out
+    return out[:k]
+
+
+# ─── Per-question evaluation ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def _eval_one_recall(
+    rq: RecallQuestion,
+    graphname: str,
+    url: str,
+    username: str,
+    password: str,
+    mode: str,
+    rag_pattern: str,
+    k: int,
+    match_cfg: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    embed_threshold: float = _EMBED_THRESHOLD,
+) -> RecallResult:
+    r = RecallResult(
+        question_index=rq.index,
+        question=rq.question,
+        gt_context_count=len(rq.gt_contexts),
+    )
+    t0 = time.monotonic()
+
+    try:
+        data = _query_graphrag(url, graphname, username, password, rq.question, mode, rag_pattern)
+        r.answered_question = bool(data.get("answered_question", False))
+        query_sources = data.get("query_sources") or {}
+        _chosen = (query_sources.get("chosen_retriever") or "").lower().replace(" ", "")
+        r.search_type_used = _RETRIEVER_LABELS.get(_chosen) or data.get("response_type") or None
+        r.agent_mode = f"{mode}/{rag_pattern}"
+
+        top_k = _extract_top_k_chunks(query_sources, k, mode=mode)
+        r.retrieved_chunk_count = len(top_k)
+    except httpx.HTTPStatusError as e:
+        r.error = f"HTTP {e.response.status_code}: {e.response.text[:200]}"
+        r.response_time_seconds = time.monotonic() - t0
+        return r
+    except Exception as e:
+        r.error = f"{type(e).__name__}: {e}"
+        r.response_time_seconds = time.monotonic() - t0
+        return r
+    finally:
+        r.response_time_seconds = time.monotonic() - t0
+
+    if not rq.gt_contexts:
+        r.recall_at_k = 0.0
+        return r
+
+    if not top_k:
+        # No text chunks retrieved — likely a structural-only (graph traversal) answer.
+        # Retrieval recall cannot be measured without text chunks.
+        r.recall_at_k  = 0.0
+        r.matched_count = 0
+        r.unmatched_contexts = list(rq.gt_contexts)
+        return r
+
+    recall, matched, matched_idxs, unmatched, embed_scores = _compute_recall(
+        rq.gt_contexts, top_k,
+        match_cfg=match_cfg,
+        embed_threshold=embed_threshold,
+    )
+    r.recall_at_k        = round(recall, 4)
+    r.matched_count      = matched
+    r.matched_indices    = matched_idxs
+    r.unmatched_contexts = unmatched
+    r.embed_scores       = embed_scores
+
+    return r
+
+
+# ─── Compact / detailed printer ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def _recall_cell(r: RecallResult) -> str:
+    if r.recall_at_k is None:
+        return f"{_Y}  n/a{_X}"
+    pct = r.recall_at_k * 100
+    col = _G if pct >= 60 else _Y if pct >= 30 else _R
+    bar_filled = int(pct / 10)
+    bar = "█" * bar_filled + "░" * (10 - bar_filled)
+    return f"{col}{pct:5.1f}%  {bar}{_X}"
+
+
+def _print_compact(r: RecallResult, total: int, k: int) -> None:
+    n = r.question_index
+    if r.error:
+        print(f"  Q{n:>3}/{total}  [{r.response_time_seconds:5.1f}s]  "
+              f"{_R}error: {r.error[:100]}{_X}", flush=True)
+        return
+    if r.gt_context_count == 0:
+        print(f"  Q{n:>3}/{total}  [{r.response_time_seconds:5.1f}s]  "
+              f"{_Y}no GT contexts — skipped{_X}", flush=True)
+        return
+    if r.retrieved_chunk_count == 0:
+        print(f"  Q{n:>3}/{total}  [{r.response_time_seconds:5.1f}s]  "
+              f"{_Y}no text chunks (structural-only answer) — recall=0{_X}", flush=True)
+        return
+    scope = f"top-{k}" if r.retrieved_chunk_count <= k else f"all-{r.retrieved_chunk_count}"
+    frac = f"({r.matched_count}/{r.gt_context_count} GT chunks in {scope})"
+    print(
+        f"  Q{n:>3}/{total}  [{r.response_time_seconds:5.1f}s]  "
+        f"Recall@{k}={_recall_cell(r)}  {frac}",
+        flush=True,
+    )
+
+
+def _print_detailed(r: RecallResult, total: int, k: int) -> None:
+    n = r.question_index
+    q_short = (r.question[:70] + "…") if len(r.question) > 71 else r.question
+    print(f"  {'─' * 70}", flush=True)
+    print(f"  {_B}Q{n}/{total}{_X}  [{r.response_time_seconds:.1f}s]  {q_short}", flush=True)
+    if r.error:
+        print(f"  {_R}error: {r.error}{_X}", flush=True)
+        return
+    if r.gt_context_count == 0:
+        print(f"  {_Y}no ground-truth contexts — skipped{_X}", flush=True)
+        return
+    print(
+        f"  {_C}Recall@{k}{_X} = {_recall_cell(r)}  "
+        f"matched {r.matched_count}/{r.gt_context_count}  "
+        f"(retrieved {r.retrieved_chunk_count} chunks)",
+        flush=True,
+    )
+    if r.unmatched_contexts:
+        strategy = "embedding"  # default; score list is non-negative only for embedding
+        print(f"  {_Y}Unmatched GT chunks:{_X}", flush=True)
+        # Build a map: gt_text → embed score (for embedding runs only)
+        score_map: Dict[str, float] = {}
+        if r.embed_scores and any(s >= 0 for s in r.embed_scores):
+            # embed_scores is aligned with gt_contexts; reconstruct unmatched scores
+            for idx, (score, _matched) in enumerate(
+                zip(r.embed_scores, [i in r.matched_indices for i in range(len(r.embed_scores))])
+            ):
+                pass
+            # Simpler: zip embed_scores with all GT chunks, show score for unmatched
+            all_gt = r.unmatched_contexts  # only unmatched are in this list
+            unmatched_scores = [s for i, s in enumerate(r.embed_scores) if i not in r.matched_indices]
+            for uc, sc in zip(all_gt, unmatched_scores if unmatched_scores else [None]*len(all_gt)):
+                score_str = f"  max_cos={sc:.3f}" if sc is not None and sc >= 0 else ""
+                print(f"    - {uc[:100]}{'…' if len(uc) > 100 else ''}{score_str}", flush=True)
+        else:
+            for uc in r.unmatched_contexts:
+                print(f"    - {uc[:120]}{'…' if len(uc) > 120 else ''}", flush=True)
+
+
+# ─── Main eval loop ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def _parse_mode(mode_str: str) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+    """Parse --mode into (api_mode, rag_pattern).
+
+    Agentic styles  (mode=agentic, rag_pattern=<style>):
+      planned                → ("agentic", "planned")
+      reactive               → ("agentic", "reactive")
+      auto                   → ("agentic", "auto")   ← graph config picks the style
+
+    Classic retrievers  (mode=classic, rag_pattern=<retriever>):
+      classic                → ("classic", "auto")
+      classic/auto           → ("classic", "auto")
+      classic/similaritysearch → ("classic", "similaritysearch")
+      classic/hybridsearch     → ("classic", "hybridsearch")
+      classic/contextualsearch → ("classic", "contextualsearch")
+      classic/communitysearch  → ("classic", "communitysearch")
+    """
+    s = mode_str.strip().lower()
+    agent, _, retriever = s.partition("/")
+    retriever = retriever or None
+
+    if agent == "planned":
+        return "agentic", "planned"
+    if agent == "reactive":
+        return "agentic", "reactive"
+    if agent == "auto":
+        return "agentic", "auto"
+    if agent in ("agentic",):
+        return "agentic", retriever or "auto"
+    if agent == "classic":
+        return "classic", retriever or "auto"
+
+    sys.exit(
+        f"ERROR: unrecognised --mode '{mode_str}'. "
+        "Use: auto | planned | reactive | classic | classic/<retriever>"
+    )
+
+
+def run_recall_eval(
+    questions: List[RecallQuestion],
+    graphname: str,
+    url: str,
+    username: str,
+    password: str,
+    mode: str = "classic",
+    rag_pattern: str = "auto",
+    k: int = _DEFAULT_K,
+    detailed: bool = False,
+    match_cfg: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    embed_threshold: float = _EMBED_THRESHOLD,
+) -> List[RecallResult]:
+    total   = len(questions)
+    workers = min(4, total)   # 4 parallel keeps the GraphRAG server from queuing under load
+    results: List[Optional[RecallResult]] = [None] * total
+    printer = _print_detailed if detailed else _print_compact
+
+    with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=workers, thread_name_prefix="recall") as pool:
+        futures = {
+            pool.submit(
+                _eval_one_recall,
+                rq, graphname, url, username, password, mode, rag_pattern, k,
+                match_cfg, embed_threshold,
+            ): rq.index
+            for rq in questions
+        }
+        for future in as_completed(futures):
+            r = future.result()
+            results[r.question_index - 1] = r
+            printer(r, total, k)
+
+    return [r for r in results if r is not None]
+
+
+# ─── Output ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+_CSV_FIELDS = [
+    "question_index", "question",
+    "gt_context_count", "retrieved_chunk_count", "matched_count", "recall_at_k",
+    "agent_mode", "search_type_used", "response_time_seconds",
+]
+
+
+def write_recall_results(
+    results: List[RecallResult],
+    output_dir: str,
+    k: int,
+) -> None:
+    os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True)
+    ts       = datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")
+    csv_path = os.path.join(output_dir, f"recall_{ts}.csv")
+
+    with open(csv_path, "w", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        writer = csv.DictWriter(f, fieldnames=_CSV_FIELDS)
+        writer.writeheader()
+        for r in results:
+            row = asdict(r)
+            writer.writerow({col: row[col] for col in _CSV_FIELDS})
+
+    # ── Summary ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    errors            = [r for r in results if r.error]
+    no_gt             = [r for r in results if not r.error and r.gt_context_count == 0]
+    structural_only   = [r for r in results if not r.error and r.gt_context_count > 0 and r.retrieved_chunk_count == 0]
+    no_chunks         = structural_only  # keep alias for backwards compat
+    valid             = [r for r in results if r.recall_at_k is not None]
+    avg_recall   = sum(r.recall_at_k for r in valid) / len(valid) if valid else None
+    agent_label  = results[0].agent_mode if results else "unknown"
+
+    print(f"\n  {'═' * 60}")
+    print(f"  {_B}Recall@{k} Summary{_X}  [{_C}{agent_label}{_X}]")
+    print(f"  {'═' * 60}")
+    print(f"  Questions evaluated     : {len(results)}")
+    if errors:
+        print(f"  Errors                  : {_R}{len(errors)}{_X}  "
+              f"(Q{', Q'.join(str(r.question_index) for r in errors)})")
+        for r in errors:
+            print(f"    Q{r.question_index}: {r.error}", flush=True)
+    if structural_only:
+        print(f"  Structural-only answers : {_Y}{len(structural_only)}{_X}  "
+              f"(Q{', Q'.join(str(r.question_index) for r in structural_only)})  "
+              f"— graph traversal used, no text chunks, recall=0")
+
+    if avg_recall is not None:
+        pct = avg_recall * 100
+        col = _G if pct >= 60 else _Y if pct >= 30 else _R
+        print(f"  {_C}Avg Recall@{k}{_X}           : {col}{pct:.1f}%{_X}")
+
+        # Per-decile breakdown
+        perfect   = sum(1 for r in valid if r.recall_at_k is not None and r.recall_at_k == 1.0)
+        partial   = sum(1 for r in valid if r.recall_at_k is not None and 0 < r.recall_at_k < 1.0)
+        zero_hits = sum(1 for r in valid if r.recall_at_k is not None and r.recall_at_k == 0.0)
+        print(f"  Full recall  (1.0)      : {_G}{perfect}{_X} questions")
+        print(f"  Partial recall (0<r<1)  : {_Y}{partial}{_X} questions")
+        print(f"  Zero recall  (0.0)      : {_R}{zero_hits}{_X} questions")
+    else:
+        print(f"  Avg Recall@{k}           : — (no valid results)")
+
+    print(f"  {'═' * 60}")
+    print(f"\n  CSV : {csv_path}\n")
+
+
+# ─── CLI entry point ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="GraphRAG Recall@K Evaluator — measures retrieval quality "
+                    "using ground-truth supporting chunks."
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("--dataset",   required=True,
+                        help="Dataset name (folder under graphrag/tests/test_questions/)")
+    parser.add_argument("--graphname", required=True,
+                        help="GraphRAG graph name to query")
+    parser.add_argument("--config",    default="configs/server_config.json",
+                        help="Path to server_config.json")
+    parser.add_argument("--url",       default=None,
+                        help="GraphRAG base URL (overrides server_config.json)")
+    parser.add_argument("--mode", default="classic/auto",
+                        help=(
+                            "Query mode as <agent>[/<retriever>]. Default: classic/auto. "
+                            "Examples: classic/auto  classic/similaritysearch  "
+                            "classic/hybridsearch  planned  reactive"
+                        ))
+    parser.add_argument("--match",     default="embedding",
+                        choices=["embedding", "llm"],
+                        help="Matching strategy: embedding (default, cosine similarity) "
+                             "or llm (LLM judge, most accurate but slower/costlier)")
+    parser.add_argument("--embed-threshold", type=float, default=_EMBED_THRESHOLD,
+                        help=f"Cosine similarity threshold for --match embedding "
+                             f"(default: {_EMBED_THRESHOLD})")
+    parser.add_argument("--k",         type=int, default=_DEFAULT_K,
+                        help=f"Top-K retrieved chunks to check (default: {_DEFAULT_K})")
+    parser.add_argument("--limit",     type=int, default=None,
+                        help="Only run the first N questions")
+    parser.add_argument("--detailed",  action="store_true",
+                        help="Print per-question breakdown including unmatched GT chunks")
+    parser.add_argument("--output",    default=None,
+                        help="Output directory for result CSV")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    logging.disable(logging.INFO)
+    warnings.simplefilter("ignore")
+
+    config_path = os.path.abspath(args.config)
+    if not os.path.exists(config_path):
+        sys.exit(f"ERROR: config file not found: {config_path}")
+    os.environ.setdefault("SERVER_CONFIG", config_path)
+
+    with open(config_path) as f:
+        server_cfg = json.load(f)
+
+    db       = server_cfg.get("db_config", {})
+    username = db.get("username", "")
+    password = db.get("password", "")
+    if not username or not password:
+        sys.exit(f"ERROR: db_config.username / password not set in {config_path}")
+
+    graphrag_url = (
+        args.url
+        or server_cfg.get("graphrag_config", {}).get("query_url", "http://localhost:8000")
+    ).rstrip("/")
+
+    dataset_dir = os.path.join("/code/tests/test_questions", args.dataset)
+    if not os.path.isdir(dataset_dir):
+        sys.exit(f"ERROR: dataset directory not found: {dataset_dir}")
+
+    output_dir = args.output or os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "results")
+
+    mode, rag_pattern = _parse_mode(args.mode)
+
+    # Extract model names from server_config for display purposes only
+    llm_cfg   = server_cfg.get("llm_config", {})
+    emb_model = llm_cfg.get("embedding_service", {}).get("model_name", "configured")
+    llm_model = llm_cfg.get("completion_service", {}).get("llm_model", "configured")
+
+    match_cfg: Dict[str, Any] = {"strategy": args.match}
+
+    # Verify the chosen matching service is reachable before running all questions
+    if args.match == "embedding":
+        logging.disable(logging.NOTSET)
+        err = _check_embedding_api()
+        logging.disable(logging.INFO)
+        if err:
+            sys.exit(f"ERROR: {err}")
+
+    questions = load_recall_questions(dataset_dir)
+    if args.limit:
+        questions = questions[:args.limit]
+
+    match_label = (
+        f"embedding (model={emb_model}, threshold={args.embed_threshold})"
+        if args.match == "embedding"
+        else f"llm (model={llm_model})"
+    )
+    print(
+        f"\n{_B}GraphRAG Recall@{args.k} Evaluation{_X}  "
+        f"dataset={args.dataset}  graph={args.graphname}  "
+        f"mode={args.mode}  match={match_label}  questions={len(questions)}"
+        + (f"  {_Y}(limit={args.limit}){_X}" if args.limit else "")
+        + "\n",
+        flush=True,
+    )
+
+    results = run_recall_eval(
+        questions       = questions,
+        graphname       = args.graphname,
+        url             = graphrag_url,
+        username        = username,
+        password        = password,
+        mode            = mode,
+        rag_pattern     = rag_pattern,
+        k               = args.k,
+        detailed        = args.detailed,
+        match_cfg       = match_cfg,
+        embed_threshold = args.embed_threshold,
+    )
+    write_recall_results(results, output_dir, args.k)
+
+    sys.stdout.flush()
+    sys.stderr.flush()
+    exit_code = 1 if any(r.error for r in results) else 0
+    os._exit(exit_code)
diff --git a/graphrag/tests/regression/run_eval.sh b/graphrag/tests/regression/run_eval.sh
index 920a5ca6..02852e63 100644
--- a/graphrag/tests/regression/run_eval.sh
+++ b/graphrag/tests/regression/run_eval.sh
@@ -1,36 +1,43 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
-# GraphRAG Regression — Evaluation
+# GraphRAG Regression — Answer Correctness + Hallucination Evaluation
 #
-# Runs the evaluation INSIDE the graphrag container via docker exec, so it
+# Runs evaluator.py INSIDE the graphrag container via docker exec, so it
 # reuses the container's Python environment (deepeval, langchain,
 # common.config, the agent code) — nothing is installed locally.
 #
+# Metrics run by this script:
+#   - Answer Correctness (DeepEval GEval) — requires answers.csv
+#   - Hallucination Check                 — always runs
+#
+# For the Recall@K retrieval metric (requires ground_truth_contexts.csv),
+# use run_recall.sh instead:
+#   ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_recall.sh --dataset Multihop30 --graphname <name>
+#
 # The regression code + test_questions are copied into the container on demand
 # (no bind mount needed); results are copied back to results/ afterward.
 #
 # Usage (from repo root, on the host):
 #
 #   Planned Agent (default):
-#     ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_eval.sh --dataset Toppan --graphname toppan_html --agent planned
+#     ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_eval.sh --dataset Toppan --graphname toppan_html --mode planned
 #
 #   ReAct Agent:
-#     ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_eval.sh --dataset Toppan --graphname toppan_html --agent reactive
+#     ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_eval.sh --dataset Toppan --graphname toppan_html --mode reactive
 #
 #   Classic engine (auto retriever):
-#     ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_eval.sh --dataset Toppan --graphname toppan_html --agent classic
+#     ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_eval.sh --dataset Toppan --graphname toppan_html --mode classic/auto
 #
 #   Classic with specific retriever:
-#     ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_eval.sh --dataset Toppan --graphname toppan_html --agent classic --search-type hybridsearch
+#     ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_eval.sh --dataset Toppan --graphname toppan_html --mode classic/hybridsearch
 #
 #   Detailed per-question output:
-#     ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_eval.sh --dataset Toppan --graphname toppan_html --agent planned --detailed
+#     ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_eval.sh --dataset Toppan --graphname toppan_html --mode planned --detailed
 #
 #   Limit to first N questions (quick smoke test):
-#     ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_eval.sh --dataset Toppan --graphname toppan_html --agent planned --limit 5
+#     ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_eval.sh --dataset Toppan --graphname toppan_html --mode planned --limit 5
 #
 # Override the container name with GRAPHRAG_CONTAINER if needed.
-# Results are written to graphrag/tests/regression/results/ on the host
-# (the directory is mounted into the container).
+# Results are written to graphrag/tests/regression/results/ on the host.
 # All arguments are forwarded to evaluator.py.
 
 set -euo pipefail
@@ -51,6 +58,7 @@ sync_regression_to_container "${CONTAINER}" "${REG_DIR}"
 # piped (no TTY). Set NO_COLOR=1 in your shell to turn colours off.
 set +e
 docker exec \
+    -w /code \
     -e PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1 \
     -e PYTHONWARNINGS=ignore \
     -e FORCE_COLOR="${FORCE_COLOR:-1}" \
diff --git a/graphrag/tests/regression/run_recall.sh b/graphrag/tests/regression/run_recall.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..1c0d4dad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphrag/tests/regression/run_recall.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# GraphRAG Regression — Recall@K Evaluation
+#
+# Measures retrieval quality using ground-truth supporting passages.
+# For each question, checks what fraction of its ground-truth contexts appear
+# in the top-K chunks retrieved by GraphRAG (default K=5).
+#
+# Dataset must contain ground_truth_chunks.csv (generated by build_gt_chunks.py
+# from ground_truth_contexts.csv).  questions.csv is also required.
+# answers.csv is NOT used here — this metric is purely about retrieval quality.
+#
+# This metric is independent of answer correctness and hallucination check.
+# Run them separately with run_eval.sh.
+#
+# Usage (from repo root):
+#
+#   Default (Classic engine, auto retriever, K=5):
+#     ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_recall.sh --dataset Multihop30 --graphname multihop30_abc12345 --mode classic/auto
+#
+#   Specific retriever (for debugging only — use auto for product testing):
+#     ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_recall.sh --dataset Multihop30 --graphname multihop30_abc12345 --mode classic/similaritysearch
+#
+#   Agentic planned agent:
+#     ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_recall.sh --dataset Multihop30 --graphname multihop30_abc12345 --mode planned
+#
+#   Different K value:
+#     ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_recall.sh --dataset Multihop30 --graphname multihop30_abc12345 --k 10
+#
+#   Detailed per-question output (shows unmatched GT passages):
+#     ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_recall.sh --dataset Multihop30 --graphname multihop30_abc12345 --detailed
+#
+#   Limit to first N questions (quick smoke test):
+#     ./graphrag/tests/regression/run_recall.sh --dataset Multihop30 --graphname multihop30_abc12345 --limit 5
+#
+# Override the container name with GRAPHRAG_CONTAINER if needed.
+# Results are written to graphrag/tests/regression/results/ on the host.
+# All arguments are forwarded to recall_evaluator.py.
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+# Git Bash / MSYS on Windows rewrites "/code/..." into a Windows path.
+# Disable that POSIX path conversion so the container path is preserved.
+export MSYS_NO_PATHCONV=1
+export MSYS2_ARG_CONV_EXCL="*"
+
+CONTAINER="${GRAPHRAG_CONTAINER:-graphrag}"
+REG_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+source "${REG_DIR}/_container_sync.sh"
+
+sync_regression_to_container "${CONTAINER}" "${REG_DIR}"
+
+# FORCE_COLOR=1 keeps colourised output even when docker exec output is piped.
+# Set NO_COLOR=1 in your shell to turn colours off.
+set +e
+docker exec \
+    -w /code \
+    -e PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1 \
+    -e PYTHONWARNINGS=ignore \
+    -e FORCE_COLOR="${FORCE_COLOR:-1}" \
+    -e NO_COLOR="${NO_COLOR:-}" \
+    "${CONTAINER}" \
+    python /code/tests/regression/recall_evaluator.py "$@"
+rc=$?
+
+copy_results_from_container "${CONTAINER}" "${REG_DIR}"
+exit $rc
diff --git a/graphrag/tests/regression/run_setup.sh b/graphrag/tests/regression/run_setup.sh
old mode 100644
new mode 100755
index ea37ca9b..fb5e46bb
--- a/graphrag/tests/regression/run_setup.sh
+++ b/graphrag/tests/regression/run_setup.sh
@@ -29,5 +29,5 @@ source "${REG_DIR}/_container_sync.sh"
 
 sync_regression_to_container "${CONTAINER}" "${REG_DIR}"
 
-docker exec -e PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1 "${CONTAINER}" \
+docker exec -w /code -e PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1 "${CONTAINER}" \
     python /code/tests/regression/setup_graph.py "$@"
diff --git a/graphrag/tests/regression/setup_graph.py b/graphrag/tests/regression/setup_graph.py
index a1deb5ba..b83e8ef1 100644
--- a/graphrag/tests/regression/setup_graph.py
+++ b/graphrag/tests/regression/setup_graph.py
@@ -263,8 +263,6 @@ def fresh_setup(
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="GraphRAG Regression — Graph Setup")
     parser.add_argument("--dataset",       required=True,
                         help="Dataset name (folder under graphrag/tests/test_questions/)")
-    parser.add_argument("--config",        default="configs/server_config.json",
-                        help="Path to server_config.json")
     parser.add_argument("--url",           default=None,
                         help="GraphRAG base URL (overrides server_config.json)")
     parser.add_argument("--graphname",     default=None,
@@ -273,9 +271,9 @@ def fresh_setup(
                         help="Skip ECC rebuild step (useful when testing setup only)")
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
-    config_path = os.path.abspath(args.config)
-    if not os.path.exists(config_path):
-        sys.exit(f"ERROR: config not found: {config_path}")
+    config_path = os.environ.get("SERVER_CONFIG", "/code/configs/server_config.json")
+    if not os.path.isfile(config_path):
+        sys.exit(f"ERROR: SERVER_CONFIG not found: {config_path}")
 
     with open(config_path) as f:
         server_cfg = json.load(f)
@@ -313,12 +311,24 @@ def fresh_setup(
     data_dir = os.path.join(dataset_dir, "data")
     doc_files = []
     if os.path.isdir(data_dir):
-        doc_files = [
+        # Prefer pre-built corpus files (*_corpus.txt) when they exist — these
+        # are the combined per-dataset documents produced by build_corpus.py.
+        # Fall back to all files in data/ if no corpus files are present.
+        corpus_files = sorted(
             os.path.join(data_dir, f)
-            for f in sorted(os.listdir(data_dir))
-            if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(data_dir, f))
-        ]
-        print(f"  Documents : {len(doc_files)} file(s)")
+            for f in os.listdir(data_dir)
+            if f.endswith("_corpus.txt") and os.path.isfile(os.path.join(data_dir, f))
+        )
+        if corpus_files:
+            doc_files = corpus_files
+            print(f"  Documents : {len(doc_files)} corpus file(s) (pre-built)")
+        else:
+            doc_files = [
+                os.path.join(data_dir, f)
+                for f in sorted(os.listdir(data_dir))
+                if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(data_dir, f))
+            ]
+            print(f"  Documents : {len(doc_files)} file(s)")
         for fp in doc_files:
             print(f"              - {os.path.basename(fp)}")
     else:
diff --git a/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/README.md b/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a3fb5a98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# Multihop30 Dataset
+
+30 multi-hop question-answer pairs for evaluating GraphRAG retrieval quality (Recall@5).
+
+## Dataset Composition
+
+| Source | Questions | Type | Hops |
+|--------|-----------|------|------|
+| HotpotQA | Q1–Q10 | Bridge + Comparison | 2 |
+| 2WikiMultiHopQA | Q11–Q20 | Bridge + Comparison | 2 |
+| MuSiQue | Q21–Q30 | Bridge | 2–3 |
+
+All 30 questions require reasoning across multiple passages to arrive at the
+correct answer. This makes retrieval quality critical — the model must surface
+the right supporting passages to answer correctly.
+
+## Files
+
+| File | Description |
+|------|-------------|
+| `questions.csv` | Single column `question` — 30 questions |
+| `answers.csv` | Single column `ground_truth` — 30 reference answers |
+| `ground_truth_contexts.csv` | Columns `question_index`, `context` — supporting passages per question (2–3 rows per question) |
+| `data/hotpotqa_corpus.txt` | Corpus for Q1–Q10 (supporting + distractor passages) |
+| `data/2wikimultihopqa_corpus.txt` | Corpus for Q11–Q20 |
+| `data/musique_corpus.txt` | Corpus for Q21–Q30 |
+| `build_dataset.py` | Script to regenerate CSVs from HuggingFace datasets |
+| `build_corpus.py` | Script to regenerate corpus files from build_dataset.py output |
+
+## Recall@5 Metric
+
+`ground_truth_contexts.csv` is used exclusively by `recall_evaluator.py`.
+
+For each question, the evaluator checks how many of its ground-truth supporting
+passages appear in the **top-5 chunks retrieved** by GraphRAG, using token
+overlap matching (ROUGE-1 style, threshold ≥ 0.5).
+
+```
+Recall@5 = matched_ground_truth_passages / total_ground_truth_passages
+```
+
+Averaged over all 30 questions to produce the final **Avg Recall@5** score.
+
+## Running Evaluations
+
+### One-time graph setup (ingest corpus + build knowledge graph)
+```bash
+./graphrag/tests/regression/run_setup.sh --dataset Multihop30
+# Note the graphname printed at the end, e.g. multihop30_abc12345
+```
+
+### Recall@5 evaluation
+```bash
+./graphrag/tests/regression/run_recall.sh \
+  --dataset Multihop30 \
+  --graphname multihop30_abc12345
+```
+
+### Answer Correctness + Hallucination (optional, uses answers.csv)
+```bash
+./graphrag/tests/regression/run_eval.sh \
+  --dataset Multihop30 \
+  --graphname multihop30_abc12345
+```
+
+## Regenerating the Dataset from HuggingFace
+
+The pre-built CSV files are committed to the repository. To regenerate from
+the original sources (useful for updating to a newer dataset version):
+
+```bash
+pip install datasets
+python graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/build_dataset.py
+python graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/build_corpus.py
+```
+
+`build_dataset.py` samples from HuggingFace and writes:
+- `questions.csv`, `answers.csv`, `ground_truth_contexts.csv`
+- `_passages_by_source.json` (intermediate file consumed by `build_corpus.py`)
+
+`build_corpus.py` reads `_passages_by_source.json` and writes `data/*.txt`.
diff --git a/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/answers.csv b/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/answers.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4b59481
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/answers.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+ground_truth
+BAFTA Awards for Best Actress
+Citizens for a Sound Economy
+Big 12 Conference
+against the feather of truth
+"""I'm Gonna Git You Sucka"""
+around four hundred
+Hong Kong Disneyland
+"season six, episode 5, ""Invasion"""
+half a million acres
+Montejo v. Louisiana
+Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne
+Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne
+University of Paris
+"William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel"
+Academy of Fine Arts Vienna
+Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam
+Zita of Bourbon-Parma
+God'S Gift To Women
+Beasts Of Prey
+It'S A Wonderful Afterlife
+the country of India
+Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
+March Constitution of Poland
+about 400 years
+Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay
+the Mississippi River Delta
+Treaty of Paris
+about 575 feet
+582 feet (177 m)
+"Thursday, March 29"
diff --git a/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/data/2wikimultihopqa_corpus.txt b/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/data/2wikimultihopqa_corpus.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f1492f07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/data/2wikimultihopqa_corpus.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+===== Halloween Kills =====
+Halloween Kills is an upcoming American slasher film directed by David Gordon Green and written by Green, Danny McBride and Scott Teems. It is a sequel to 2018's "Halloween" and the twelfth installment in the "Halloween" franchise. The film stars Jamie Lee Curtis and Nick Castle reprising their roles as Laurie Strode and Michael Myers, with James Jude Courtney also portraying Myers. Judy Greer, Andi Matichak, Dylan Arnold, Kyle Richards, Charles Cyphers and Nancy Stephens reprise their roles from the 2018 and 1978 films, and also stars Anthony Michael Hall and Robert Longstreet. The film is produced by Jason Blum through his Blumhouse Productions banner, alongside Malek Akkad and Bill Block. Before the release of the 2018 film, McBride in June 2018 confirmed that he and Green had originally intended to pitch two films that would be shot back-to-back, and then decided against it, waiting to see the reaction to the first film. By February 2019, Teems was hired to co-write the script. The film's title was announced in July 2019, along with its sequel. Principal photography commenced in September 2019 in Wilmington, North Carolina. "Halloween Kills" is scheduled to be released in the United States on October 16, 2020, by Universal Pictures in North America, and Paramount Pictures in other territories. A sequel, "Halloween Ends", is scheduled to be released on October 15, 2021.
+
+===== Goopi Gawaiya Bagha Bajaiya =====
+Goopi Gawaiya Bagha Bajaiya is an Indian animated film directed by Shilpa Ranade. It based on the characters "Goopy" and "Bagha" created by Satyajit Ray's grandfather Upendra Kishore Roychowdhury. The film is inspired from "Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne", the first film from "Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne trilogy". The film is scheduled to be released on 1 March 2019.
+
+===== Nemai Ghosh (photographer) =====
+Nemai Ghosh( born 1934) is a noted Indian photographer most known for working with Satyajit Ray, as a still photographer for over two decades, starting with" Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne"( 1969) till Ray's last film" Agantuk"( 1991). He was a jury member at the 2007 National Film Awards, and was awarded the Padma Shri by Government of India in 2010.
+
+===== Hirak Rajar Deshe =====
+Hirak Rajar Deshe(" Hirok Rajar Deshe", lit." in the land of the Diamond King". English title: Kingdom of Diamonds, 1980) is an Indian Bengali dystopian film, sequel to the 1969 film" Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne" and the second installment of" Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne series" directed by Satyajit Ray. A unique aspect of the film is that most of the dialogues exchanged by the protagonists of the film are rhyming. The only person who did not speak in rhyme was the teacher, symbolizing that though the thoughts of everybody else are bound, the teacher was a free- thinker. The film was followed by the third film of the series directed by Satyajit Ray and assisted, camera and colourotography by his son Sandip Ray.
+
+===== Tapen Chatterjee =====
+Tapen Chatterjee (3 September 1937 – 24 May 2010) was a Bengali actor from India who played several roles in Satyajit Ray's films, notably as Goopy Gyne in "Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne" (1968), and its sequels "Heerak Rajar Deshe" (1980) and "Goopy Bagha Phire Elo" (1991). Chatterjee died on 24 May 2010 at the age of 72. He was suffering from pulmonary ailments.
+
+===== Goopy Bagha Phire Elo =====
+Goopy Bagha Phirey Elo  (1992) is the sequel to 1980 film "Hirak Rajar Deshe" and the third installment of "Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne series". It was directed by Sandip Ray and written by his father Satyajit Ray. This film was released eleven years after its predecessor.
+
+===== Tinnu Anand =====
+Tinnu Anand( born 12 October, 1945), sometimes referred to as Tinnu Anand or Virender Raj Anand, is an Indian actor, writer and director from Bollywood, who is most known as the director of Amitabh Bachchan's movies including," Kaalia"( 1981)," Shahenshah"( 1988)," Main Azaad Hoon"( 1989) and" Major Saab"( 1998). He is the son of veteran writer Inder Raj Anand, brother of producer Bittu Anand and uncle of director Siddharth Anand. Anand portrayed an important role in" Ghajini" in 2008. He did his schooling from Mayo College in India. In an interview, Tinu Anand spoke about his early days and also praised Amitabh Bachchan for his generosity. He also worked as an assistant director to Satyajit Ray for five years, in Bengali films," Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne"( 1969)," Aranyer Din Ratri"( 1970)," Pratidwandi"( 1970)," Seemabaddha"( 1971) to" Ashani Sanket"( 1973).
+
+===== David Gordon Green =====
+David Gordon Green( born April 9, 1975) is an American filmmaker. He directed the dramas" George Washington"( 2000)," All the Real Girls"( 2003), and" Snow Angels"( 2007), as well as the thriller" Undertow"( 2004), all of which he wrote or co-wrote. In 2008, Green transitioned into comedy, directing the films" Pineapple Express"( 2008)," Your Highness" and" The Sitter"( both 2011). He returned to his dramatic roots with the independent films" Prince Avalanche" and" Joe"( both 2013), followed by the films" Manglehorn"( 2014)," Our Brand Is Crisis"( 2015), and" Stronger"( 2017). Green also directed the slasher horror film" Halloween"( 2018), which he co-wrote with frequent collaborator Danny McBride. He is also set to direct the next two installments of the franchise. Green also directed episodes of the acclaimed comedy series" Eastbound& Down"( 2009 – 2013)," Red Oaks"( 2014 – 17)," Vice Principals"( 2016 – 17), and" The Righteous Gemstones"( 2019 – present), on all of which he additionally served as executive producer.
+
+===== Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne =====
+Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne( Bengali: গুপী গাইন বাঘা বাইন" Gupi Gain Bagha Bain") is a 1969 Indian fantasy adventure comedy film written and directed by Satyajit Ray and based on a story by his grandfather Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury. It is a fantasy- musical film, with the music and lyrics written by Ray himself. This is the first film of the" Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne series", followed by a couple of sequels-" Hirak Rajar Deshe" was released in 1980 and" Goopy Bagha Phire Elo", written by Ray but directed by his son Sandip Ray, was released in 1992. The film was based on the characters Goopy Gyne and Bagha Byne, who made their first appearance in the" Sandesh" magazine in 1915, with illustrations by Ray's grandfather Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury. In 1961, after the revival of" Sandesh", Ray began contemplating the idea of making a film based on that story, and he was partly compelled by his son Sandip to make a film which was less' grim and adult'. This was matched by Ray's own desire to make a movie that, unlike his previous movies, would cater to children. Plus this would also give him an opportunity to lace the story with music and dancing, a point his movies' producers and distributors were always insisting upon. Ray managed to convince producers to finance the movie, even though it was clear from the beginning that the film would cost a lot of money. The movie released to great critical and commercial reception, which held the record for longest continuous run of a Bengali- language movie in Bengal, as it ran for 51 straight weeks. It won the Best Feature Film and Best Direction awards at the 16th National Film Awards, and went on to win many other international awards as well. Critical reception was highly positive. Raja Sen called it to be the most innovative movie to have ever come out of India. Phil Hall said that the movie" comes as a delightful surprise – Ray, it appears, not only possessed a great sense of humor but also enjoyed a stunning talent for musical cinema."
+
+===== Satyajit Ray =====
+Satyajit Ray( 2 May 1921 – 23 April 1992) was an Indian filmmaker, screenwriter, music composer, graphic artist, lyricist and author, widely regarded as one of the greatest filmmakers of all time. Ray was born in Calcutta into a Bengali family which was prominent in the field of arts and literature. Starting his career as a commercial artist, Ray was drawn into independent filmmaking after meeting French filmmaker Jean Renoir and viewing Vittorio De Sica's Italian neorealist film" Bicycle Thieves"( 1948) during a visit to London. Ray directed 36 films, including feature films, documentaries and shorts. He was also a fiction writer, publisher, illustrator, calligrapher, music composer, graphic designer and film critic. He authored several short stories and novels, meant primarily for young children and teenagers. Feluda, the sleuth, and Professor Shonku, the scientist in his science fiction stories, are popular fictional characters created by him. He was awarded an honorary degree by Oxford University. Ray's first film," Pather Panchali"( 1955), won eleven international prizes, including the inaugural Best Human Document award at the 1956 Cannes Film Festival. This film, along with" Aparajito"( 1956) and" Apur Sansar The World of Apu")( 1959), form" The Apu Trilogy". Ray did the scripting, casting, scoring, and editing, and designed his own credit titles and publicity material. Ray received many major awards in his career, including 32 Indian National Film Awards, a Golden Lion, a Golden Bear, 2 Silver Bears, a number of additional awards at international film festivals and award ceremonies, and an Academy Honorary Award in 1992. The Government of India honored him with the Bharat Ratna, its highest civilian award, in 1992. Ray had received many noticeable awards and gained a prestigious position over his life time. In 2004, Ray was ranked number 13 in BBC's poll of the Greatest Bengali of all time.
+
+===== Charles, Count of Valois =====
+Charles of Valois (12 March 1270 – 16 December 1325), the third son of Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon, was a member of the House of Capet and founder of the House of Valois, whose rule over France would start in 1328. Charles ruled several principalities. He held in appanage the counties of Valois, Alençon and Perche. Through his marriage to Margaret of Anjou, he became Count of Anjou and Maine. Through his marriage to Catherine I, titular empress of the Latin Empire, he was titular Latin Emperor of Constantinople from 1301–1307, although he ruled from exile and only had authority over Crusader States in Greece. The grandson of Louis IX of France, Charles of Valois was a son, brother, brother-in-law and son-in-law of kings or queens (of France, Navarre, England and Naples). His descendants, the House of Valois, would become the royal house of France three years after his death, beginning with his son Philip VI of France.
+
+===== Hubba bint Hulail =====
+Hubba bint Hulail was the grandmother of Hashim ibn' Abd Manaf, thus the great- great- great- grandmother of the Islamic" Nabī"( Prophet) Muhammad ibn Abdullah.
+
+===== Margaret of Valois, Countess of Blois =====
+Margaret of Valois( 1295–1342) was a French noblewoman. She was a daughter of Charles, Count of Valois, and his first wife, Margaret, Countess of Anjou. She was also a sister of King Philip VI of France. In 1310, she married Guy I, Count of Blois. They had three children together:
+
+===== Catherine de' Medici =====
+Catherine de' Medici (13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589), was an Italian noblewoman who was queen consort of France from 1547 until 1559, by marriage to King Henry II, and Queen mother of kings Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III from 1559 to 1589. The years during which her sons reigned have been called "the age of Catherine de' Medici" as she had extensive, if at times varying, influence in the political life of France. She was born in Florence to Lorenzo de’ Medici, Duke of Urbino and Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne. In 1533, at the age of fourteen, Catherine married Henry, second son of King Francis I and Queen Claude of France. Catherine's marriage was arranged by her uncle Pope Clement VII. Henry excluded Catherine from participating in state affairs and instead showered favors on his chief mistress, Diane de Poitiers, who wielded much influence over him. Henry's death thrust Catherine into the political arena as mother of the frail 15-year-old King Francis II. When he died in 1560, she became regent on behalf of her 10-year-old son King Charles IX and was granted sweeping powers. From 1560 to 1563, she ruled France as regent for her son Charles IX, King of France. After Charles died in 1574, Catherine played a key role in the reign of her third son, Henry III. He dispensed with her advice only in the last months of her life (he would outlive her by seven months). Catherine's three sons reigned in an age of almost constant civil and religious war in France. The problems facing the monarchy were complex and daunting but Catherine was able to keep the monarchy and the state institutions functioning even at a minimum level. At first, Catherine compromised and made concessions to the rebelling Calvinist Protestants, or Huguenots, as they became known. She failed, however, to grasp the theological issues that drove their movement. Later she resorted, in frustration and anger, to hard-line policies against them. In return, she came to be blamed for the excessive persecutions carried out under her sons' rule, in particular for the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572, in which thousands of Huguenots were killed in Paris and throughout France. Some historians have excused Catherine from blame for the worst decisions of the crown, though evidence for her ruthlessness can be found in her letters. In practice, her authority was always limited by the effects of the civil wars. Her policies, therefore, may be seen as desperate measures to keep the Valois monarchy on the throne at all costs, and her patronage of the arts as an attempt to glorify a monarchy whose prestige was in steep decline. Without Catherine, it is unlikely that her sons would have remained in power. According to Mark Strage, one of her biographers, Catherine was the most powerful woman in 16th-century Europe.
+
+===== Margaret of Valois =====
+Margaret of Valois (14 May 1553 – 27 March 1615) was a French princess of the Valois dynasty who became queen consort of Navarre and later also of France. By her marriage to Henry III of Navarre (later Henry IV of France), she was queen of Navarre and then France at her husband's 1589 accession to the latter throne. She was the daughter of King Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici and the sister of kings Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III. Her marriage, which was intended to celebrate the reconciliation of Catholics and Huguenots, was tarnished by the St Bartholomew's Day massacre, and the resumption of the religious troubles which ensued. In the conflict between Henry III and the Malcontents, she took the side of Francis, Duke of Anjou, her younger brother, and this caused the king to have a deep aversion towards her. As Queen of Navarre, she also played a pacifying role in the stormy relations between her husband and the French monarchy. Shuttled back and forth between the two courts, she endeavored to lead a happy conjugal life, but her sterility and the political tensions inherent in the French Wars of Religion caused the end of her marriage. Mistreated by a brother quick to take offence and rejected by a fickle and opportunistic husband, she chose the path of opposition in 1585. She took the side of the Catholic League and was forced to live in Auvergne in an exile which lasted twenty years. In 1599, she consented to the annulment of the marriage only after the payment of a generous compensation. A well-known woman of letters and an enlightened mind as well as an extremely generous patron , she played a considerable part in the cultural life of the court, especially after her return from exile in 1605. She was a vector of Neoplatonism, which preached the supremacy of platonic love over physical love. While imprisoned, she took advantage of the time to write her "Memoirs". She was the first woman to have done so. She was one of the most fashionable women of her time, and influenced many of Europe's royal courts with her clothing. After her death the anecdotes and slanders circulated about her created a legend, which was consolidated around the nickname "La Reine Margot" invented by Alexandre Dumas père, handed down through the centuries the myth of a nymphomaniac and incestuous woman. At the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, historians have reviewed the extensive chronicles of her life, concluding that many elements of her scandalous reputation stemmed from anti-Valois propaganda and from a fationalism capable of denigrating the participation of women in politics, created by Bourbon dynasty court historians in the 17th century.
+
+===== Hannah Arnold =====
+Hannah Arnold, also known as Hannah Waterman King, was the grandmother of Benedict Arnolds children.
+
+===== Tjuyu =====
+Tjuyu( sometimes transliterated as Thuya or Thuyu) was an Egyptian noblewoman and the mother of queen Tiye, and the wife of Yuya. She is the grandmother of Akhenaten, and great grandmother of Tutankhamun.
+
+===== Anne Denman =====
+Anne Denman( 1587–1661) was born in Olde Hall, Retford, Nottinghamshire. Through a fortunate second marriage with Thomas Aylesbury, she became the grandmother of Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York and great- grandmother of Queen Mary II and Queen Anne.
+
+===== Kaoru Hatoyama =====
+After the elections of 2009, she became more widely known as the grandmother of Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama and his politician brother Kunio Hatoyama.
+
+===== Marie of Valois, Duchess of Calabria =====
+Marie of Valois( 1309 – 23 October 1331), was the eldest daughter of Charles of Valois by his third wife Mahaut of Châtillon. She was a member of the House of Valois. One of her five children was Queen Joanna I of Naples.
+
+===== Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 3rd Duke of Berwick =====
+Jacobo Francisco Eduardo Fitz- James Stuart y Colón de Portugal, 3rd Duke of Berwick, 3rd Duke of Liria and Jérica, 9th Duke of Veragua, 9th Duke of la Vega( 28 December 1718 – Valencia, 30 September 1785) was a Spanish Jacobite. On the death of his father, James Fitz- James Stuart, in 1738, he inherited his titles of Duke of Berwick and Duke of Liria and Xerica( he also possessed many other titles in both Spain and England.) His mother was Spanish, and on her side he was a direct descendant of explorer Christopher Columbus.
+
+===== Charles Gordon-Lennox, 8th Duke of Richmond =====
+Charles Henry Gordon- Lennox, 8th Duke of Richmond, 8th Duke of Lennox, 3rd Duke of Gordon,( 30 December 1870 – 7 May 1935), known as Lord Settrington 1870 – 1903, and as Earl of March 1903 – 1928, was a British Peer and politician.
+
+===== George Stewart, 9th Seigneur d'Aubigny =====
+George Stewart (or Stuart), 9th Seigneur d'Aubigny (17 July 1618 – 23 October 1642) was a Scottish nobleman and Royalist commander in the English Civil War. He was the son of Esmé Stewart, 3rd Duke of Lennox, and his wife Katherine Clifton, 2nd Baroness Clifton, and the brother of James Stewart, 1st Duke of Richmond and 4th Duke of Lennox, and of the Royalist commander Lord Bernard Stewart. Stewart, his older brother Henry, and younger brother Ludovic were brought up at Aubigny in France as Roman Catholics under the charge of their paternal grandmother, the old Duchess-Dowager, Katherine de Balsac. Stewart's father, the Duke of Lennox, died in 1624, and Stewart became a ward of his cousin, King Charles I of England. He inherited the Lordship of Aubigny at the age of 14 on the death of his elder brother Henry in 1632. By 1633, he was a student at the Collège de Navarre, part of the University of Paris, and he did homage to Louis XIII of France for the lordship of Aubigny on 5 August 1636, shortly after his eighteenth birthday. Later that year he moved to England. In 1638 he secretly married Katherine Howard, the daughter of Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, and Elizabeth Home, without her father's consent, offending his guardian the king. The portrait of Stewart by Anthony van Dyck, now in the National Portrait Gallery, London, may have been painted to mark his marriage; the Latin inscription can be translated "Love is stronger than I am" which may allude to his conflicting loyalties. His younger brothers Lords John and Bernard are shown in a still more famous double Van Dyck portrait in the National Gallery, London - the iconic image of Cavaliers. They were also both killed in the Civil War.
+George Stewart and Katherine Howard had two children: He fought with the French against the Spanish in the Battle of Montjuïc (1641). As civil war loomed in England, Stewart joined the forces of King Charles at York where he was knighted on 18 April 1642 along with his brother Bernard. He was mortally wounded in the first pitched battle of the war at Edgehill on Sunday 23 October 1642, aged 24. He was buried in Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford. The lordship of Aubigny passed to his next brother, Ludovic, on his death. His widow remarried James Levingston, 1st Earl of Newburgh and had one further child Elizabeth. They were suspected in 1648 of plotting to rescue Charles I and on the discovery of the supposed plot fled to the Netherlands where Katherine died in 1650.
+
+===== Elizabeth Stafford, Duchess of Norfolk =====
+Lady Elizabeth Stafford(" later" Duchess of Norfolk)( c. 1497 – 30 November 1558) was the eldest daughter of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Lady Eleanor Percy. By marriage she became Duchess of Norfolk. Her abusive marriage to Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, created a public scandal.
+
+===== Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond =====
+Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond, 6th Duke of Lennox KG (7 March 1639December 1672) was the only son of George Stewart, 9th Seigneur d'Aubigny and Katherine Howard, daughter of Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk. He was the grandson of Esmé Stewart, 3rd Duke of Lennox. On 10 December 1645 he was created Baron Stuart of Newbury, Berkshire, and Earl of Lichfield, titles conferred on him "to perpetuate the titles which were intended to have been conferred on his uncle" Lord Bernard Stewart, youngest son of the Duke of Lennox, who had been killed in the Battle of Rowton Heath in the English Civil War in September of that year. In January 1658, Charles Stewart went into exile in France, and took up his residence in the house of his uncle, Ludovic, seigneur d'Aubigny. In the following year he fell under the displeasure of The Protectorate's Council of State, and warrants were issued for seizing his person and goods. Charles Stewart married, firstly, Elizabeth Rogers, after June 1659. He married, secondly, Margaret Banaster (widow of William Lewis) on 31 March 1662. He married, thirdly, Frances Teresa Stewart, granddaughter of Walter Stewart, 1st Lord Blantyre, in March 1667. This last marriage was famous, as Frances Stewart, known at court as "Le Belle Stuart" had been desired by Richmond's cousin, King Charles II, as a mistress. Charles Stewart returned to England with Charles II in 1660, and sat in the Convention Parliament, showing great animosity towards the supporters of the Commonwealth. On the death of his 10-year-old cousin Esmé Stewart on 10 August 1660, Charles Stewart succeeded as third Duke of Richmond and sixth Duke of Lennox. In that same year he was created Hereditary Great Chamberlain of Scotland, Hereditary Great Admiral of Scotland, and Lord-Lieutenant of Dorset. On 15 April 1661 he was invested with the Order of the Garter. On the death of his uncle, Ludovic Stuart, he succeeded him as 12th Seigneur D'Aubigny, for which title he did homage by proxy to Louis XIV of France on 11 May 1670. In July 1667, on the death of his cousin, Mary Butler, countess of Arran, he became Baron Clifton, and on 4 May 1668 he was made lord lieutenant and vice admiral of Kent jointly with the Earl of Winchilsea. In 1671 he was sent as ambassador to the Danish court to persuade Denmark to join England and France in a projected attack on the Dutch. While there he died (by drowning) in 1672, aged 33 at Elsinore, without issue, and his titles became extinct, with the exception of Baron Clifton, which passed with most of his property to his sister Katherine, Lady O'Brien. His wife, however, had had the Lennox estates granted to her for life. He was buried on 20 September 1673 at Westminster Abbey. The titles Duke of Richmond, Duke of Lennox and Earl of March, were resurrected for Charles II's illegitimate son by Louise de Kérouaille, Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond and Lennox, in 1675.
+
+===== Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond =====
+Field Marshal Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond, 3rd Duke of Lennox, 3rd Duke of Aubigny,( 22 February 1735 – 29 December 1806), styled Earl of March until 1750, was a British Army officer and politician. He associated with the Rockingham Whigs and rose to hold the post of Southern Secretary for a brief period. He was noteworthy for his support for the colonists during the American Revolutionary War, his support for a policy of concession in Ireland and his advanced views on the issue of parliamentary reform. He went on to be a reforming Master- General of the Ordnance first in the Rockingham ministry and then in the ministry of William Pitt.
+
+===== James Stewart, 1st Duke of Richmond =====
+James Stewart, 1st Duke of Richmond, 4th Duke of Lennox KG ( 6 April 1612 – 30 March 1655) was a British nobleman. He was the eldest son of Esmé Stewart, 3rd Duke of Lennox and his wife Katherine Clifton, 2nd Baroness Clifton. James Stewart inherited the Dukedom of Lennox on his father's death( 30 June 1624) and was made a gentleman of the bedchamber in 1625, and knighted on 29 June 1630. He was invested as a knight of Order of the Garter in 1633. He married Mary Villiers, daughter of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham on 3 August 1637. A third cousin of Charles I of England, Stewart was a Privy Councillor and key member of Royalist party in the English Civil War. In 1641 – 42, he served as Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. He spent five months in exile in 1643, returning to England to defend the city of Oxford for the king. He died on 30 March 1655 at age 42 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
+
+===== Lord John Stewart =====
+Lord John Stewart( 23 October 1621 – 29 March 1644) was a Scottish aristocrat who served as a Royalist commander in the English Civil War. He was one of five sons of Esmé Stewart, 3rd Duke of Lennox and his wife Katherine Clifton, 2nd Baroness Clifton, and the brother of James Stewart, 1st Duke of Richmond. With his youngest brother, Lord Bernard Stewart, he embarked on a three- year tour of the continent in 1639, before returning to join the King ’s cause in the Civil War as a General. He was killed at the Battle of Cheriton near Alresford, Essex, on 29 March 1644. Only one of his brothers, Lodovic, survived the war to see the restoration of the monarchy in 1660.
+
+===== James Hamilton, 6th Duke of Hamilton =====
+James George Hamilton, 6th Duke of Hamilton and 3rd Duke of Brandon, KT( 10 July 1724 – 17 January 1758) was a Scottish peer.
+
+===== Lord Bernard Stewart =====
+Lord Bernard Stewart( 1623 – 26 September 1645) was a Scottish aristocrat who served as a Royalist commander in the English Civil War. He was the youngest of the five sons of Esmé Stewart, 3rd Duke of Lennox, and his wife Katherine Clifton, 2nd Baroness Clifton, and the brother of James Stewart, 1st Duke of Richmond. Lord Bernard was to be created Earl of Lichfield by King Charles I for his actions at the first and second battles of Newbury and Naseby but died of injuries received leading a sortie against besieging Parliamentary forces in the Battle of Rowton Heath in September 1645, before the patent could be implemented. The titles of Baron Newbury and Earl of Lichfield were instead created in December 1645 for his six- year- old nephew, Charles Stewart( 1639 – 1672), the son of Bernard's elder brother George Stewart, 9th Seigneur d'Aubigny, who had been killed at the Battle of Edgehill in 1642. His brother John was also killed in the war.
+
+===== William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar =====
+Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (Altenburg, 11 April 1598 – Weimar, 17 May 1662), was a duke of Saxe-Weimar. Wilhelm was the fifth (but third surviving) son of Johann, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, and Dorothea Maria of Anhalt. He was brother to Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, a successful Protestant general in the Thirty Years' War, and to Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (later Altenburg), a successful and well regarded ruler known as "The Pious".
+
+===== William August, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach =====
+Wilhelm August, Duke of Saxe- Eisenach( 30 November 1668 – 23 February 1671) was a duke of Saxe- Eisenach. He was born at Eisenach, the youngest and only surviving son of Adolf Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe- Eisenach and Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick- Wolfenbüttel. All his older brothers died before his father, and Wilhelm August, the fifth and youngest child, was born nine days after the death of Adolf Wilhelm( 21 November 1668) and succeeded him in the duchy of Saxe- Eisenach from the moment of his birth, under the guardianship of his uncle Johann Georg. A sickly boy, he died at Eisenach when only two years old, and Eisenach was inherited by Johann Georg.
+
+===== Dorothea Maria of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg =====
+Dorothea Maria of Saxe- Gotha-Altenburg( 12 February 1654 in Gotha – 17 June 1682 in Gotha), was a German princess member of the House of Wettin in the Ernestine branch of Saxe- Gotha- Altenburg. She was the twelfth child and fourth daughter of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe- Gotha by his wife Elisabeth Sophie, the only daughter of John Philip, Duke of Saxe- Altenburg.
+
+===== William Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Weimar =====
+William Ernest, Duke of Saxe- Weimar( 19 October 1662 – 26 August 1728) was a duke of Saxe- Weimar.
+
+===== Christine of Hesse-Kassel (1578–1658) =====
+Christine of Hesse-Kassel (19 October 1578 – 19 August 1658) was a German noblewoman member of the House of Hesse and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Coburg. Born in Kassel, she was the tenth of eleven children born from the marriage of William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and his wife Duchess Sabine of Württemberg. She was probably named after both her paternal grandmother and aunt (by marriage Duchess consort of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp).
+
+===== John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach =====
+Johann Ernst of Saxe-Eisenach (Gotha, 9 July 1566 – Eisenach, 23 October 1638), was a duke of Saxe-Eisenach and later of Saxe-Coburg. He was the fourth (but second surviving) and youngest son of Johann Frederick II, Duke of Saxony and Countess Palatine Elisabeth of Simmern-Sponheim. His grandfather, Johann Frederick I, had still held the title of Elector of Saxony, but after the Battle of Mühlberg he lost the title to his cousin Maurice, from the Albertine line. His father tried since then to regain the Electorate again for the Ernestine line. For this purpose he accepted an outlawed knight, Wilhelm von Grumbach, with himself, which led finally to the fact that also over his father the anger of the Emperor. Only one year after his birth was besieged the castle of his father in Gotha by troops of the Elector Augustus of Saxony and finally conquered. His father came into imperial prison from the rest of his life. His mother, Johann Ernst and his older brothers had to flee from Gotha. They found first admission with his uncle, the duke Johann Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar, who took over also the guardianship for the princes -at the same time, he was granted by the Emperor with the lands of his brother Johann Frederick II-. After a short time in Weimar, Johann Ernst, as well as his mother and his brothers, lived in Eisenach and Eisenberg. Later, his uncle Johann Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar lost the Imperial favour. In the Diet of Speyer (1570), the Emperor decided to restore to the three sons of Johann Frederick II his hereditary rights. In 1572 his older brother Frederick Heinrich died from typhus fever. The same year, by the Division of Erfurt, the decision of the Diet of Speyer was made: The lands of his father were extracted again from the duchy of Saxe-Weimar, and created from them the new "Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach". Johann Ernst and his older surviving brother, Johann Casimir, were made rulers of the new country. During there minority, the lands were under the guardianship of the three Elector Princes: Frederick III of the Palatinate (also his maternal grandfather), Johann George of Brandenburg and Augustus of Saxony; also, they took the regency over Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach. The duchess Elizabeth moved to Austria, where she should live themselves in the future in the proximity of her husband, still imperial prissioner. The two young princes, Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst, moved to Coburg, the future residence of his new principality. With only six years, Johann Ernst was separated from his parents forever and entrusted to the education of strange persons. Since 1578 he visited the University of Leipzig then together with his brother. In 1586, after the wedding of his brother with Anna of Saxony, the daughter of the Elector Augustus, the guardianship finalized, and Johann Casimir began, together with his brother, the independent ruling of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach. Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst governed together the principality for the next ten years; however, Johann Casimir carried the main responsibility for the government as an older brother. Also, in order to had a separated residence from his brother too, Johann Ernst establishes himself in the small town of Marksuhl on 1587. Since 1590 Johann Ernst withdrew himself from the government of the duchy, with his brother completely agreed it, that this should govern the duchy for five years alone, when this time had elapsed and finally agreed (in 1596) with its brother to a new divisionary treaty. The duchy of Saxe-Eisenach was taken by Johann Ernst as independent principality separated from Saxe-Coburg, who remained with Johann Casimir. Thus, Saxe-Eisenach, for the first time in his history, had his own independent political unit became within the Holy Roman Empire. During his first year of reign, Johann Ernst still live in Marsuhl because Eisenach, the new capital of his country, was inhabited and, only with the establishment of his official residence the citizens began to moved there. In 1598 Johann Ernst created for his duchy his own "Landesregierung" (Federal State Government) and a" Konsistorium". In 1633 his brother, the duke Johann Casimir of Saxe-Coburg, died childless. For this, Johann Ernst inherited Saxe-Coburg, and until his own death he governed both countries in a personal union, but maintains, however, his residence in Eisenach. In Wiener Neustadt on 23 November 1591 Johann Ernst married firstly with Elisabeth of Mansfeld-Hinterort. She died four days after giving birth to their only son: In Rotenburg on 14 May 1598 Johann Ernst married secondly with Christine of Hesse-Kassel. The marriage was happy, but remained childless. With the death of Johann Ernst ended the older line of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach. His principality was divided (under the rules of the Ernestine line) between Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Altenburg.
+
+===== John George II, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach =====
+Johann Georg II, Duke of Saxe- Eisenach( Friedewald, 24 July 1665 – Eisenach, 10 November 1698), was a duke of Saxe- Eisenach. He was the second son of Johann Georg I, Duke of Saxe- Eisenach and Johannetta of Sayn- Wittgenstein. The death of his older brother, Frederick August—who was killed in battle in 1684 — make him the new heir of the duchy of Saxe- Eisenach. Two years later( 1686), Johann Georg succeeded his father when he died. In Kirchheim unter Teck on 20 September 1688 Johann Georg married with Sophie Charlotte of Württemberg. This union was childless. When his cousin, the young Duke Johann Wilhelm of Saxe- Jena died( 1690) Johann Georg inherited a part of his duchy, because he was compelled to make a divisionary treaty with the Duke Wilhelm Ernst of Saxe- Weimar, his other cousin and brother- in- law of the late duke. Johann Georg died suddenly of smallpox, and was succeeded by his brother, Johann Wilhelm.
+
+===== Fredericka Elisabeth of Saxe-Eisenach =====
+Fredericka Elisabeth of Saxe- Eisenach( 5 May 1669- 12 November 1730), was a German noblewoman member of the House of Wettin and by marriage Duchess of Saxe- Weissenfels. Born in Altenkirchen, she was the seventh of eight children born from the marriage of John George I, Duke of Saxe- Eisenach and Johannetta, Countess of Sayn- Wittgenstein- Sayn- Altenkirchen. From her seven older and younger siblings four survive adulthood: Eleonore Erdmuthe Luise( by her two marriages Margravine of Brandenburg- Ansbach and Electress of Saxony), Frederick August, Hereditary Prince of Saxe- Eisenach, John George II, Duke of Saxe- Eisenach and John William, Duke of Saxe- Eisenach.
+
+===== Wilhelm Heinrich, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach =====
+Wilhelm Heinrich, Duke of Saxe- Eisenach( 10 November 1691 – 26 July 1741), was a duke of Saxe- Eisenach. He was born in Oranjewoud, the eldest and only surviving son of Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe- Eisenach and his first wife Amalie of Nassau- Dietz. Wilhelm Heinrich first married Albertine Juliane of Nassau- Idstein( daughter George August, Count of Nassau- Idstein) in Idstein on 15 February 1713. This marriage was childless. He married his second wife Anna Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg- Schwedt in Berlin on 3 June 1723, just eight months after the death of Albertine Juliane. The second marriage was also childless. Wilhelm Heinrich acceded to the duchy of Saxe- Eisenach in 1729 upon the death of his father and was succeeded by his second cousin, duke Ernst August I of Saxe- Weimar. The personal union between Eisenach and Weimar created by this succession was only nominal until 1809, when the two patrimonies were formally united. He died in Eisenach.
+
+===== John William III, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach =====
+John William III, Duke of Saxe- Eisenach( 17 October 1666 – 14 January 1729), was a duke of Saxe- Eisenach, and came from the Ernestine line of the house of Wettin.
+
+===== Nancy Baron =====
+Nancy Baron is an American rock singer who was active in New York City in the early 1960s, known for the singles" Where Did My Jimmy Go?" and" I've Got A Feeling".
+
+===== Benny Rubinstein =====
+Benny Rubinstein is a former Israeli footballer who played in Maccabi Netanya and Hapoel Netanya, who now works in Real estate development. http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/real-estate/where-did-the-millions-go-1.302730 Benny's son, Aviram also played football for Maccabi Netanya.
+
+===== Joseph J. Sullivan (vaudeville) =====
+Joseph J. Sullivan was a blackface comedian and acrobat in New York. He composed the song" Where Did You Get That Hat?" and first performed it in 1888. It was a great success and he performed it many times thereafter.
+
+===== Ivan Meštrović =====
+Ivan Meštrović (15 August 1883 – 16 January 1962) was a renowned Yugoslavian and Croatian sculptor, architect and writer of the 20th century. He was the most prominent sculptor of Croatian modern sculpture and a leading personality of artistic life in Zagreb. He studied at the Pavle Bilinić's Stone Workshop in Split and at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, where he was formed under the influence of the Secession. He traveled throughout Europe and studied the works of ancient and Renaissance masters, especially Michelangelo, and French sculptors A. Rodin, A. Bourdelle and A. Maillola. He was the initiator of the national-romantic group Medulić (he advocated the creation of art of national features inspired by the heroic folk songs). During the First World War, he lived in emigration. After the war, he returned to Croatia and began a long and fruitful period of sculpture and pedagogical work. In 1942 he emigrated to Italy, in 1943 to Switzerland and in 1947 to the United States. He was a professor of sculpture at the Syracuse University and from 1955 at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana. Most of his early works of symbolic themes were formed in the spirit of the Secession, some of which, like the Well of Life, show impressionist restless surfaces created under the influence of Rodin's naturalism, and the second, reviving national myth, become stylized monumental plastics (Kosovo cycle, 1908-1910). Before the First World War, he left pathetic epic stylization, expressing increasingly emotional states, as evidenced by the wooden reliefs of biblical themes made in a combination of Archaic, Gothic, Secessionist and Expressionist styles. During the 1920s and 1930s, the classical component prevailed in his works. In this period, he created a number of public monuments of strong plastic expression, pronounced and legible shapes (Grgur Ninski and Marko Marulić in Split, Andrija Medulić, Andrija Kačić-Miošić and Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Zagreb, "The Bowman" and "The Spearman" in Chicago). Portraits take a special place in his opus. Meštrović achieved works of strong plastic value in the construction-sculptural monuments and projects, mostly with central layout (the Mausoleum of the Račić family in Cavtat, the Mausoleum of the Meštrović family in Otavice, the Meštrović Pavilion in Zagreb, Monument to the Unknown Hero in Belgrade). He also designed a memorial church of King Zvonimir in Biskupija near Knin inspired by old Croatian churches, a representative family palace, today the Ivan Meštrović Gallery, and reconstructed renaissance fortified mansion Crikvine-Kaštilac in Split.
+
+===== John Korty =====
+John Korty( born June 22, 1936) is an American film director and animator, best known for the television film" The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman" and the documentary" Who Are the DeBolts? And Where Did They Get Nineteen Kids?", as well as the theatrical animated feature" Twice Upon a Time". He has won an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature( for" Who Are the DeBolts?") and several other major awards. He is described by the film critic Leonard Maltin as" a principled filmmaker who has worked both outside and within the mainstream, attempting to find projects that support his humanistic beliefs".
+
+===== Mate Meštrović =====
+Mate Meštrović (born 13 September 1930, Zagreb, Sava Banovina, Kingdom of Yugoslavia), also known as Matthew Mestrovic (or Matthew Meštrović), is an American journalist and academic, Croatian lobbyist, politician and ambassador. The son of Croatian-American sculptor Ivan Meštrović, he attended grade school in Zagreb before his family moved to Italy in 1942. The family lived in Switzerland from 1943-46 where he finished 'Ecole Internationale de Genève'. The family moved to the United States of America the following year where his father continued his work as an artist and where Mate would spend most of his life. He graduated from university in 1951 and the following year received a master's degree in history at the University of Syracuse. From 1954-56, he served as a lieutenant in the US Army PsyWar in the Pacific and is also a Korean War veteran. He earned a PhD from Columbia University in 1957. He worked as a Contributing Editor of "TIME" and wrote many articles for American and European newspapers and magazines, including "CommonwealThe New LeaderThe Intelligence Report" of "The Economist", etc. He taught as Modern European history at Fairleigh Dickinson University and other United States universities from 1967-91. In 1986, he was awarded the Ellis Island Medal of Honor. Meštrović was active in the Croatian independence movement in Communist Yugoslavia. Meštrović led the Croatian National Congress. He visited Communist Yugoslavia for the first time in 1969. During this visit he made contacts with members of "Hrvatski književni list" and Matica hrvatska. From 1982-90 he served as president of the Croatian National Council, an umbrella group of Croatian emigrant organizations which lobbied for Croatian independence. Meštrović has written several books in English and Croatian, notably "What you should know about Communism and whyThe struggle for Croatia" and "In the whirlpool of Croatian Politics". In the U.S., he published Franjo Tudjman's book, "Nationalism in Contemporary Europe", and Venko Markovski's "Goli Otok – The Island of Death". He also authored several political tracts, notably "Violations of Human and National Rights of the Croatian People in Yugoslavia" and "Croatian Response to the Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Science and Art". Meštrović returned to Croatia in the early 1990s. He served as a deputy in the Croatian Parliament (1993–97), member of Croatia's delegation to the Council of Europe and the Inter-Parliamentary Union and ambassador in Bulgaria (1997–2000).
+
+===== Robert Paul Smith =====
+Robert Paul Smith( April 16, 1915 – January 30, 1977) was an American author, most famous for his classic evocation of childhood," Where Did You Go? Out. What Did You Do? Nothing".
+
+===== Andrew Allen (singer) =====
+Andrew Allen( born 6 May 1981) is a Canadian- born singer- songwriter from Vernon, British Columbia. He is signed to Sony/ ATV and has released 5 top 10 singles, and written and recorded many others, including" Where Did We Go?" with Carly Rae Jepsen. He also records covers and posts them on YouTube.
+
+===== Yaya Soumahoro =====
+Yaya Alfa Soumahoro (born 28 September 1989) is an Ivorian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder. Having begun his career with Séwé Sports in his native country, he joined Thai club Muangthong United in 2008. His good performances earned him a move to K.A.A. Gent in 2010. He spent five and a half seasons with Gent but was plagued by recurring injuries throughout his time there. Following a half-season loan to Sint-Truidense V.V., he returned to Muangthong United where did not feature. In 2018, he joined Egyptian side Wadi Degla SC.
+
+===== Donnie Elbert =====
+Donnie Elbert( May 25, 1936 – January 26, 1989) was an American soul singer and songwriter, who had a prolific career from the mid-1950s to the late 1970s. His US hits included" Where Did Our Love Go?"( 1972), and his reputation as a Northern soul artist in the UK was secured by" A Little Piece of Leather", a performance highlighting his powerful falsetto voice.
+
+===== W. Augustus Barratt =====
+W. Augustus Barratt( 1873- 1947) was a Scottish- born, later American, songwriter and musician.
+
+===== Jhamu Sughand =====
+Jhamu Sughand( 1951 – 26 May 2008) was an Indian film financier, producer and distributor, in mainstream Bollywood, as well parallel cinema, He is most known as producer of Academy Award- nominated" Lagaan"( 2001)," Satya"( 1998)," Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam"( 1999)," Aks"( 2001). He started Jhamu Sughand Productions, also produced films in Marathi and Bengali, and was awarded the 2000 National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi as the producer of" Astitva" directed by Mahesh Manjrekar, and subsequently National Film Award for Best Feature Film for" Kaalpurush" directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta.
+
+===== Anil Mehta =====
+Anil Mehta is a cinematographer, writer, actor, and director of Bollywood movies. He has studied cinematography at the Film and Television Institute of India, Pune. He is the founding member of Indian Society of Cinematographers( ISC). He has shot( 1996)," Lagaan"( 2001)," Saathiya"( 2002)," Veer- Zaara"( 2004) and" Jab Tak Hai Jaan"( 2012). Mehta's first feature film," Aaja Nachle", was produced by Yash Raj Films. Released on 9 November 2007 the film stars Madhuri Dixit( in her comeback film), Konkona Sen Sharma, Akshaye Khanna and Kunal Kapoor. He won the National Film Award for Best Cinematography for his work in" Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam"( 1999)
+
+===== Sanjay Leela Bhansali =====
+Sanjay Leela Bhansali (born 24 February 1963) is a Bollywood director, producer, screenwriter, and music director. One of the most acclaimed filmmakers in Hindi cinema, Bhansali is the recipient of several awards, including five National Film Awards, eleven Filmfare Awards and a BAFTA nomination. In 2015, the Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award. Bhansali made his directorial debut with  (1996), for which he received the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film. He rose to prominence in Hindi-language cinema with the commercially successful and widely acclaimed romantic drama "Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam" (1999), the romantic drama "Devdas" (2002) — for which he received nomination for the Best Film Not in the English Language at British Academy of Film & Television Awards (BAFTA) — and the drama "Black" (2005), for all of which he received multiple Best Director Awards and Best Film Awards along with additional Critics Award for Best Film for the latter at Filmfare Awards, and multiple National Film Awards for the latter two. He followed it by directing consecutive commercially unsuccessful films such as "Saawariya" (2007) and "Guzaarish" (2010), however, "Guzaarish" received positive reviews from critics and audiences. This changed with his adaptation of Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet" — the tragic romance "Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela" (2013) — opened to positive reviews and strong box office collections, for which he received several awards and nominations. His home production biographical sports film "Mary Kom" (2014), had him receive his third National Film Award. His period dramas "Bajirao Mastani" (2015) and "Padmaavat" (2018) both rank among the highest-grossing Indian films of all time. For the former, he won the National Film Award for Best Direction, as well as Filmfare Awards for Best Director and Best Film; and for the latter, he won National Film Award for Best Music Direction and Filmfare Award for Best Music Director. He is an alumnus of the Film and Television Institute of India. He is the founder of the production house Bhansali Productions. Bhansali has adopted the middle name "Leela" as a tribute to his mother,
+
+===== The Greyhound Limited =====
+The Greyhound Limited is 1929 part- talkie crime drama and railroad theme film directed by Howard Bretherton and starring Monte Blue. Warner Bros. produced and distributed releasing the film in the Vitaphone process, with a music score and sound effects. The film is a follow up to the 1927 film" The Black Diamond Express". The film survives in the Library of Congress and Wisconsin Center For Film and Theatre Research, Madison Wisconsin. The full synchronized soundtrack( except the 5, 7 and 8 reel) survives on Vitaphone discs.
+
+===== Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam =====
+Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( English:" I Have Given My Heart Away, Darling") is a 1999 Indian Hindi- language romantic drama film directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali. It was released internationally as" Straight From the Heart". The film stars Aishwarya Rai Bachchan in lead role playing a role of a young girl Nandini. The film also stars Salman Khan and Ajay Devgn The film has been described as a loose adaptation of Maitreyi Devi's Bengali novel" Na Hanyate" and is based on a love triangle although the film does not give credit to it. The theme is based on Rashtriyashayar Jhaverchand Meghani's play" Shetal ne Kathe". Sanjay Leela Bhansali is a huge fan of Meghani and he acknowledged it many interviews. It was filmed throughout the Gujarat- Rajasthan border region, in addition to Budapest, Hungary, which was used to represent Italy. The film was premiered in the Indian Panorama section at the 1999 International Film Festival of India. It was remade in Bengali as" Neel Akasher Chandni" in 2009, with Jeet reprising Salman Khan's role, Jisshu Sengupta reprising Ajay Devgn's role, and Koel Mallick reprising Aishwarya Rai's role. " Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam" received a leading 16 nominations at the 45th Filmfare Awards, including Best Actor for Khan and Devgn, winning 7 awards, including Best Film, Best Director for Bhansali, and Best Actress for Rai and Best Male Playback for Udit Narayan.
+
+===== Howard Bretherton =====
+Howard Bretherton( 13 February 1890, Tacoma, Washington – 12 April 1969, San Diego, California) was an American film director, film editor, and the father of film editor David Bretherton.
+
+===== Vaibhavi Merchant =====
+Vaibhavi Merchant is an Indian director of choreography working in Bollywood films. She is best known for her choreographic work in numerous Bollywood films. She is the granddaughter of choreographer B. Hiralal,& the elder sister of Shruti Merchant. She began her career by assisting her uncle Chinni Prakash. She had her acting debut in the Malayalam film" Snehapoorvam Anna". Her first solo work was the choreography for the song" Dhol Baaje" for the film" Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam". She won a National Film Award for her work. She took a short break from the industry and then returned with the song"'O Ri Chhori'" in the 2001 film" Lagaan". She then choreographed" Kajra Re" from" Bunty Aur Babli"( 2005) that fetched her several awards. She continued to choreograph selected numbers in films such as" DevdasBaghbanFidaDhoom"( As well as its two sequels)," Veer ZaaraAaja NachleRab Ne Bana Di Jodi" and" Aiyyaa". She also choreographed the Australian musical" The Merchants of Bollywood", a musical written by Toby Gough about her family. She has been a judge on the television dance show" Nach Baliye 3 Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa"( season 3)," Zara Nach Ke Dikha 2", and" Just Dance". 19
+
+===== Nitin Chandrakant Desai =====
+Nitin Chandrakant Desai( Marathi: नितीन चंद्रकांत देसाई) is a noted Indian art director and production designer of Indian cinema turned film and television producer, most known for his work in Marathi and Hindi Films. World Cultural Festival 2016 At Delhi and films like," Lagaan"( 2001)," Jodhaa Akbar"( 2008)," Devdas"( 2002) and" Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam"( 1999). During his career spanning twenty years, he has worked with directors like Ashutosh Gowarikar, Vidhu Vinod Chopra, Rajkumar Hirani and Sanjay Leela Bhansali. In 2002, he turned film producer with Chandrakant Productions'" Desh Devi", a devotional film on the Devi Mata of Kutch. He has won National Film Award for Best Art Direction four times, and Filmfare Best Art Direction Award three times. In 2005, he opened his ND Studios spread over at Karjat, Navi Mumbai, near Mumbai, which has since hosted movies like" Jodha AkbarTraffic Signal" as also Color's reality show" Big Boss".
+
+===== London Dreams =====
+London Dreams is a 2009 Indian Hindi- language musical drama film directed and produced by Vipul Amrutlal Shah. The film stars Salman Khan and Ajay Devgn in the lead roles while Asin plays the female lead and Rannvijay Singh, Om Puri, and newcomer Aditya Roy Kapur are featured in supporting roles. The film had a worldwide release on 30 October 2009 and was a critical and commercial failure. It marks the second collaboration between Khan and Devgn after" Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam"( 1999).
+
+===== Konstantin von Kügelgen =====
+Konstantin Karl von Kügelgen( 1810 in Saratov – 1880 in Dorpat) was a German landscape painter and the son of Karl von Kügelgen.
+
+===== Francesca von Habsburg =====
+Francesca von Habsburg- Lothringen( born 7 June 1958) is an art collector and the estranged wife of Karl von Habsburg, current head of the House of Habsburg- Lorraine.
+
+===== Andrea von Habsburg =====
+Andrea von Habsburg(" Andrea Maria von Habsburg- Lothringen") Archduchess of Austria, Hereditary Countess of Neipperg,( born 30 May 1953, in Würzburg, Bavaria), is the first child and oldest daughter of Otto von Habsburg and his wife, Princess Regina of Saxe- Meiningen.
+
+===== Otto von Habsburg =====
+Otto von Habsburg (20 November 1912 4 July 2011), also known by his traditional royal title of Archduke Otto of Austria, was the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary from 1916 until the dissolution of the empire in 1919, a realm which comprised modern-day Austria, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, and parts of Italy, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine. He became the pretender to the former thrones, Head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, and Sovereign of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1922, upon the death of his father. He resigned as Sovereign of the Golden Fleece in 2000 and as head of the Imperial House in 2007. The eldest son of Charles I and IV, the last Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, and his wife, Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Otto was born as third in line to the thrones, as Archduke Otto of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary, Bohemia, and Croatia. With his father's accession to the thrones in 1916, he was likely to become emperor and king. As his father never abdicated, Otto was considered by himself, his family and Austro-Hungarian legitimists to be the rightful emperor-king from 1922. Otto was active on the Austrian and European political stage from the 1930s, both by promoting the cause of Habsburg restoration and as an early proponent of European integration—being thoroughly disgusted with nationalism—and a fierce opponent of Nazism and communism. He has been described as one of the leaders of the Austrian Resistance. After the 1938 "Anschluss", where monarchists were severely persecuted in Austria and sentenced to death by the Nazis, Otto fled Europe to the United States. Otto von Habsburg was Vice President (1957–1973) and President (1973–2004) of the International Paneuropean Union, and served as a Member of the European Parliament for the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) from 1979 to 1999. As a newly elected Member of the European Parliament in 1979, Otto had an empty chair set up for the countries on the other side of the Iron Curtain in the European Parliament, and took a strong interest in the countries behind the Iron Curtain. Otto von Habsburg played a notable role in the revolutions of 1989, as a co-initiator of the Pan-European Picnic. Later he was a strong supporter of the EU membership of central and eastern European countries. A noted intellectual, he published several books on historical and political affairs. Otto has been described as one of the "architects of the European idea and of European integration" together with Robert Schuman, Konrad Adenauer, and Alcide De Gasperi. Otto was exiled in 1919 and grew up mostly in Spain. His devout Catholic mother raised him according to the old curriculum of Austria-Hungary, preparing him to become a Catholic monarch. During his life in exile, he lived in Switzerland, Madeira, Spain, Belgium, France, the United States, and from 1954 until his death, finally in Bavaria (Germany), in the residence "Villa Austria". At the time of his death, he was a citizen of Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Croatia ,having earlier been stateless "de jure" and "de facto", and possessed passports of Monaco, the Order of Malta, and Spain. His funeral took place at St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna on 16 July 2011; he was entombed in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna and his heart buried in Pannonhalma Archabbey in Hungary.
+
+===== Ferdinand Zvonimir von Habsburg =====
+Ferdinand Zvonimir Maria Balthus Keith Michael Otto Antal Bahnam Leonhard von Habsburg-Lothringen, known colloquially as Ferdinand Habsburg (born 21 June 1997, in Salzburg), is an Austrian motor racing driver and the eldest son of Karl von Habsburg. A member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, he is considered first in the line of succession to the former Austro-Hungarian throne. Habsburg competes in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM). In November 2017, he finished 4th in the 2017 Macau Grand Prix after crashing at the final corner of the last lap whilst attempting to complete an overtake for the lead. He has also raced in the FIA Formula 3 European Championship.
+
+===== Michaela von Habsburg =====
+Michaela von Habsburg(" Michaela Maria Madeleine Kiliana Habsburg- Lothringen") was born 13 September 1954, in Würzburg. She is the twin sister of Monika von Habsburg, and daughter of Otto von Habsburg and Princess Regina of Saxe- Meiningen.
+
+===== Karl von Habsburg =====
+Karl von Habsburg (Karl Thomas Robert Maria Franziskus Georg Bahnam; born 11 January 1961), also known as Karl of Austria and referred to by his ancestral titles as Archduke of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia, is an Austrian politician, the current head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine which ruled the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Empire of Austria, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and the Kingdom of Hungary as well as the Crown lands of Bohemia and Croatia by hereditary right until the end of World War I. Born in Starnberg, Germany, in 1961, he is the son of Archduke Otto von Habsburg, Crown Prince of Austria and Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen, and the grandson of the last Austrian emperor, Charles I. He served as a Member of the European Parliament for the Austrian People's Party 1996–1999. Like his father, he is known as an advocate for the Pan-European movement.
+
+===== Altid ballade =====
+Altid ballade ( English:" Nothing but trouble") is a 1955 Danish drama film directed by Gabriel Axel which focuses on a working- class family. The film was a remake of Edith Carlmar's 1954 film" Aldri annet enn bråk", and Axel's début as a film director. Sigrid Horne- Rasmussen received a Bodil Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her role as Helga Nielsen.
+
+===== Aldri annet enn bråk =====
+Aldri annet enn bråk is a 1954 Norwegian comedy- drama film, edited by Edith Carlmar. It takes place in a working- class setting in the city of Oslo. The English title is" Nothing but trouble". A 1955 Danish remake," Altid ballade", was directed by Gabriel Axel.
+
+===== Dan Milne =====
+Dan Milne is a British actor/ director who is possibly best known for his role in" EastEnders".
+
+===== Ben Palmer =====
+Ben Palmer is a British film and television director who is known for being the director of" Bo' Selecta" and" The Inbetweeners".
+
+===== Edith Carlmar =====
+Edith Carlmar (Edith Mary Johanne Mathiesen) (15 November 1911 – 17 May 2003) was an Norwagian actress and Norway's first female film director. She is known for films such as "Fjols til fjells" (1957), "Aldri annet enn bråk" (1954), and "Ung flukt" (1959). Her 1949 film, "Døden er et kjærtegnDeath is a Caress"), is considered to be Norway's first film noir. The last film she directed, "Ung Flukt", introduced Liv Ullmann, Norway's most famous actor internationally, to the silver screen. Carlmar came from a poor family in the working class districts of East Oslo. However, she did manage to take dancing classes and made her debut on stage at the age of 15. In the theater she met Otto Carlmar whom she married three years later. From 1936 she worked as an actress in various theatres. Here she met the film director Tancred Ibsen who introduced her to the world of cinema. In 1949 she and her husband started Carlmar Film A/S, and began writing scripts, directing and producing films. They made ten feature films over a ten-year period. After a decade of film-making Carlmar retired as a director. In the last part of her life she accepted only minor acting roles in plays and movies.
+
+===== Logan Sandler =====
+Logan Sandler is an American writer and director who is best known for his first feature film" Live Cargo".
+
+===== God's Gift to Women =====
+God's Gift to Women is a 1931 American pre-Code romantic musical comedy film directed by Michael Curtiz, starring Frank Fay, Laura LaPlante, and Joan Blondell. The film, based on the play" The Devil Was Sick" by Jane Hinton, was originally completed as a musical film; however, because of audience dislike for musicals at that time, all the songs were cut in American prints. The full film was released intact in other countries, where there was no such decline in popularity.
+
+===== Michael Curtiz =====
+Michael Curtiz (born Manó Kaminer(1886-1905) Mihály Kertész (1905); December 24, 1886 April 11, 1962) was a Hungarian-born American film director, recognized as one of the most prolific directors in history. He directed classic films from the silent era and numerous others during Hollywood's Golden Age, when the studio system was prevalent. Curtiz was already a well-known director in Europe when Warner Bros. invited him to Hollywood in 1926, when he was 39 years of age. He had already directed 64 films in Europe, and soon helped Warner Bros. become the fastest-growing movie studio. He directed 102 films during his Hollywood career, mostly at Warners, where he directed ten actors to Oscar nominations. James Cagney and Joan Crawford won their only Academy Awards under Curtiz's direction. He put Doris Day and John Garfield on screen for the first time, and he made stars of Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, and Bette Davis. He himself was nominated five times and won twice, once for Best Short Subject for "Sons of Liberty" and once as Best Director for "Casablanca". Curtiz introduced to Hollywood a unique visual style using artistic lighting, extensive and fluid camera movement, high crane shots, and unusual camera angles. He was versatile and could handle any kind of picture: melodrama, comedy, love story, film noir, musical, war story, Western, or historical epic. He always paid attention to the human-interest aspect of every story, stating that the "human and fundamental problems of real people" were the basis of all good drama. Curtiz helped popularize the classic swashbuckler with films such as "Captain Blood" (1935) and "The Adventures of Robin Hood" (1938). He directed many dramas which today are also considered classics, "Angels with Dirty Faces" (1938), "The Sea Wolf" (1941), "Casablanca" (1942), and "Mildred Pierce" (1945). He directed leading musicals, including "Yankee Doodle Dandy" (1942), " This Is the Army" (1943), and "White Christmas", and he made comedies with "Life With Father" (1947) and "We're No Angels" (1955).
+
+===== Elliot Silverstein =====
+Elliot Silverstein( born August 3, 1927, in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American director, who is best known for being the director of the movie" Cat Ballou"( 1965).
+
+===== Scotty Fox =====
+Scott Fox is a pornographic film director who is a member of the AVN Hall of Fame.
+
+===== Katherine Rose Morley =====
+Katherine Rose Morley( born 3 October 1989) is an English actress. She is best known for playing Lucy Garner in" The Mill", Emma Moxam in" Thirteen", and Ellie Wallace in" Last Tango in Halifax".
+
+===== The Last Tango =====
+The Last Tango is a 1918 silent film directed by Vyacheslav Viskovsky.
+
+===== Last Tango in Paris =====
+Last Tango in Paris  is a 1972 erotic drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci, which portrays a recently widowed American who begins an anonymous sexual relationship with a young Parisian woman. It stars Marlon Brando, Maria Schneider, and Jean-Pierre Léaud. The film's raw portrayal of sexual violence and emotional turmoil led to international controversy and drew various levels of government censorship in different venues. Upon release in the United States, the most graphic scene was cut and the MPAA gave the film an X rating. After revisions were made to the MPAA ratings code in 1997, the film was reclassified NC-17 for "some explicit sexual content". Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released a censored R-rated cut in 1981.
+
+===== Beasts of Prey =====
+Beasts of Prey( 육식동물-" Yukshik dongmul"), also known as" Carnivore" and" Carnivorous Animals", is a 1985 South Korean film directed by Kim Ki-young.
+
+===== Nina Sosanya =====
+Oluwakemi Nina Sosanya( born 6 June 1969) is an English stage, television, and film actress, most notable for her roles in" W1A" and" Last Tango in Halifax".
+
+===== Bernardo Bertolucci =====
+Bernardo Bertolucci( 16 March 1941 – 26 November 2018) was an Italian director and screenwriter, whose films include" The ConformistLast Tango in Paris 1900 The Last Emperor"( for which he won the Academy Award for Best Director and the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay)," The Sheltering SkyLittle BuddhaStealing Beauty" and" The Dreamers." In recognition of his work, he was presented with the inaugural Honorary Palme d' Or Award at the opening ceremony of the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. From 1979 until his death in 2018, he was married to screenwriter Clare Peploe.
+
+===== Louis Greatorex =====
+Louis Greatorex( born 30 December 1996) is an English actor from Duffield, Derbyshire. His television credits include the BBC1 drama series" Last Tango in Halifax", in which he has played Lawrence since 2012.
+
+===== Last Foxtrot in Burbank =====
+Last Foxtrot in Burbank is a 1973 film directed by Charles Band. It is a spoof of" Last Tango in Paris".
+
+===== Ultimo tango a Zagarol =====
+Ultimo tango a Zagarol( internationally released as" The Last Italian Tango" and" Last Tango in Zagarol") is a 1973 Italian comedy film directed by Nando Cicero. It is a parody of" Last Tango in Paris", set in the town of Zagarolo, in the province of Rome. The film had great commercial success, grossing about 950 million lire. According to the film critic Robert Firsching," the humor is primarily of the cheap bathroom variety, as subtlety has never been director Nando Cicero's strong point, but there are some genuine laughs for the tolerant".
+
+===== Kim Ki-young =====
+Kim Ki-young ( October 10, 1919 – February 5, 1998) was a South Korean film director, known for his intensely psychosexual and melodramatic horror films, often focusing on the psychology of their female characters. Kim was born in Seoul during the colonial period, raised in Pyongyang, where he became interested in theater and cinema. In Korea after the end of World War II, he studied dentistry while becoming involved in the theater. During the Korean War, he made propaganda films for the United States Information Service. In 1955, he used discarded movie equipments to produce his first two films. With the success of these two films Kim formed his own production company and produced popular melodramas for the rest of the decade. Kim Ki-young's first expression of his mature style was in his" The Housemaid"( 1960), which featured a powerful" femme fatale" character. It is widely considered to be one of the best Korean films of all time. After a" Golden Age" during the 1960s, the 1970s were a low- point in the history of Korean cinema because of governmental censorship and a decrease in audience attendance. Nevertheless, working independently, Kim produced some of his most eccentric cinematic creations in this era. Films such as" Insect Woman"( 1972) and" Iodo"( 1977) were successful at the time and highly influential on the younger generations of South Korean filmmakers both at their time of release, and with their rediscovery years later. By the 1980s, Kim's popularity had gone into decline, and his output decreased in the second half of the decade. Neglected by the mainstream during much of the 1990s, Kim became a cult figure in South Korean film Internet forums in the early 1990s. Widespread international interest in his work was stimulated by a career retrospective at the 1997 Pusan International Film Festival. He was preparing a comeback film when he and his wife were killed in a house fire in 1998. The Berlin International Film Festival gave Kim a posthumous retrospective in 1998, and the French Cinémathèque screened 18 of Kim's films, some newly rediscovered and restored, in 2006. Through the efforts of the Korean Film Council( KOFIC), previously lost films by Kim Ki- young continue to be rediscovered and restored. Many current prominent South Korean filmmakers, including directors Im Sang- soo, Kim Ki-duk, Bong Joon- ho and Park Chan- wook, claim Kim Ki- young as an influence on their careers.
+
+===== Gunan, King of the Barbarians =====
+Gunan, King of the Barbarians  is a 1982 film directed by Franco Prosperi.
+
+===== Julie Dash =====
+Julie Ethel Dash( born October 22, 1952) is an American film director, writer and producer. Dash received her MFA in 1985 at the UCLA Film School and is one of the graduates and filmmakers born out of a time known as the L.A. Rebellion. After she had written and directed several shorts, her 1991 feature" Daughters of the Dust" became the first full- length film directed by an African- American woman to obtain general theatrical release in the United States. " Daughters of the Dust" is a fictionalized telling of her father's Gullah family who lived off the coast of the Southeastern United States. The film features black women's stories, striking visuals shot on location and a non-linear narrative. It's included in the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress for its cultural, historical and aesthetic significance." Dash has written two books on" Daughters of the Dust" —a" making of" history co-written with Toni Cade Bambara and bell hooks, and a sequel, set 20 years after the film's story. " Daughters of the Dust" was named one of the most significant films of the last 30 years, by IndieWire. Dash has worked in television since the late 1990s. Her television movies include" Funny Valentines"( 1999)," Incognito"( 1999)," Love Song"( 2000), and" The Rosa Parks Story"( 2002), starring Angela Bassett. The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center commissioned Dash to direct" Brothers of the Borderland" in 2004, as an immersive film exhibit narrated by Oprah Winfrey following the path of women gaining freedom on the Underground Railroad. In 2017, Dash directed episodes of" Queen Sugar" on the Oprah Winfrey Network. At the 2019 Sundance Film Festival, it was announced Dash's next project will be a biopic of civil rights icon Angela Davis, to be produced by Lionsgate.
+
+===== Rumbi Katedza =====
+Rumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974.
+
+===== Hassan Zee =====
+Hassan Zee is a Pakistani- American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan.
+
+===== Duet for Four =====
+Duet for Four is a 1982 film directed by Tim Burstall.
+
+===== It's a Wonderful Afterlife =====
+It's a Wonderful Afterlife is a 2010 British comedy film directed by Gurinder Chadha. The screenplay centres on an Indian mother whose obsession with marrying off her daughter leads her into the realm of serial murder. It was filmed primarily in English, with some Hindi and Punjabi dialogue. The title is a reference to Chadha's personal attachment to Frank Capra's film" It's a Wonderful Life." Chadha also co-produced the film, and co-wrote the screenplay with her husband and producing partner, Paul Mayeda Berges. The lead role is played by newcomer Goldy Notay, joining Shabana Azmi, Shaheen Khan, Sendhil Ramamurthy and Sally Hawkins in the cast.
+
+===== Goldy Notay =====
+Goldy Notay is a British- Canadian film, television and stage actress. She played' Roopi' as the lead role in the Gurinder Chadha film" It's A Wonderful Afterlife". She has appeared as Shireen in the Mike Bartlett drama" The Town" and Amar Akbar& Tony a comedy Brit flick on Netflix. She is currently in the 6 part ITV series Beecham House, directed by Gurinder Chadha.
+
+===== Illusions (1982 film) =====
+Illusions is a 1982 film written and directed by Julie Dash. The short film depicts the life of an African American woman passing as a white woman working in the film industry during the 1940s. It calls attention to the lack of African Americans in the film industry during that era.
+
+===== Gurinder Chadha =====
+Gurinder Chadha,( born 10 January 1960) is an English film director of Indian origin. Most of her films explore the lives of Indians living in England. The common theme among her work showcases the trials of Indian women living in England and how they must reconcile their converging traditional and modern cultures. Although many of her films seem like simple quirky comedies about Indian women, they actually address many social and emotional issues, especially ones faced by immigrants caught between two worlds. Much of her work also consists of adaptations from book to film, but with a different flair. She is best known for the hit films" Bhaji on the Beach"( 1993)," Bend It Like Beckham"( 2002)," Bride and Prejudice"( 2004)," Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging"( 2008)," It's a Wonderful Afterlife"( 2010) and" Viceroy's House"( 2017). Her latest features are the biographical musical comedy- drama" Blinded by the Light" and the television show" Beecham House".
+
diff --git a/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/data/hotpotqa_corpus.txt b/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/data/hotpotqa_corpus.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..17d5e653
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/data/hotpotqa_corpus.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+===== Matthew Stadlen =====
+Matthew Stadlen (born 7 December 1979) is an English radio and television presenter, producer and writer. He has presented weekend early mornings on LBC since the start of October, 2016. He previously presented the BBC interview series "Five Minutes With...", putting questions to the likes of Elle Macpherson, Stephen Fry, Richard Dawkins, Martin Amis, Peter Hitchens, Serena Williams and Ricky Gervais and the BBC documentary series "On The Road With..." His interviews and documentaries have appeared on the BBC News Channel, BBC One, BBC Two and BBC Four. He also wrote comment pieces and had an interview column with The Telegraph - "The Matthew Stadlen Interview" - for which he interviewed famous figures including John Cleese, Sir David Attenborough and Dawn French.
+
+===== Heroes' Acre, Pretoria =====
+The Heroes' Acre (Afrikaans: "Die Heldeakker" ; Dutch: "De Heldenakker" ) is a section of Church Street Cemetery in Pretoria, South Africa. It was established in 1867, and contains the graves of renowned citizens and public figures. It is the burial place of a number of historical figures including Andries Pretorius, Paul Kruger and Hendrik Verwoerd. Australian Boer War anti-hero Breaker Morant (executed by the British for war crimes during the Second Anglo-Boer War) is also buried here.
+
+===== 900 series (bowling) =====
+A 900 series refers to three consecutive perfect games bowled by an individual bowler. A 300 is a perfect score in one game, thus a player's score would be 900 in a series of three consecutive games (the typical number of games in a single league session). To achieve the feat, a bowler would have to bowl 36 consecutive strikes. To date, 29 individuals have bowled a total of 30 certified 900 series (that is, 900s that have been officially recognized by the United States Bowling Congress, the sport's national governing body in the United States).
+
+===== Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery =====
+The Jewish Cemetery on the Mount of Olives, including the Silwan necropolis, is the most ancient and most important cemetery in Jerusalem. Burial on the Mount of Olives started some 3,000 years ago in the First Temple Period, and continues to this day. The cemetery contains about 70,000 tombs from various periods, including the tombs of famous figures in Jewish history.
+
+===== Matthew, Mark, Luke and John =====
+"Matthew, Mark, Luke and John", also known as the "Black Paternoster", is an English language prayer and nursery rhyme traditionally said by children as they go to bed. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 1704. It may have origins in ancient Babylonian prayers and was being used in a Christian version in late Medieval Germany. The earliest extant version in English can be traced to the mid-sixteenth century. It was mentioned by English Protestant writers as a "popish" or magical charm. It is related to other prayers, including a "Green" and "White Paternoster", which can be traced to late Medieval England and with which it is often confused. It has been the inspiration for a number of literary works by figures including Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and musical works by figures such as Gustav Holst. It has been the subject of alternative versions and satires.
+
+===== The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test =====
+The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test is a nonfiction book by Tom Wolfe that was published in 1968. The book is remembered today as an early – and arguably the most popular – example of the growing literary style called New Journalism. Wolfe presents an as-if-firsthand account of the experiences of Ken Kesey and his band of Merry Pranksters, who traveled across the country in a colorfully painted school bus named "Further". Kesey and the Pranksters became famous for their use of LSD and other psychedelic drugs in hopes of achieving intersubjectivity. The book chronicles the Acid Tests (parties in which LSD-laced Kool-Aid was used to obtain a communal trip), the group's encounters with (in)famous figures of the time, including famous authors, Hells Angels, and The Grateful Dead, and it also describes Kesey's exile to Mexico and his arrests.
+
+===== Helen Mirren =====
+Dame Helen Lydia Mirren, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} ("née" Mironoff; born 26 July 1945) is an English actor. Mirren began her acting career with the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1967, and is one of the few performers who have achieved the Triple Crown of Acting, having won the Academy Award for Best Actress in 2007, after two previous nominations, for her performance as Queen Elizabeth II in "The Queen". She received an Olivier Award for Best Actress in 2013 for her West End performance in "The Audience", in which she also portrayed Elizabeth II, and in 2015 she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her Broadway performance in the play. "The Audience" was written by Peter Morgan, who also wrote "The Queen". Mirren won three consecutive BAFTA Awards for Best Actress between 1992 and 1994 and her first of several Emmy Awards in 1996 for her performance as police detective Jane Tennison on the British television series "Prime Suspect", which ran for seven seasons between 1991 and 2006.
+
+===== Ali Eren Balıkel =====
+Ali Eren Balıkel was born on 27 July 1979, in Adana and grew up in the ancient Kilikya region of Turkey. As the fourth child of a civil servant father and a housewife, Ali Eren moved to Mersin with his family due to the business of his father. He completed his primary, secondary and high school education in Mersin. Eren applied to London School of Commerce’s (LSC) business management department where he attended “Introduction to Business Management” courses for one year, and completed his education at University of Wales Institute of Cardiff (UWIC)in a co-operated program. Eren’s Master’s thesis, titled “How to Establish a Strong & Innovative Mediterranean Cuisine Restaurant in London”, was deemed worthy of honor award by the University of Gloucestershire and attained a place among the most valuable thesis studies in university’s library. He started a restaurant, Kilikya’s Cafe Bar Restaurant. Kilikya’s restaurant hosted a number of famous figures including singer Cem Adrian, politician Abdüllatif Şener, former Sports and Youth Minister of Turkey Suat Kılıç, Oscar award-winning actress Helen Mirren, American actor Robert De Niro and Turkish actress Asuman Dabak as well as the Prime Minister of Kuwait. Eren also attended the Master of Politics Postgraduate program of Queen Mary University and completed his studies there too. During his study, he worked as a consultant for former Labour party member of Parliament, Jim Fitzpatrick. Eren is enrolled in a Doctor of Business Administration program in Britain and a Doctor of Politics program in Switzerland concurrently.
+
+===== Here's the Thing =====
+Here's the Thing is a public radio show and podcast interview series hosted by actor Alec Baldwin. On October 24, 2011, New York City's WNYC released the first episode of Baldwin's podcast, a series of interviews with public figures including artists, policy makers and performers. "Here's the Thing" was developed for Baldwin by Lu Olkowski, Trey Kay, Kathy Russo and Emily Botein.
+
+===== Index Magazine =====
+index Magazine was a prominent New York City based publication with in-depth interviews with prominent figures in art and culture. It was created by Peter Halley and Bob Nickas in 1996, running until late 2005. Covering the burgeoning Indie culture of the 1990s, index regularly employed such rising photographers as Juergen Teller, Terry Richardson, Wolfgang Tillmans, and Ryan McGinley, and featured interviews with figures including Björk, Brian Eno, Marc Jacobs, and Scarlett Johansson, mixing new talents and established names in music, film, architecture, fashion, art, and politics. In addition to famous personalities, the publication also featured a mix of interviews with not so-famous New York personalities such as Queen Itchie or Ducky Doolittle.
+
+===== Samuel Sam-Sumana =====
+Alhaji Samuel Sidique Sam-Sumana (born April 7, 1962) was a Sierra Leonean politician who was the Vice President of Sierra Leone from September 17, 2007 to March 17, 2015. Sam-Sumana stood as the vice-presidential candidate of the All People's Congress (APC) in the 2007 presidential election, alongside presidential candidate Ernest Bai Koroma. The APC ticket defeated the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) presidential candidate Solomon Berewa and vice presidential candidate Momodou Koroma. Sam-Sumana took office as Vice President on September 17, 2007.
+
+===== Social-Democratic Party of Abkhazia =====
+The Social-Democratic Party of Abkhazia (Russian: Социал-демократическая партия Абхазии , Georgian: სოციალურ დემოკრატიული პარტიის აფხაზეთის ) is an oppositional political party in Abkhazia. It was founded during the crisis that followed the October 2004 presidential election by people from the presidential campaign of Sergei Shamba, who had come third in the election. Besides Shamba himself, initial members included his Vice Presidential candidate Vladimir Arshba, chief of staff Gennady Alamia and former Vice Premier Albert Topolian. The foundational congress of the Social-Democratic Party took place on 15 October 2005 in the State Drama Theatre of Abkhazia, where Gennadi Alamia was elected its first chairman. The Union of Social-Democratic Youth was founded as the party's youth wing, headed by Abkhazian State University student Astamur Logua.
+
+===== Mohamed Sillah =====
+Mohamed Yahya Sillah was born December 12, 1949 in Massam Kpaka, Pujehun District, Republic of Sierra Leone. His father, Alhaji Yahya Sillah, now 100 years old, served as Regent Chief (Acting Paramount Chief) for several years in Dama Chiefdom, Kenema District in the early seventies. Alhaji Yahya Sillah was appointed to that high position by Sierra Leone President Siaka Stevens. His mother, Haja Mamie Zoe Mansaray, was a home maker. A journalist and human rights activist, Mohamed Yahya Sillah was a vocal torch-bearer in the transition efforts from military to civilian rule in Sierra Leone, 1996. As Leader and National Chairman of National Alliance Democratic Party (NADP), he competed the 1996 Presidential elections in Sierra Leone, becoming one of only thirteen political leaders that qualified to contest the Presidential and Parliamentary elections in the country at the age of 46. His adoring personality lured many Sierra Leoneans and media practitioners to view him as one of the most eloquent and charismatic politicians in Sierra Leone. Nevertheless, he received only 0.5% of the votes (3,723 total votes), good for 13th place. Although he protested the election results on BBC's Focus on Africa, he later suspended his protest "for the sake of peace." Mohamed Yahya Sillah continues to enjoy massive support from the youth and women supporters in Sierra Leone. In 2007, he withdrew his bid for national leadership in the Presidential and Parliamentary elections, citing inadequate funding and ineffective campaign management machinery. He later put his weight behind the Sierra Leone Peoples Party (SLPP) presidential candidate, Vice President Solomon Berewa. When Berewa lost the elections, Mohamed Yahya Sillah gracefully congratulated the winning candidate, Ernest Bai Koroma, of the All People's Congress (APC) party. Mohamed Yahya Sillah vows to respect and help protect the dignity of any Sierra Leonean that is legitimately and democratically elected to office by the people of Sierra Leone.
+
+===== Finnish presidential election, 1931 =====
+Two-stage presidential elections were held in Finland in 1931. On 15 and 16 January the public elected presidential electors to an electoral college. They in turn elected the President. The result was a victory for Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, who won on the third ballot by just two votes. The turnout for the popular vote was 47.3%. This presidential election was held during an ideologically, politically, socially and economically tense time. The Great Depression was impoverishing many Finnish farmers and workers. The far-right Lapua Movement had not settled for the ban of the Communist Party and its affiliated organizations in the autumn of 1930. It wanted to help elect a President who would also strongly oppose the Social Democrats and moderate bourgeois parties, such as the Progressives. Although Svinhufvud disapproved of the Lapua Movement's violent kidnappings of left-wing politicians and other illegal acts, he was their preferred presidential candidate. Former President K.J. Ståhlberg, a champion of democracy, parliamentarism and the rule of law, had been briefly kidnapped by some activists of the Lapua Movement with his wife in October 1930. He was chosen as the Progressive presidential candidate. Speaker of the Finnish Parliament, Kyösti Kallio, held ideals similar to those of Ståhlberg, and he became the Agrarian presidential candidate. The outgoing President, Lauri Kristian Relander, had lost the Agrarian presidential candidacy to Kallio, because he did not condemn the Lapua Movement as strongly as Kallio did, and a sufficient number of Agrarians believed that Kallio could control the Lapua Movement's extremists more effectively than Relander. Right-wing Finns and some centrists, such as a prominent Agrarian parliamentarian, Juho Niukkanen, were concerned that Ståhlberg's re-election (after a six-year break) as the Finnish President would escalate political tensions in Finland. The Commander-in-Chief of the Civil Guards (a bourgeois voluntary defence organization), Major General Lauri Malmberg, announced in the Finnish Parliament that he would not guarantee order among the Civil Guards, if Ståhlberg was elected President. Svinhufvud's razor-thin victory required Niukkanen's arm-twisting tactics, whereby he pressured all the Agrarian presidential electors to support Svinhufvud. This 69-year-old and slightly ailing conservative politician was considered by his supporters as a sufficiently bold, solid and patriotic man to re-unite the ideologically divided Finns. His pro-democracy supporters hoped that he could keep both right-wing extremists and left-wing extremists in check (see, for example, Sakari Virkkunen, Finland's Presidents I / Suomen presidentit I. Helsinki: Otava Ltd., 1994, pgs. 242-245 (Relander), pgs. 11-14 (Svinhufvud); Pentti Virrankoski, A History of Finland / Suomen historia, volumes 1&2. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society / Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura, 2009, pgs. 810-816; Raimo Salokangas, "The Independent Republic" (Itsenäinen tasavalta), pgs. 635-639 in Seppo Zetterberg et al., eds., A Small Giant of the Finnish History / Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen. Helsinki: WSOY, 2003).
+
+===== Ron Paul =====
+Ronald Ernest Paul (born August 20, 1935) is an American author, physician, and former politician. He was the U.S. Representative for Texas' 14th and 22nd congressional districts. He represented the 22nd congressional district from 1976 to 1977 and from 1979 to 1985, and then represented the 14th congressional district, which included Galveston, from 1997 to 2013. On three occasions, he sought the presidency of the United States: as the Libertarian Party nominee in 1988 and as a candidate in the Republican primaries of 2008 and 2012. Paul is a critic of the federal government's fiscal policies, especially the existence of the Federal Reserve and the tax policy, as well as the military–industrial complex, and the War on Drugs. Paul has also been a vocal critic of mass surveillance policies such as the USA PATRIOT Act and the NSA surveillance programs. Paul was the first chairman of the conservative PAC Citizens for a Sound Economy and has been characterized as the "intellectual godfather" of the Tea Party movement.
+
+===== Citizens' Action Party presidential primary, 2017 =====
+The third primary election of the Citizens' Action Party (PAC, known as "Convención Nacional Ciudadana" or "Citizens' National Convention") was scheduled for July 9, 2017 in order to elect PAC's presidential candidate for the Costa Rican general election, 2018. Albeit rumors about possible candidates included former candidate and deputy Otton Solis, current Vice-President Ana Helena Chacón and former president of Congress and current UN ambassador Juan Carlos Mendoza, all of them denied having aspirations for the moment. Instead the first announcing his intention to be nominated was Minister Carlos Alvarado, former Minister of Social Issues and President of the Joint Social Welfare Institute and latter Minister of Labor under Luis Guillermo Solis' presidency. He was quickly followed by Economy Minister Welmer Ramos, both resigning their offices as the Constitution requires before February 2017. Congresswoman and former pre-candidate Epsy Campbell made her intentions public on March of the same year in what could have been Campbell's third attempt to be presidential nominee. But on March 27 Campbell withdraw from the race.
+
+===== Trevor Lyman =====
+Trevor Morris Lyman (born 1970) is an American musician and internet music entrepreneur. Lyman popularized such political campaign concepts as moneybombs and dedicated political blimp advertising. He helped organize grassroots fundraising for 2008 United States Republican presidential candidate Ron Paul, Congressman from Texas by offering to create a hub website after supporters of the candidate decided a "money bomb" would be an effective way to bring in campaign donations.
+
+===== Finnish presidential election, 1978 =====
+Two-stage presidential elections were held in Finland in 1978, the first since 1968 after Urho Kekkonen's term was extended by four years by Parliament. The public elected presidential electors to an electoral college on 15 and 16 January. They in turn elected the President. The result was a victory for Urho Kekkonen, who won on the first ballot. The turnout for the popular vote was 64.3. Kekkonen had in the spring of 1975 agreed to become the Social Democratic presidential candidate, and after that all the major Finnish political parties chose him as their candidate. Kekkonen's opponents, such as the Christian League's presidential candidate Raino Westerholm, claimed that Kekkonen's long presidency weakened the Finnish democracy. Over one-third of the Finnish voters abstained from voting, partly as a protest against Kekkonen's expected landslide victory. The 77-year-old President Kekkonen's health was already declining, although this fact was not easily noticeable in his public appearances (see, for example, Timo Vihavainen, "The Welfare Finland" (Hyvinvointi-Suomi), pgs. 883-884 in Seppo Zetterberg et al., eds., A Small Giant of the Finnish History / Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen. Helsinki: WSOY, 2003; Pentti Virrankoski, A History of Finland / Suomen historia, volumes 1&2. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura), 2009, pg. 963; Aarno Laitinen et al., eds., Tamminiemi's Inheritance Dividers (Tamminiemen pesänjakajat). Helsinki: Journalists Ltd. (Lehtimiehet Oy), 1981).
+
+===== Willie Mae Reid =====
+Willie Mae Reid is an African-American politician who ran as the Socialist Workers Party candidate for Mayor of Chicago in 1975, winning 16,693 votes but coming in third place against Richard J. Daley. The number had fallen from the number of signatures she'd acquired to get on the ballot, 66,000. She also ran as their vice presidential candidate in 1976 (Presidential candidate: Peter Camejo) and 1992 (Presidential candidate: James "Mac" Warren), winning 91,314 votes.
+
+===== Moneybomb =====
+Moneybomb (alternatively money bomb, money-bomb, or fundraising bomb) is a neologism coined in 2007 to describe a grassroots fundraising effort over a brief fixed time period, usually to support a candidate for election by dramatically increasing, concentrating, and publicizing fundraising activity during a specific hour or day. The term was coined by Trevor Lyman to describe a massive coordinated online donation drive on behalf of presidential candidate Ron Paul, in which context the "San Jose Mercury News" described a moneybomb as being "a one-day fundraising frenzy". The effort combines traditional and Internet-based fundraising appeals focusing especially on viral advertising through online vehicles such as YouTube, Myspace, and online forums. In the case of lesser-known candidates it is also intended to generate significant free mass media coverage the candidate would otherwise not receive. Moneybombs have been used for grassroots fundraising and viral activism over the Internet by several 2008 presidential candidates in the United States. It emerged as an important grassroots tool leading up to the 2010 midterm elections and 2012 presidential election in the United States.
+
+===== Mike Bradwell =====
+Mike Bradwell (born July 11, 1986) is a former Canadian football wide receiver who played for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League. He was drafted in the second round of the 2008 CFL Draft by the Toronto Argonauts. He began playing football in his final year at Leaside High School and played CIS football with McMaster University.
+
+===== Mike Eben =====
+Michael Eben (born January 29, 1946) is a former wide receiver who played ten seasons in the Canadian Football League, mainly for the Toronto Argonauts. Eben also played for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Ottawa Rough Riders and Edmonton Eskimos. Eben was initially drafted by the BC Lions in 1968 as the first overall draft pick in the CFL draft. Eben played college football at the University of Toronto and won the Hec Crighton Trophy in 1967 as the most outstanding Canadian university player. While playing professional football he earned his doctorate in German literature from the University of Toronto.
+
+===== Emanuel Tolbert =====
+Emanuel Tolbert (born December 2, 1958) is a former American college and professional football player who was a slotback and wide receiver in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for eleven seasons during the 1980s and early 1990s. Tolbert played college football for Southern Methodist University, where he was an All-American. He played professionally for the Saskatchewan Roughriders, Toronto Argonauts, Calgary Stampeders and British Columbia Lions of the CFL, and was a part of the Argonauts' 1983 Grey Cup victory.
+
+===== Oklahoma Sooners football =====
+The Oklahoma Sooners football program is a college football team that represents the University of Oklahoma (variously "Oklahoma" or "OU"). The team is currently a member of the Big 12 Conference, which is in Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The program began in 1895 and is one of the most successful programs since World War II with the most wins (606) and the highest winning percentage (.762) since 1945. The program has 7 national championships, 45 conference championships, 154 All-Americans (76 consensus), and five Heisman Trophy winners. In addition, the school has had 23 members (five coaches and 18 players) inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and holds the record for the longest winning streak in Division I history with 47 straight victories, a record that stands to this day. Oklahoma is also the only program that has had four coaches with 100+ wins. They became the sixth NCAA FBS team to win 850 games when they defeated the Kansas Jayhawks on November 22, 2014. The Sooners play their home games at Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Oklahoma. Lincoln Riley is currently the team's head coach.
+
+===== Rashaun Woods =====
+Rashaun Dorrell Woods (born October 17, 1980) is a former American college and professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL) for two seasons during the early 2000s. Woods played college football for Oklahoma State University, and received All-American honors. He was selected by the San Francisco 49ers in the first round of the 2004 NFL Draft, and played professionally for the NFL's 49ers and the CFL's Toronto Argonauts.
+
+===== Djems Kouamé =====
+Djems Kouamé (born April 5, 1989, in Montreal, Quebec) is a professional Canadian football wide receiver and defensive back in the Canadian Football League who is currently a free agent. He was drafted 18th overall by the Toronto Argonauts in the 2011 CFL Draft and signed with the team on May 31, 2011. He played college football for the Montreal Carabins. On June 17, 2013, Kouamé was released by the Argonauts.
+
+===== Justin Brown (wide receiver) =====
+Justin Brown (born March 10, 1991) is a wide receiver for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL). Before his 2013 draft selection by the Pittsburgh Steelers, he played college football at Oklahoma for his senior season after transferring from Penn State. After being drafted, Brown was on the Steelers practice squad for his rookie season. He played eight games during the 2014 season for a total of 12 passes for 94 yards and one lost fumble. Following the 2014 NFL season, Brown was waived by the Steelers. On February 3, 2015, the Buffalo Bills claimed Brown off waivers. On August 9, 2015, Brown was waived/injured by the Bills. On August 13, 2015, he reached an injury settlement with the Bills and was released.
+
+===== Chad Plummer =====
+Chad J. Plummer (born November 30, 1975) is a former American and Canadian football wide receiver in the National Football League and Canadian Football League. He was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the sixth round of the 1999 NFL Draft. He also played for the Indianapolis Colts, Toronto Argonauts, Winnipeg Blue Bombers and Hamilton Tiger-Cats. He played college football at Cincinnati as a quarterback and wide receiver. He was the MVP of the 1997 Humanitarian Bowl.
+
+===== Arland Bruce III =====
+Arland Richard Bruce III (born November 23, 1977) is a former Canadian football wide receiver. He is a two-time Grey Cup champion, having won in 2004 with the Toronto Argonauts and in 2011 with the Lions. He has played 10 seasons in the CFL with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, Toronto Argonauts, Hamilton Tiger-Cats and BC Lions. During the 2011 season, he became the 14th CFL receiver to record over 10,000 yards receiving in a career.
+
+===== Toronto Argonauts =====
+The Toronto Argonauts are a professional Canadian football team competing in the East Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL). Based in Toronto, Ontario, the team was founded in 1873, and is the oldest existing professional sports team in North America still using its original name. The team's origins date back to a modified version of rugby football that emerged in North America in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The Argonauts played their home games at Rogers Centre from 1989 until 2016 when the team moved to BMO Field, the fifth stadium site to host the team.
+
+===== Ancient Egyptian religion =====
+Ancient Egyptian religion was a complex system of polytheistic beliefs and rituals which were an integral part of ancient Egyptian society. It centered on the Egyptians' interaction with many deities who were believed to be present in, and in control of, the forces of nature. Rituals such as prayers and offerings were efforts to provide for the gods and gain their favor. Formal religious practice centered on the pharaoh, the king of Egypt, who was believed to possess a divine power by virtue of his position. He acted as the intermediary between his people and the gods and was obligated to sustain the gods through rituals and offerings so that they could maintain order in the universe. The state dedicated enormous resources to Egyptian rituals and to the construction of the temples.
+
+===== Hatmehit =====
+Hatmehit, or Hatmehyt (reconstructed to have been pronounced *Hāwit-Maḥūyat in Egyptian) in the ancient Egyptian religion was a fish-goddess in the area around the delta city of Per-banebdjedet, Mendes. In ancient Egyptian art Hatmehit was depicted either as a fish, or a woman with a fish emblem or crown on her head. She was a goddess of life and protection.
+
+===== Ra =====
+Ra ( ; Egyptian: "rꜥ" or "rˤ;" also transliterated "rˤw;" cuneiform: 𒊑𒀀 "ri-a" or 𒊑𒅀 "ri-ia") or Re ( ; <a href="Coptic%20language">Coptic</a>: , "Rē") is the <a href="ancient%20Egyptian%20religion">ancient Egyptian</a> <a href="sun%20god">sun god</a>. By the Fifth Dynasty in the 25th and 24th centuries , he had become a major god in ancient Egyptian religion, identified primarily with the noon sun.
+
+===== Neo Geo Cup '98: The Road to the Victory =====
+Neo Geo Cup '98: The Road to the Victory is a soccer video game based on the FIFA World Cup 1998, despite being released after the 1998 FIFA World Cup. It features 73 teams' countries. Each team enters a "Regional Qualifying Round Final" where it plays a team it actually played in the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification. For example: Spain would face Yugoslavia, an opponent it actually faced in its qualifying group. Or Italy would face Russia, an opponent Italy faced in the UEFA play-offs. If the player beats the opponent, it goes to a group much like the real life World Cup. In fact, the team faces opponents that were actually in its group. For example: Mexico would face the Netherlands, Belgium and South Korea. It is a re-make of "Super Sidekicks 3". However, animations and designs were exactly the same. The only difference is teams to reflect the World Cup, kits again to reflect the World Cup, and players to resemble squads from the World Cup (teams that did not qualify use line-ups from friendly games and qualifiers). Its slogan is "We got the kick".
+
+===== Osiris myth =====
+The Osiris myth is the most elaborate and influential story in ancient Egyptian mythology. It concerns the murder of the god Osiris, a primeval king of Egypt, and its consequences. Osiris's murderer, his brother Set, usurps his throne. Meanwhile, Osiris's wife Isis restores her husband's body, allowing him to posthumously conceive a son with her. The remainder of the story focuses on Horus, the product of the union of Isis and Osiris, who is at first a vulnerable child protected by his mother and then becomes Set's rival for the throne. Their often violent conflict ends with Horus's triumph, which restores order to Egypt after Set's unrighteous reign and completes the process of Osiris's resurrection. The myth, with its complex symbolism, is integral to the Egyptian conceptions of kingship and succession, conflict between order and disorder, and especially death and the afterlife. It also expresses the essential character of each of the four deities at its center, and many elements of their worship in ancient Egyptian religion were derived from the myth.
+
+===== Ancient Egyptian offering formula =====
+The Ancient Egyptian offering formula, generally referred to as the ḥtp-dỉ-nsw formula by Egyptologists, was written as an offering for the deceased in the ancient Egyptian religion. The offering formula was believed to allow the deceased to partake in offerings presented to the major deities in the name of the king, or in offerings presented directly to the deceased by family members. All ancient Egyptian offering formulas share the same basic structure, but there is a great deal of variety in which deities and offerings are mentioned, and which epithets and titles are used. Below is an example of a typical offering formula:
+
+===== Pyramid Texts =====
+The Pyramid Texts are a collection of ancient Egyptian religious texts from the time of the Old Kingdom. Written in Old Egyptian, the pyramid texts were carved on the walls and sarcophagi of the pyramids at Saqqara during the 5th and 6th Dynasties of the Old Kingdom. The oldest of the texts have been dated to between ca. 2400–2300 BC. Unlike the later Coffin Texts and Book of the Dead, the pyramid texts were reserved only for the pharaoh and were not illustrated. Following the earlier Palermo Stone, the pyramid texts mark the next-oldest known mention of Osiris, who would become the most important deity associated with afterlife in the Ancient Egyptian religion.
+
+===== Damnation =====
+Damnation (from Latin "damnatis") is the concept of divine punishment and torment in an afterlife for actions that were committed on Earth. In Ancient Egyptian religious tradition, citizens would recite the 42 negative confessions of Maat as their heart was weighed against the feather of truth. If the citizen's heart was heavier than a feather they would face torment in a lake of fire. Zoroastrianism developed an eschatological concept of a Last Judgment called Frashokereti where the dead will be raised and the righteous wade though a river of milk while the wicked will be burned in a river of molten metal. Abrahamic religions such as Christianity have similar concepts of believers facing judgement on a last day to determine if they will spend eternity in Gehenna or heaven for their sin . A damned human "in damnation" is said to be either in Hell, or living in a state wherein they are divorced from Heaven and/or in a state of disgrace from God's favor. In traditional Abrahamic demonology, the Devil rules Hell, where he and his demons punish the damned.
+
+===== Traditional Berber religion =====
+The traditional Berber religion is the ancient and native set of beliefs and deities adhered to by the Berber autochthones of North Africa. Many ancient Berber beliefs were developed locally whereas others were influenced over time through contact with other traditional African religions (such as the Ancient Egyptian religion), or borrowed during antiquity from the Punic religion, Judaism, Iberian mythology, and the Hellenistic religion. The most recent influence came from Islam and pre-Islamic Arab religion during the medieval period. Some of the ancient Berber beliefs still exist today subtly within the Berber popular culture and tradition.
+
+===== Ancient Egyptian deities =====
+Ancient Egyptian deities are the gods and goddesses worshipped in ancient Egypt. The beliefs and rituals surrounding these gods formed the core of ancient Egyptian religion, which emerged sometime in prehistory. Deities represented natural forces and phenomena, and the Egyptians supported and appeased them through offerings and rituals so that these forces would continue to function according to "maat", or divine order. After the founding of the Egyptian state around 3100 BC, the authority to perform these tasks was controlled by the pharaoh, who claimed to be the gods' representative and managed the temples where the rituals were carried out.
+
+===== D'banj =====
+Oladapo Daniel Oyebanjo (born 9 June 1980), known by his stage name D'banj, is a Nigerian singer-songwriter, musician, entrepreneur and TV host. He has won several music awards, including the awards for "Best African Act" at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2007, "Artist of the Year" at the MTV Africa Music Awards 2009, Best International Act: Africa at the 2011 BET Awards, and Best-selling African Artist at the 2014 World Music Awards, Evolution award at the 2015 MTV Africa Music awards
+
+===== List of awards and nominations received by Davido =====
+Davido is an American-born Nigerian recording artist. As of December 2014, he has received a total of 29 awards from 74 nominations. He is the recipient of a BET Award, a Kora Award, a Channel O Music Video Award, a Ghana Music Award, a Nigeria Music Video Award, 2 MTV Africa Music Awards, 2 African Muzik Magazine Awards, 5 The Headies Awards, 7 Nigeria Entertainment Awards and 2 Dynamix All Youth Awards.
+
+===== Amani (musician) =====
+Cecilia Wairimu (born 28 November 1980), better known by her stage name Amani, is a Kenyan singer and songwriter. Her contributions to the Kenyan music industry have earned her several coveted accolades, including the Best Female category at the 2009 MTV Africa Music Awards, Pearl of Africa Music Awards, Kisima Awards and Chaguo La Teeniez Awards. She released her debut album in 2006.
+
+===== MTV Africa Music Awards 2016 =====
+The definitive annual celebration of African and international talent and achievement, MAMA 2016 recognises and rewards musicians and achievers who have made the most impact on African music and youth culture over the previous year. The 2016 edition of the MTV Africa Music Awards took place on 22 October 2016, at the Ticketpro Dome in Johannesburg, South Africa. The awards aired live across Africa on MTV Base, MTV and BET and transmitted worldwide on partner stations and content platforms including BET International. The event was hosted by Nomzamo Mbatha, Yemi Alade and Bonang Matheba. The show featured performances by Future, Yemi Alade, Nasty C, Babes Wodumo, Cassper Nyovest, Patoranking and many more.
+
+===== MTV Africa Music Awards 2014 =====
+The 2014 edition of the MTV Africa Music Awards took place on 7 June 2014, at the Durban International Convention Centre (ICC Arena). The awards aired live across Africa on MTV Base and MTV. The ceremony was sponsored by KwaZulu-Natal Province, Absolut and the City of Durban. The show was hosted by American comedian and actor Marlon Wayans. The ceremony featured performances from artists such as Miguel, Trey Songz, Flavour N'abania, French Montana, Tiwa Savage, Davido, Mafikizolo, Uhuru, Oskido, Professor, Diamond Platnumz, Phyno, Yuri Da Cunha, Sauti Sol, Sarkodie, Ice Prince, The Arrows, Khuli Chana, Dr SID, Fally Ipupa, Michael Lowman, Don Jazzy, DJ Clock, Beatenberg, DJ Kent, Big Nuz, Toofan, D'Banj, DJ Vigi, DJ Tira, DJ Buckz, and Burna Boy. On 27 May 2014, the nominees for the MTV Base Leadership Award were announced. On 28 May 2014, MTV Base revealed Drake, Beyoncé, Rihanna, Pharrell Williams, and Miley Cyrus as the nominees for the Best International Act category. Davido and Mafikizolo received the most nominations with four each. Mi Casa and P-Square received three nominations. Diamond Platnumz and Wizkid were nominated twice for both Best Male and Best Collaboration.
+
+===== MTV Africa Music Awards =====
+The MTV Africa Music Awards (also known as the MAMAs) were established in 2008 by MTV Networks Africa (now Viacom International Media Networks Africa) to celebrate the most popular contemporary music in Africa.
+
+===== Marlon Wayans =====
+Marlon Lamont Wayans (born July 23, 1972) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and film producer, beginning with his role as a pedestrian in "I'm Gonna Git You Sucka" in 1988. He frequently collaborates with his brother Shawn Wayans, as he was on The WB sitcom "The Wayans Bros." and in the comedic films "Scary Movie", "Scary Movie 2", "White Chicks", "Little Man", and "Dance Flick". However, Wayans had a dramatic role in Darren Aronofsky's critically acclaimed "Requiem for a Dream", which saw his departure from the usual comedies.
+
+===== List of awards and nominations received by Wizkid =====
+As of June 2017, Nigerian recording artist Wizkid has received a total of 43 awards from 157 nominations. He is the recipient of two BET Awards, three Billboard Music Awards, two iHeartRadio Music Awards, one MTV Europe Music Awards, four MTV Africa Music Awards, one iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards,two SoundCity MVP Awards, one African Pride Award, two MOBO Award, six The Headies Awards, two Channel O Music Video Awards, six Nigeria Entertainment Awards, two Ghana Music Awards, two Dynamix All Youth Awards, two City People Entertainment Awards, and a Future Award. In addition, he has been nominated five times at the MTV Europe Music Awards, three times at the American Music Awards, once at the Grammy Awards, as well as four times at the World Music Awards.
+
+===== MTV Africa Music Awards 2015 =====
+The 2015 edition of the MTV Africa Music Awards took place on 18 July 2015, at the Durban International Convention Centre (ICC Arena). The awards aired live across Africa on MTV Base, MTV and BET and transmitted worldwide on partner stations and content platforms including BET International. The event was sponsored by KwaZulu-Natal in association with Absolut Vodka and in partnership with The City of Durban and was hosted by Anthony Anderson.
+
+===== Wahu =====
+Rosemary Wahu Kagwi, professionally known by her mononym Wahu, is a Kenyan singer-songwriter, former fashion model, actress and entrepreneur. She released her first single "Niangalie" which received positive reception all over Africa and the world at large. She is the inaugural recipient of the MTV Africa Music Awards 2008, for Best Female Artist category. Moreover, she has won the Pearl of Africa Music Awards, Chaguo La Teeniez Awards and Kisima Music Awards. In the acting industry, Wahu had a leading role in the television series "Tazama".
+
+===== Madatharuvi case =====
+Madatharuvi case refers to a murder in Kerala, India. The case involved the 1966 murder of a widow named Mariyakutty. A priest, Fr. Benedict Onamkulam, was convicted of the crime.
+
+===== Forrest School (Chapel Hill, Tennessee) =====
+Forrest School is a public school in Chapel Hill, Tennessee. It serves grades 7-12 and is part of the Marshall County School District. The school is also known as Forrest Middle School for grades 7-8 and Forrest High School for grades 9-12. It is named for Nathan Bedford Forrest, a Confederate general and first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, who was born in Chapel Hill.
+
+===== Alliance for Open Media =====
+The Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia) is a non-profit organization whose first project is to develop a new open video codec and format as a successor to VP9 and a royalty-free alternative to HEVC. The founding members are Amazon, Cisco, Google, Intel Corporation, Microsoft, Mozilla, and Netflix. The collaboration goal for the future of this joint development foundation is to "avoid more patent and licensing battles that have been a big roadblock to innovation." The alliance also aims to provide competition to the Moving Picture Experts Group, who provide backing for the video data compression methods most commonly in use in 2015. The project will release new video codecs as free software under the BSD 2-Clause License and will use elements from Daala, Thor, and VP10.
+
+===== European-American Unity and Rights Organization =====
+The European-American Unity and Rights Organization (EURO) is an American organization led by former Grand Wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, David Duke. Founded in 2000, the group has been described as white nationalist and white supremacist.
+
+===== Raya (app) =====
+Raya is a private, membership based community for people all over the world to connect and collaborate. It launched in March 2015 as an IOS application. Early on, many members used the application to meet other members romantically. The app describes itself as "A private network for people in creative industries” and in January 2017 the app launched a feature entitled "Work" that allowed members to collaborate on work related projects. The app asks members to apply and log in with their Instagram account causing many members to conjecture if admittance is determined by the applicant's Instagram influence and how many active Raya members follow them. However, many community members with small Instagram followings seem to contradict this theory and the admittance algorithm remains a mystery. It costs $8/month (in US dollars) to be a member of Raya.
+
+===== Democratic Federation of Burma =====
+Democratic Federation of Burma (DFB) is a political organization in Burma, advocating for democracy and human rights. It was founded in 1989 in Burma and was banned by the military junta in 1990. More than 15 top leaders were sent to jail and some sacrificed their lives in the prison. Many active members including the present leader Moethee Zun live in exile today. On February 25, 2007, DFB and eight other Burmese organizations formed the All Burma Democratic Force (ABDF) to serve the interests of Burmese people in exile and to achieve the goal of democratic transition in Burma more effectively. Due to the ban and repression, DFB's activity is limited to protests in exile and along the Thai border.
+
+===== White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan =====
+The White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan are considered the most militant as well as the most violent chapter of the Ku Klux Klan in history. They originated in Mississippi in the early 1960s under the leadership of Samuel Bowers, its first Grand Wizard. The White Knights of Mississippi were formed in 1964, and they included roughly 200 members of the Original Knights of Louisiana. The White Knights were not interested in holding public demonstrations or in letting any information about themselves get out to the masses. Similar to the United Klans of America (UKA), the White Knights of Mississippi were very secretive about their group. Within a year, their membership was up to around six thousand, and they had Klaverns in over half of the counties in Mississippi. But by 1967, the number of active members had shrunk to around four hundred.
+
+===== Leaders of the Ku Klux Klan =====
+The national leader of the Ku Klux Klan is called either a Grand Wizard or an Imperial Wizard, depending on which KKK organization is being described.
+
+===== Samuel Bowers =====
+Samuel Holloway Bowers (August 25, 1924 – November 5, 2006), Former Ku Klux Klan Imperial Wizard, was a convicted murderer and leading white supremacist activist in Mississippi during the Civil Rights Movement. In response to this movement, he co-founded a reactionary organization, the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. Bowers committed two notorious murders of civil rights activists in southern Mississippi: The 1964 murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner near Philadelphia, for which he served six years in federal prison; and the 1966 murder of Vernon Dahmer in Hattiesburg, for which he was sentenced to life in prison 32 years after the crime. He also was accused of bombings of Jewish targets in the cities of Jackson and Meridian in 1967 and 1968 (according to the man who was convicted of some of the bombings, Thomas A. Tarrants III). He died in prison at the age of 82.
+
+===== Westside High School (Jacksonville) =====
+Westside High School is a public high school in Jacksonville, Florida. It is part of the Duval County School District and serves Jacksonville's Westside. The school was established in 1959 and was originally named Nathan B. Forrest High School, after Nathan Bedford Forrest, a Confederate general and first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan. The fact that the school was named for Forrest was a point of significant controversy until the Duval County School Board changed the name in 2014.
+
+===== Ocean Park Station =====
+Ocean Park () is an MTR rapid transit station in Hong Kong on the eastern section of the South Island Line, which serves Ocean Park Hong Kong. It opened on 28 December 2016 with the rest of the South Island Line.
+
+===== Ocean Park Halloween Bash =====
+Ocean Park Halloween Bash (海洋公園哈囉喂) is an annual Halloween event held by Ocean Park Hong Kong. It contains haunted attractions and shows, the park area is decorated with Halloween decorations and full of Halloween characters that are dressed up by the officials. The Halloween Bash in Ocean Park started in 2001 and it held during late September to 1 November each year. It has changed to All-Day-and-Night Halloween Celebration in 2013.
+
+===== Ocean Park Conservation Foundation Hong Kong =====
+The Ocean Park Conservation Foundation, Hong Kong (), often referred to by its initialism OPCFHK is the conglomerate of the former Ocean Park Conservation Foundation (OPCF) and The Hong Kong Society for Panda Conservation (HKSPC) established under the Ocean Park Corporation, with effect from 1 July 2005. It is a registered charitable non-governmental organisation.
+
+===== Hong Kong Disneyland =====
+Hong Kong Disneyland () is a theme park located on reclaimed land in Penny's Bay, Lantau Island. It is located inside the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort and it is owned and managed by Hong Kong International Theme Parks. It is, together with Ocean Park Hong Kong, one of the two large theme parks in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Disneyland opened to visitors on Monday, 12 September 2005 at 13:00 HKT. Disney attempted to avoid problems of cultural backlash by incorporating Chinese culture, customs, and traditions when designing and building the resort, including adherence to the rules of feng shui. For instance, a bend was put in a walkway near the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort entrance so good qi energy wouldn't flow into the South China Sea.
+
+===== Jia Jia (giant panda) =====
+Jia Jia was a female giant panda who resided at Ocean Park Hong Kong. At the time of her death, she was the oldest giant panda in captivity.
+
+===== Hair Raiser =====
+Hair Raiser is a steel floorless roller coaster at Ocean Park Hong Kong in Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, China. It was manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard and opened on December 8, 2011. It is the twelfth floorless coaster ever built.
+
+===== Hong Kong Disneyland Resort =====
+The Hong Kong Disneyland Resort is a resort built and owned by Hong Kong International Theme Parks Limited, a joint venture of the Government of Hong Kong and The Walt Disney Company in Hong Kong on reclaimed land beside Penny's Bay, at the northeastern tip of Lantau Island, approximately two kilometres from Discovery Bay. Officially opened on 12 September 2005, the resort contains the Hong Kong Disneyland theme park, the Hong Kong Disneyland Hotel, Disney's Hollywood Hotel, Disney Explorers Lodge and several retail, dining and entertainment facilities covering 1.3 km2 of the island.
+
+===== Randy Dickison =====
+Randy Dickison is a high diver who has made attempts at the world record high dive. In 1982 he executed a 30 m (100 feet) dive and landed head first. He attempted 4 world records for highest dives from 51.5 m (169 feet), 51.8 m (170 feet), 52.4 m (172 feet), and 53 m (174 feet, 8 inches). He attempted to set the high diving world record in 1985 with a 53.2 meter (174 feet) dive at Ocean Park Hong Kong, but fractured multiple bones of his left leg in the attempt.
+
+===== Ocean Park Hong Kong =====
+Ocean Park Hong Kong, commonly known as Ocean Park, is a marine mammal park, oceanarium, animal theme park and amusement park situated in Wong Chuk Hang and Nam Long Shan in the Southern District of Hong Kong. Opened in 1977 by the then Governor of Hong Kong Sir Murray MacLehose, Ocean Park became popular but by 2005 was unprofitable and widely expected to lose out to the new Hong Kong Disneyland. However, the Park responded with a HK$5.5 billion development plan that saw it expand to over 80 attractions and rides, and steadily grow visitor numbers to 7.6 million in 2014, making it the world's 13th most visited theme park, and the largest theme park in Asia. Half of all visitors now come from mainland China, in growth that parallels rising mainland tourist visitor levels to Hong Kong over the same period. Since this high, visitor numbers have declined to around 6 million in 2016 under the background of declining tourist arrivals in Hong Kong.
+
+===== Citybus (Hong Kong) =====
+Citybus Limited () is one of the three major bus operators in Hong Kong. It provides both franchised and non-franchised bus service. The franchised route network serves mainly Hong Kong Island, cross-harbour routes (between Hong Kong Island and Kowloon/New Territories), Ocean Park, North Lantau (Tung Chung and Hong Kong Disneyland) and Hong Kong International Airport. The non-franchised routes serve mainly City One Sha Tin. It also provides bus rental services and staff bus services for some large companies such as TVB and China Light and Power.
+
+===== James Rae Forgan =====
+The Very Rev James Rae Forgan DD (1876-1966) was a Scottish minister who served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1940.
+
+===== Peter Lawson (cricketer) =====
+Peter James Lawson (born 11 September 1981) is an English cricketer. Lawson is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm medium-fast. He was born in Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria.
+
+===== Jackson Avery =====
+Jackson Avery, M.D. is a fictional character from ABC prime time medical drama, "Grey's Anatomy", portrayed by actor Jesse Williams. The character was created by series creator and executive producer, Shonda Rhimes. He was introduced in season six, episode 5, "Invasion" as a former surgical resident from "Mercy West Medical Center" when it merges with "Seattle Grace Hospital". Williams initially appeared as a recurring cast member, and was later promoted to a series regular in season seven. The character's focal storyline involved his attempt to fit in at his new work environment, and trying to finding his own successes, instead of riding on the coattails of his famous family name. The character has also had significant romances with Lexie Grey and Stephanie Edwards. He was married but is now divorced to April Kepner. The couple had a child, Samuel Avery, who died soon after birth. However, the pair have a daughter, Harriett, who was not named after Catherine much to her dismay. She was conceived prior to the divorce. Dr. Avery later becomes a member of the board of directors at the newly established, "Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital", and is the current chairman.
+
+===== Thomas J. Lawson =====
+General Thomas James Lawson {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born 2 November 1957) is a retired Royal Canadian Air Force general. Lawson was Chief of the Defence Staff of the Canadian Armed Forces from October 2012 to July 2015. He previously served as Deputy Commander of the North American Aerospace Defence Command.
+
+===== Jack Lawson =====
+John James Lawson, 1st Baron Lawson, PC (16 October 1881 – 3 August 1965) was a British trade unionist and a Labour politician. A miner and later Member of Parliament in County Durham, he served in the governments of Ramsay MacDonald and Clement Attlee. In 1950 he was ennobled as Baron Lawson, of Beamish in the County of Durham, and is sometimes referred to as Lord Lawson of Beamish.
+
+===== Jesse Williams (actor) =====
+Jesse Wesley Williams (born August 5, 1981) is an American actor, model, and activist, best known for his role as Dr. Jackson Avery on the ABC Television series "Grey's Anatomy". He also appeared in the 2013 film "Lee Daniels' The Butler" as civil rights leader Rev. James Lawson. His other roles have included Holden in "The Cabin in the Woods" (2012); Officer Eddie Quinlan in "Brooklyn's Finest" (2009); and Leo, Lena's boyfriend, in the film sequel "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2" (2008).
+
+===== The Plants =====
+The Plants were a doo wop quartet, based out of Baltimore, Maryland and formed in 1955. James Lawson (baritone), Thuman Thrower (bass), Steve McDowell (first tenor) and George Jackson (lead) constituted the original line-up, who were known as The Equadors. They got their break from Zell Sanders, owner of J&S Records, performing for her backstage at the Royal Theatre during a concert by The Moonglows. They released their debut, "Dear I Swear" in autumn of 1957, but it failed to achieve national success despite being a regional hit. They released another failed single in 1958, "From Me", after appearing on "The Buddy Deane Show", a major musical venue in Baltimore at the time. A new lineup was assemebled in 1958 by Zell Sanders, recording "I Searched the Seven Seas", while Jackson pursued a solo career, releasing a few singles during the 1960s.
+
+===== John Lawson (Australian politician) =====
+John Norman Lawson (24 March 1897 – 14 August 1956) was an Australian politician. Born in Sydney to James Lawson and Eleanor, née Day, he was educated at Sydney Boys' High School and the University of Sydney. He worked as a veterinarian in New Zealand from 1920 until 1926, when he bought Kidgery, a sheep station near Nyngan, New South Wales. He married Jessie Alicia Orchard, daughter of Richard Orchard, in 1925.
+
+===== James Menteath =====
+Rev James Menteath, in later life James Stuart Menteath of Closeburn (c.1718–1802) was a Scottish clergyman of the Church of England, and friend of Adam Smith.
+
+===== James Lapslie =====
+Rev James Lapslie (1750-1824) was Scottish minister and local historian serving Campsie. He played a role in the trial of Thomas Muir of Huntershill in 1793. Kay drew him and dubbed him the Pension Hunter at the trial.
+
+===== Bermuda Hundred, Virginia =====
+Bermuda Hundred was the first incorporated town in the English colony of Virginia. It was founded by Sir Thomas Dale in 1613, six years after Jamestown. At the southwestern edge of the confluence of the Appomattox and James Rivers opposite City Point, annexed to Hopewell, Virginia in 1923, Bermuda Hundred was a port town for many years. The terminology "Bermuda Hundred" also included a large area adjacent to the town. In the colonial era, "hundreds" were large developments of many acres, arising from the English term to define an area which would support one hundred homesteads. The port at the town of Bermuda Hundred was intended to serve other "hundreds" in addition to Bermuda Hundred.
+
+===== Enagh Lough =====
+Under the surface at the bottom of the lake there is ice age water. The Honourable The Irish Society have leased the fishing rights to the local Strathfoyle Community Association as many local residents use the area for angling and walking. Enagh Lough is an outstanding area of natural beauty, with vivid wildlife including red squirrels and Pipistrelle bats, both of which are fast becoming scarce in Northern Ireland. Also situated on the lough is Green Island, also known as Templetown Island or Enagh Crannog, which is accessible by wading.
+
+===== Governor of Londonderry =====
+The Governor of Londonderry and Culmore was a British military appointment. The Governor was the officer who commanded the garrison and fortifications of the city of Derry and of Culmore fort. The Governor was paid by The Honourable The Irish Society.
+
+===== Charles Hackley =====
+Charles Henry Hackley (January 3, 1837 – January 10, 1905), son of Joseph H. Hackley and Salina Fuller Hackley, was born in Michigan City, Indiana, on January 3, 1837. He was an important figure in the history of Muskegon, Michigan. With his father he arrived in Muskegon in 1856 from Indiana to work on the creation of the early Michigan roadways. Later he became the owner of many acres of cutting grounds throughout Michigan. Later on (with business partner Thomas Hume) he opened the Hackley-Hume Lumber Mill on Muskegon Lake in 1854. After many successful years the mill of operation, the mill closed in 1894, after most of Michigan's Lower Peninsula had been effectively deforested. While many lumber mill owners moved their operations to the Pacific Northwest, Hackley remained in Muskegon and focused on urban revitalization of that city.
+
+===== Plantation of Ulster =====
+The Plantation of Ulster (; Ulster-Scots: "Plantin o Ulstèr") was the organised colonisation ("plantation") of Ulstera province of Irelandby people from Great Britain during the reign of King James I. Most of the colonists came from Scotland and England. Small private plantation by wealthy landowners began in 1606, while the official plantation began in 1609. Most of the land colonised was forfeited from the native Gaelic chiefs, many of whom had fled Ireland for mainland Europe in 1607 following the Nine Years' War against English rule in Ireland. The official plantation comprised an estimated half a million acres (2,000 km²) of arable land in counties Armagh, Cavan, Fermanagh, Tyrone, Tyrconnell and Londonderry. Land in counties Antrim, Down and Monaghan was privately colonised with the king's support.
+
+===== Camp Meeker, California =====
+Camp Meeker is an unincorporated community, Sonoma County, United States, located on the Bohemian Highway, between Occidental and Monte Rio. It has approximately 350 homes on properties ranging from a couple thousand square feet to many acres, some flat and sunny, some on steep narrow gauge railroad type one-way streets. The population hovers around 425.
+
+===== 2011 Souris River flood =====
+The 2011 Souris River flood was greater than the hundred-year flooding event for the Souris. The US Army Corps of Engineers estimated the flood to have a recurrence interval between 200 and 500 years. The Souris River is a tributary of the Assiniboine River, which it meets near Treesbank, Manitoba. The Assiniboine meets the Red River of the North in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The flooding has affected Saskatchewan and North Dakota, and overtopped levees in Minot, North Dakota causing the evacuation of about 11,000 residents. The flooding in Minot was worse than the 1969 flood and 1881 flood. Many other towns along the river were affected and many acres of farmland were inundated.
+
+===== Sharp Mountain Preserve, Georgia =====
+The Preserve at Sharp Mountain (also called The Sharp Mountain Preserve) is a nature-based community located near Jasper, Georgia in Pickens County. It is one of three mountain communities in Pickens County, and the only one dedicated to maintaining its natural amenities. There are 12 mi of paved roads running through the community, but the population density is intentionally low (approximately 300 lots over 1600 acre ranging in size from a minimum of 3 acre to a maximum of 37 acres.) The Preserve at Sharp Mountain was named the "Best Community for Outdoor Lovers" by Pinnacle Living magazine, Unlike many planned communities, the Preserve at Sharp Mountain does not have swimming pools and tennis courts with club houses or golf courses. Instead, the Preserve at Sharp Mountain offers many acres of green space, hiking and nature trails, a nature pavilion, waterfalls, a bird sanctuary, a butterfly garden and various nature parks. The community is gated to restrict use of its 12 mi of privately owned roads to those living in the community. The Preserve at Sharp Mountain was developed by Four Seasons originally, which later became Naterra Land. Naterra's stated goal in all of its projects is "to better connect people with nature." Naterra Land sold out all of its inventory in the Preserve, and control of the community is now governed by a Property Owners' Association (POA). In 2011, the Preserve Association switched from being an HOA (Home Owners' Association) to being a POA (Property Owners' Association), each being viewed differently under Georgia law. In 2008 the Preserve became a recognized member of the national Firewise communities program and is one of the 13 in Georgia.
+
+===== Letchworth Village =====
+Letchworth Village was a residential institution located in Rockland County, New York, in the hamlet of Thiells built for the physically and mentally disabled of all ages, from the newborn to the elderly. Opened in 1911, Letchworth Village at its peak consisted of over 130 buildings spread out over many acres of land. It was named for William Pryor Letchworth, who espoused reform in the treatment and care of the insane, epileptics, and poor children.
+
+===== The Honourable The Irish Society =====
+The Society of the Governor and Assistants, London, of the New Plantation in Ulster, within the Realm of Ireland, commonly called the Irish Society or The Honourable The Irish Society, is a consortium of livery companies of the City of London set up in 1613 to colonise County Londonderry during the Plantation of Ulster. It was incorporated by royal charter of James I and consists of "six and twenty honest and discreet citizens of London" nominated by the livery companies. In its first decades it rebuilt the city of Derry and town of Coleraine, and for centuries it owned property and fishing rights near both towns. Some of the society's profits were used to develop the economy and infrastructure of the area, while some was returned to the London investors, and some used for charitable work.
+
+===== Nancy Northup =====
+Nancy Northup is the President of The Center for Reproductive Rights, in New York City. The Center is a reproductive rights organization that uses constitutional and international law to secure women's reproductive freedom including abortion rights in over 45 countries. Under her leadership, the Center helped win Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt, a Supreme Court case considered the most significant case won by the reproductive rights movement since Planned Parenthood v. Casey in 1992.
+
+===== Brewer v. Williams =====
+Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387 (1977) , is a decision by the United States Supreme Court that clarifies what constitutes "waiver" of the right to counsel for the purposes of the Sixth Amendment. Under "Miranda v. Arizona", evidence obtained by police during interrogation of a suspect before he has been read his Miranda rights is inadmissible. Here, however, the defendant had been indicted in court, and thus his Sixth Amendment right to counsel had automatically attached. At issue was whether a voluntary admission of incriminating facts in response to police statements constituted a waiver of this right to counsel.
+
+===== Montejo v. Louisiana =====
+Montejo v. Louisiana, 556 U.S. 778 (2009), is a 5–4 decision by the United States Supreme Court that overruled the Court's decision in "Michigan v. Jackson", 475 U.S. 625 (1986) . The case concerned the validity of a defendant's waiver of his right to counsel during a police interrogation. In reversing "Jackson", the Court said such a waiver was valid.
+
+===== Stenberg v. Carhart =====
+Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 U.S. 914 (2000), is a case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States dealing with a Nebraska law which made performing "partial-birth abortion" illegal, without regard for the health of the mother. Nebraska physicians who performed the procedure contrary to the law were subject to having their medical licenses revoked. The Court struck down the law, finding the Nebraska statute criminalizing "partial birth abortion[s]" violated the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution, as interpreted in "Planned Parenthood v. Casey" and "Roe v. Wade".
+
+===== Abortion in Oklahoma =====
+Abortion in Oklahoma is legal under United States law, following the decision in "Roe v. Wade" in 1973. In 1992, the Supreme Court case "Planned Parenthood v. Casey" upheld the legality of abortion but granted states permission to create restrictions, so long as they did not create an "undue burden" for women who sought abortion.
+
+===== Gonzales v. Carhart =====
+Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124 (2007), is a United States Supreme Court case that upheld the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003. The case reached the high court after U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales appealed a ruling of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit in favor of LeRoy Carhart that struck down the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act. Also before the Supreme Court was the consolidated appeal of Gonzales v. Planned Parenthood from the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which had struck down the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act.
+
+===== Stephen Freind =====
+Stephen F. Freind (born 1944) is a Republican politician who served in the Pennsylvania General Assembly as the state representative for Delaware County from 1976 until 1993, when he unsuccessfully challenged Arlen Specter in the 1992 Republican primary election. He was most notable for authoring a law that was presented as a tort reform measure but was actually designed to restrict abortion rights, that included "requirements that a married woman notify her husband, that there be a 24-hour wait before any abortion, and that doctors show patients a pamphlet with pictures of developing fetuses". It was mostly upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States except for the spousal notification provision in the case of "Planned Parenthood v. Casey".
+
+===== Planned Parenthood v. Casey =====
+Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the constitutionality of several Pennsylvania state statutory provisions regarding abortion was challenged. The Court's plurality opinion reaffirmed the central holding of "Roe v. Wade" stating that "matters, involving the most intimate and personal choices a person may make in a lifetime, choices central to personal dignity and autonomy, are central to the liberty protected by the Fourteenth Amendment." The Court's plurality opinion upheld the constitutional right to have an abortion while altering the standard for analyzing restrictions on that right, crafting the "undue burden" standard for abortion restrictions. "Planned Parenthood v. Casey" differs from "Roe," however, because under "Roe" the state could not regulate abortions in the first trimester whereas under "Planned Parenthood v. Casey" the state can regulate abortions in the first trimester, or any point before the point of viability, and beyond as long as that regulation does not pose an undue burden on women's fundamental right to an abortion. Applying this new standard of review, the Court upheld four regulations and invalidated the requirement of spousal notification.
+
+===== United States v. Olano =====
+United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725 (1993) , was a United States Supreme Court case that distinguished between forfeiture and waiver. Quoting from "Johnson v. Zerbst", 304 U.S. 458 (1938) , the Court noted, "Whereas forfeiture is the failure to make the timely assertion of a right, waiver is the "intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right... Whether a particular right is waivable; whether the defendant must participate personally in the waiver; whether certain procedures are required for waiver; and whether the defendant's choice must be particularly informed or voluntary, all depend on the right at stake."
+
+===== Ernie Preate =====
+Ernest D. Preate, Jr. (born November 22, 1940) is a former Republican Pennsylvania Attorney General. As Attorney General, he argued before the United States Supreme Court in the landmark case, Planned Parenthood of Southeast Pennsylvania v. Casey on behalf of Robert P. Casey, then governor of Pennsylvania. Preate also successfully argued another landmark case, Blystone v. Pennsylvania in the United States Supreme Court addressing the death penalty.
+
diff --git a/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/data/musique_corpus.txt b/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/data/musique_corpus.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d33723bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/data/musique_corpus.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+===== Mizraab =====
+Mizraab (Urdu: مضراب, literal English translation: "a plectrum made by hand from a continuous strand of iron used to strike the strings of the sitar") is a progressive rock and metal band from Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, formed in 1997. Founded by vocalist, lead guitarist and songwriter, Faraz Anwar, the band's initial line-up was with Faraz Anwar on vocals, Khalid Khan on bass and Akhtar Qayyum on percussions, since then there had been many changes in the line-up the only consistent member being Faraz himself. The band have been influential on many contemporary musical artists, and have gained a large cult following despite garnering little radio or music video airplay.
+
+===== India–Pakistan border =====
+Drafted and created based upon the Radcliffe line in 1947, the border, which divides Pakistan and India from each other, traverses a variety of terrains ranging from major urban areas to inhospitable deserts. Since the independence of India and Pakistan (see British India), the border has been a site of numerous conflicts and wars between each country, and is one of the most complex borders in the world. The border's total length is 2,900 km (1,800 mi), according to the figures given by the PBS; it is also one of the most dangerous borders in the world, based on an article written in the Foreign Policy in 2011. It can be seen from space at night due to the 150,000 flood lights installed by India on about 50 thousand poles.
+
+===== Suetonius Grant Heatly =====
+Suetonius Grant Heatly (sometimes spelled as "Heatley") (1751–1793) was a judge employed by the British East India Company and, with John Sumner, established what is considered to be the first coal mine in India.
+
+===== Hindus =====
+The word Hindu is derived from the Indo - Aryan and Sanskrit word Sindhu, which means ``a large body of water '', covering`` river, ocean''. It was used as the name of the Indus river and also referred to its tributaries. The actual term 'hindu' first occurs, states Gavin Flood, as ``a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: Sindhu) '', more specifically in the 6th - century BCE inscription of Darius I. The Punjab region, called Sapta Sindhava in the Vedas, is called Hapta Hindu in Zend Avesta. The 6th - century BCE inscription of Darius I mentions the province of Hi (n) dush, referring to northwestern India. The people of India were referred to as Hinduvān (Hindus) and hindavī was used as the adjective for Indian in the 8th century text Chachnama. The term 'Hindu' in these ancient records is an ethno - geographical term and did not refer to a religion. The Arabic equivalent Al - Hind likewise referred to the country of India.
+
+===== Islam in India =====
+Islam (Arabic: الإسلام) is the second-largest religion in India, with 14.2% of the country's population or approx. 200 million people identifying as adherents of Islam (2018 estimate). It makes India the country with the largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries. The majority of Indian Muslims belong to the Sunni sect of Islam. The religion first arrived at the western coast of India when Arab traders as early as the 7th century CE came to coastal Malabar and Konkan-Gujarat. Cheraman Juma Mosque in Kerala is thought to be the first mosque in India, built in 629 CE by Malik Deenar. Following an expedition by the governor of Bahrain to Bharuch in the 7th century CE, immigrant Arab and Persian trading communities from South Arabia and the Persian Gulf began settling in coastal Gujarat. Ismaili Shia Islam was introduced to Gujarat in the second half of the 11th century, when Fatimid Imam Al-Mustansir Billah sent missionaries to Gujarat in 467 AH/1073 CE. Islam arrived in North India in the 12th century via the Turkic invasions and has since become a part of India's religious and cultural heritage. Over the centuries, there has been significant integration of Hindu and Muslim cultures across India and Muslims have played a notable role in economics, politics, and culture of India.
+
+===== History of India =====
+Classical India refers to the period when much of the Indian subcontinent was reunited under the Gupta Empire (c. 320–550 CE). This period has been called the Golden Age of India and was marked by extensive achievements in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture. The Hindu-Arabic numerals, a positional numeral system, originated in India and was later transmitted to the West through the Arabs. Early Hindu numerals had only nine symbols, until 600 to 800 CE, when a symbol for zero was developed for the numeral system. The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors in India.
+
+===== 2018 Asia Cup =====
+Originally, the tournament was scheduled to be played in India. It was moved to the United Arab Emirates, following ongoing political tensions between India and Pakistan.
+
+===== Bihar Province =====
+Bihar Province was a province of British India, created in 1936 by the partition of the Bihar and Orissa Province.
+
+===== Casa Verona's Mosque =====
+Casa Verona's Mosque is a mosque in the Muthialpet area of Georgetown in Chennai, India. It is one of the oldest mosques in the city and was constructed by Casa Verona, a "dubash" of the British East India Company.
+
+===== Culture of India =====
+According to the 2011 census, 79.8% of the population of India practice Hinduism. Islam (14.2%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikhism (1.7%), Buddhism (0.7%) and Jainism (0.4%) are the other major religions followed by the people of India. Many tribal religions, such as Sarnaism, are found in India, though these have been affected by major religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity. Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and the Bahá'í Faith are also influential but their numbers are smaller. Atheism and agnostics also have visible influence in India, along with a self-ascribed tolerance to other faiths. According to a study conducted by the Pew Research Centre, India will have world's largest populations of Hindus and Muslims by 2050. India is expected to have about 311 million Muslims making up around 19–20% of the population and yet about 1.3 billion Hindus are projected to live in India comprising around 76% of the population.
+
+===== Partition of India =====
+The Partition of India was the division of British India in 1947 which accompanied the creation of two independent dominions, India and Pakistan. The Dominion of India is today the Republic of India, and the Dominion of Pakistan is today the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh. The partition involved the division of two provinces, Bengal and the Punjab, based on district-wise Hindu or Muslim majorities. The boundary demarcating India and Pakistan became known as the Radcliffe Line. It also involved the division of the British Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy, the Indian Civil Service, the railways, and the central treasury, between the two new dominions. The partition was set forth in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and resulted in the dissolution of the British Raj, as the British government there was called. The two self - governing countries of Pakistan and India legally came into existence at midnight on 14 -- 15 August 1947.
+
+===== Quit India Movement =====
+The Quit India Movement or the India August Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All - India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British Rule of India. The Cripps Mission had failed, and on 8 August 1942, Gandhi made a call to Do or Die in his Quit India speech delivered in Bombay at the Gowalia Tank Maidan. The All - India Congress Committee launched a mass protest demanding what Gandhi called ``An Orderly British Withdrawal ''from India. Even though it was wartime, the British were prepared to act. Almost the entire leadership of the INC was imprisoned without trial within hours of Gandhi's speech. Most spent the rest of the war in prison and out of contact with the masses. The British had the support of the Viceroy's Council (which had a majority of Indians), of the All India Muslim League, the princely states, the Indian Imperial Police, the British Indian Army and the Indian Civil Service. Many Indian businessmen profiting from heavy wartime spending did not support the Quit India Movement. Many students paid more attention to Subhas Chandra Bose, who was in exile and supporting the Axis Powers. The only outside support came from the Americans, as President Franklin D. Roosevelt pressured Prime Minister Winston Churchill to give in to some of the Indian demands. The Quit India campaign was effectively crushed. The British refused to grant immediate independence, saying it could happen only after the war had ended.
+
+===== List of governors-general of India =====
+After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the company rule was brought to an end, and the British India along with princely states came under the direct rule of the Crown. The Government of India Act 1858 created the office of Secretary of State for India in 1858 to oversee the affairs of India, which was advised by a new Council of India with 15 members (based in London). The existing Council of Four was formally renamed as the Council of Governor General of India or Executive Council of India. The Council of India was later abolished by Government of India Act 1935.
+
+===== Umayyad Caliphate =====
+From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was subdued only with difficulty, but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In India the Arab armies were defeated by the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and by the north Indian Pratiharas Dynasty in the 8th century and the Arabs were driven out of India. In the Caucasus, the confrontation with the Khazars peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established Derbent as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga, but the Khazars remained unsubdued.
+
+===== New Delhi =====
+Calcutta (now Kolkata) was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911. Calcutta had become the epicenter of the nationalist movements since the late nineteenth century led to the Partition of Bengal by then Viceroy of British India Lord Curzon. This created massive political and religious upsurge including political assassinations of British officials in Calcutta. The anti-colonial sentiments amongst public leading to complete boycott of British goods forced the colonial government to reunite the Bengal partition and immediate shift of the capital to New Delhi.
+
+===== Hinduism in Singapore =====
+Hindu religion and culture in Singapore can be traced back to the 7th century AD, when Temasek was a trading post of Hindu-Buddhist Srivijaya empire. A millennium later, a wave of immigrants from southern India were brought to Singapore, mostly as coolies and indentured labourers by the British East India Company and colonial British Empire. As with Malay peninsula, the British administration sought to stabilise a reliable labour force in its regional plantation and trading activities; it encouraged Hindus to bring family through the "kangani" system of migration, settle, build temples and segregated it into a community that later became Little India.
+
+===== Secretary of State for India =====
+The Secretary of State for India or India Secretary was the British Cabinet minister and the political head of the India Office responsible for the governance of the British Raj (India), Aden, and Burma. The post was created in 1858 when the East India Company's rule in Bengal ended and India except for the Princely States was brought under the direct administration of the government in London, beginning the official colonial period under the British Empire.
+
+===== Vallabhbhai Patel =====
+Vallabhbhai  Patel (31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950), popularly known as Sardar Patel, was an Indian politician. He served as the first Deputy Prime Minister of India. He was an Indian barrister and statesman, a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and a founding father of the Republic of India who played a leading role in the country's struggle for independence and guided its integration into a united, independent nation. In India and elsewhere, he was often called Sardar, meaning "chief" in Hindi, Urdu, and Persian. He acted as Home Minister during the political integration of India and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.Patel was raised in the countryside of state of Gujarat. He was a successful lawyer. He subsequently organised peasants from Kheda, Borsad, and Bardoli in Gujarat in non-violent civil disobedience against the British Raj, becoming one of the most influential leaders in Gujarat. He was appointed as the 49th President of Indian National Congress, organising the party for elections in 1934 and 1937 while promoting the Quit India Movement.
+
+===== Israel =====
+Israel (/ ˈɪzreɪəl /; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל ‎, Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل ‎), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ‎, Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل ‎), is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over East Jerusalem is not recognised internationally. The population of Israel was estimated in 2017 to be 8,777,580 people, of whom 74.7% were Jewish, 20.8% Arab and 4.5% others.
+
+===== Deuteronilus Mensae =====
+Deuteronilus Mensae is a region on Mars 937 km across and centered at . It covers 344°–325° West and 40°–48° North. Deuteronilus region lies just to the north of Arabia Terra and is included in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle. It is along the dichotomy boundary, that is between the old, heavily cratered southern highlands and the low plains of the northern hemisphere. The region contains flat-topped knobby terrain that may have been formed by glaciers at some time in the past. Deuteronilus Mensae is to the immediate west of Protonilus Mensae and Ismeniae Fossae. Glaciers persist in the region in modern times, with at least one glacier estimated to have formed as recently as 100,000 to 10,000 years ago. Recent evidence from the radar on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has shown that parts of Deuteronilus Mensae do indeed contain ice.
+
+===== Geography of Saudi Arabia =====
+The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. Its extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen (formerly two separate countries: the Yemen Arab Republic or North Yemen; and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen or South Yemen) are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 1% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts.
+
+===== Southampton =====
+Southampton Airport is a regional airport located in the town of Eastleigh, just north of the city. It offers flights to UK and near European destinations, and is connected to the city by a frequent rail service from Southampton Airport (Parkway) railway station, and by bus services.
+
+===== East Redonda Island =====
+East Redonda Island is a coastal island in British Columbia, Canada, part of the Discovery Islands archipelago. It lies just to the north of Desolation Sound Marine Park, which is located off the north end of the Malaspina Peninsula at the mouth of Toba Inlet within Electoral Area C of the Strathcona Regional District.
+
+===== Finger Lakes =====
+The Finger Lakes is a group of 11 long, narrow, roughly north -- south lakes in a region called the Finger Lakes region in Central New York, in the United States. This region is defined as a bioregion and is a popular tourist destination.
+
+===== Dobjoi =====
+Dobjoi is a village in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China north east of Shigatse. It lies at an altitude of 4,410 metres (14,471 feet).
+
+===== Ami'oz =====
+Ami'oz () is a moshav in southern Israel. Located in the Hevel Eshkol area of the north-western Negev desert near the border with the Gaza Strip, it falls under the jurisdiction of Eshkol Regional Council. In it had a population of .
+
+===== Andraž nad Polzelo =====
+Andraž nad Polzelo () is a settlement in the Municipality of Polzela in Slovenia. It lies in the Ložnica Hills north of Polzela and south of Velenje. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
+
+===== Brinovščica =====
+Brinovščica (; in older sources also "Brinošica", ) is a small settlement in the hills north of Sodražica in southern Slovenia. It lies in the Municipality of Ribnica, part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola, and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
+
+===== Wollaston Peninsula =====
+The Wollaston Peninsula (previously, Wollaston Land) is a west-pointing peninsula located on southwestern Victoria Island, Canada. It is bordered by Prince Albert Sound to the north, Amundsen Gulf to the west and Dolphin and Union Strait to the south. Most of the peninsula lies in Nunavut's Kitikmeot Region but a smaller portion lies within the Northwest Territories's Inuvik Region. The peninsula is long, and between wide. Its westernmost point is Cape Baring.
+
+===== Route 888 (Israel) =====
+Route 888 is a north-south regional highway in northern Israel. It begins at Beit Tzida junction with Highway 87 and ends at Beit HaMekhes junction with Highway 91.
+
+===== Cotton =====
+Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long frost-free period, plenty of sunshine, and a moderate rainfall, usually from 600 to 1,200 mm (24 to 47 in). Soils usually need to be fairly heavy, although the level of nutrients does not need to be exceptional. In general, these conditions are met within the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but a large proportion of the cotton grown today is cultivated in areas with less rainfall that obtain the water from irrigation. Production of the crop for a given year usually starts soon after harvesting the preceding autumn. Cotton is naturally a perennial but is grown as an annual to help control pests. Planting time in spring in the Northern hemisphere varies from the beginning of February to the beginning of June. The area of the United States known as the South Plains is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world. While dryland (non-irrigated) cotton is successfully grown in this region, consistent yields are only produced with heavy reliance on irrigation water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer. Since cotton is somewhat salt and drought tolerant, this makes it an attractive crop for arid and semiarid regions. As water resources get tighter around the world, economies that rely on it face difficulties and conflict, as well as potential environmental problems. For example, improper cropping and irrigation practices have led to desertification in areas of Uzbekistan, where cotton is a major export. In the days of the Soviet Union, the Aral Sea was tapped for agricultural irrigation, largely of cotton, and now salination is widespread.
+
+===== Hevel Eilot Regional Council =====
+Hevel Eilot Regional Council (, "Mo'atza Azorit Hevel Eilot") is a regional council in the Southern District of Israel, near the city of Eilat. It is the southernmost regional council in Israel.
+
+===== Rock Island (Nunavut) =====
+Rock Island is an uninhabited island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located in Davis Strait, southeast of Baffin Island's Cumberland Peninsula and north of Auyuittuq National Park Reserve. Other islands in the immediate vicinity include Kekertaluk Island, Nedlukseak Island, Nudlung Island, Pilektuak Island, and Satigsun Island.
+
+===== Tzelafon =====
+Tzelafon () is a moshav in central Israel. Located to the north of Beit Shemesh, it falls under the jurisdiction of Mateh Yehuda Regional Council. In it had a population of .
+
+===== Gazit =====
+Gazit () is a kibbutz in northern Israel. Located in the Galilee, it falls under the jurisdiction of Jezreel Valley Regional Council. In it had a population of .
+
+===== Manitung Island =====
+Manitung Island is an uninhabited island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located in Davis Strait, southeast of Baffin Island's Cumberland Peninsula and north of Auyuittuq National Park Reserve. Other islands in the immediate vicinity include Alikdjuak Island, Kekertaluk Island, Nedlukseak Island, and Nudlung Island.
+
+===== North Gosford, New South Wales =====
+North Gosford is a south-eastern suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia immediately north-east of Gosford's central business district. It is part of the local government area.
+
+===== Shiraz =====
+Shiraz is the economic center of southern Iran. The second half of the 19th century witnessed certain economic developments that greatly changed the economy of Shiraz. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 allowed the extensive import into southern Iran of inexpensive European factory-made goods, either directly from Europe or via India. Farmers in unprecedented numbers began planting cash crops such as opium poppy, tobacco, and cotton. Many of these export crops passed through Shiraz on their way to the Persian Gulf. Iranian long-distance merchants from Fars developed marketing networks for these commodities, establishing trading houses in Bombay, Calcutta, Port Said, Istanbul and even Hong Kong.Shiraz's economic base is in its provincial products, which include grapes, citrus fruits, cotton and rice. Industries such as cement production, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs dominate. Shirāz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran's electronic industries. 53% of Iran's electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz.
+
+===== Switzerland =====
+By 1200, the Swiss plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy, Zähringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg. Some regions (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, later known as Waldstätten) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes. With the extinction of its male line in 1263 the Kyburg dynasty fell in AD 1264; then the Habsburgs under King Rudolph I (Holy Roman Emperor in 1273) laid claim to the Kyburg lands and annexed them extending their territory to the eastern Swiss plateau.
+
+===== Monarchy of the United Kingdom =====
+The British monarchy traces its origins from the petty kingdoms of early medieval Scotland and Anglo-Saxon England, which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland by the 10th century. England was conquered by the Normans in 1066, after which Wales too gradually came under control of Anglo-Normans. The process was completed in the 13th century when the Principality of Wales became a client state of the English kingdom. Meanwhile, Magna Carta began a process of reducing the English monarch's political powers. From 1603, the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, which followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics, or those who married them, from succession to the English throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The British monarch was the nominal head of the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the world's surface at its greatest extent in 1921.
+
+===== British Empire =====
+The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 13,000,000 sq mi (33,670,000 km2), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, the phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" was often used to describe the British Empire, because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.
+
+===== Habsburg–Persian alliance =====
+A Habsburg–Persian alliance (Persian: اتحاد پارس-هاسبورگ), Habsburg-Safavid alliance (اتحاد صفوی-هاسبورگ) or Hubsburg-Iran alliance (اتحاد ایران-هابسبورگ) was attempted and to a certain extent achieved in the 16th century between the Habsburg Empire and the Safavid Empire in their common conflict against the Ottoman Empire.
+
+===== Thuringia =====
+Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806. The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the German Confederation; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia. The coat of arms of this new state was simpler than they had been previously.
+
+===== Somalis =====
+In the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-colonial wars ever. The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. As a result of its successes against the British, the Dervish State received support from the Ottoman and German empires. The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation, and the Germans promised to officially recognize any territories the Dervishes were to acquire. After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920, when Britain for the first time in Africa used airplanes to bomb the Dervish capital of Taleex. As a result of this bombardment, former Dervish territories were turned into a protectorate of Britain. Italy similarly faced the same opposition from Somali Sultans and armies and did not acquire full control of parts of modern Somalia until the Fascist era in late 1927. This occupation lasted till 1941 and was replaced by a British military administration.
+
+===== Kingdom of Judah =====
+The Kingdom of Judah (Hebrew: מַמְלֶכֶת יְהוּדָה ‎, Mamlekhet Yehudāh) was an Iron Age kingdom of the Southern Levant. The Hebrew Bible depicts it as the successor to a United Monarchy, but historians are divided about the veracity of this account. In the 10th and early 9th centuries BCE the territory of Judah appears to have been sparsely populated, limited to small rural settlements, most of them unfortified. Jerusalem, the kingdom's capital, likely did not emerge as a significant administrative centre until the end of the 8th century; prior to this archaeological evidence suggests its population was too small to sustain a viable kingdom. In the 7th century its population increased greatly, prospering under Assyrian vassalage (despite Hezekiah's revolt against the Assyrian king Sennacherib), but in 605 the Assyrian Empire was defeated, and the ensuing competition between the Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt and the Neo-Babylonian Empire for control of the Eastern Mediterranean led to the destruction of the kingdom in a series of campaigns between 597 and 582, the deportation of the elite of the community, and the incorporation of Judah into a province of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
+
+===== Szlachta =====
+Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1–3%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921.
+
+===== Josef Philipp Vukassovich =====
+Baron Josef Philipp Vukassovich (; 1755 – 9 August 1809) was a Croatian soldier who joined the army of Habsburg Monarchy and fought against both Ottoman Empire and the First French Republic. During the French Revolutionary Wars, he commanded a brigade in the 1796–1797 Italian campaign against Napoleon Bonaparte. He led a division during the Napoleonic Wars and received a fatal wound in action.
+
+===== United Kingdom =====
+Prior to the creation of the UK, Wales had been conquered and annexed by the Kingdom of England. This meant that the United Kingdom created in 1707 by the Treaty of Union between England and Scotland encompassed all of Great Britain. The Kingdom of Ireland merged with this state in 1801 to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five - sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. There are fourteen British Overseas Territories, the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land mass and was the largest empire in history. British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies.
+
+===== Powder keg of Europe =====
+The powder keg of Europe or Balkan powder keg was the Balkans in the early part of the 20th century preceding World War I. There were a number of overlapping claims to territories and spheres of influence between the major European powers such as the Russian Empire, the Austro - Hungarian Empire, the German Empire and, to a lesser degree, the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom and Kingdom of Italy.
+
+===== Bukovina =====
+A region of Moldavia during the Middle Ages, the territory of what became known as Bukovina was, from 1774 to 1918, an administrative division of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire, and Austria-Hungary. After World War I, Romania established its control over Bukovina. In 1940, the northern half of Bukovina was annexed by the Soviet Union in violation of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, and currently is part of Ukraine.
+
+===== Late Middle Ages =====
+Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels.
+
+===== County of Gorizia =====
+While the Lienz area was administrated with the Tyrolean crown land, the "inner county" of Gorizia remained an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the Inner Austrian Archdukes as part of the Austrian Circle, governed by a "capitano". Its territory included the Isonzo Valley down to Aquileia, the area of Cormons and Duino, and the former Venetian fortress of Gradisca, which was conquered by Imperial troops in 1511. Monfalcone formed a Venetian exclave in the county from 1420 to 1797. In 1647 Emperor Ferdinand III separated the "Principality of Gradisca" from Gorizia for his courtier Johann Anton von Eggenberg, until in 1747 both were again merged to form the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca, a crown land of the Habsburg Monarchy.
+
+===== Louisiana Purchase =====
+The Kingdom of France controlled the Louisiana territory from 1699 until it was ceded to Spain in 1762. In 1800, Napoleon, then the First Consul of the French Republic, hoping to re-establish an empire in North America, regained ownership of Louisiana. However, France's failure to put down the revolt in Saint - Domingue, coupled with the prospect of renewed warfare with the United Kingdom, prompted Napoleon to sell Louisiana to the United States to fund his military. The Americans originally sought to purchase only the port city of New Orleans and its adjacent coastal lands, but quickly accepted the bargain. The Louisiana Purchase occurred during the term of the third President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson. Before the purchase was finalized, the decision faced Federalist Party opposition; they argued that it was unconstitutional to acquire any territory. Jefferson agreed that the U.S. Constitution did not contain explicit provisions for acquiring territory, but he asserted that his constitutional power to negotiate treaties was sufficient.
+
+===== Kingdom of Greece =====
+The Kingdom succeeded from the Greek provisional governments after the Greek War of Independence, and lasted until 1924. In 1924 the monarchy was abolished, and the Second Hellenic Republic was established, after Greece's defeat by Turkey in the Asia Minor Campaign. It lasted until 1935, when it was overthrown by a military coup d'état which restored the monarchy. The restored Kingdom of Greece lasted from 1935 to 1973. The Kingdom was again dissolved in the aftermath of the seven-year military dictatorship (1967–1974), and the Third Republic, the current Greek state, came to be, after a popular referendum.
+
+===== Near East =====
+If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already formed in 1882), which were in part a cause of World War I. By its end in 1918 three empires were gone, a fourth was about to fall to revolution, and two more, the British and French, were forced to yield in revolutions started under the aegis of their own ideologies.
+
+===== Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty =====
+The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang and Nyima write that this was due to old age and physical weakness, and also because of efforts being made to build three major monasteries. Chen Qingying states that Tsongkhapa wrote a letter to decline the Emperor's invitation, and in this reply, Tsongkhapa wrote:
+
+===== Nanjing =====
+A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry (located some 15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum), where a gigantic stele, cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor, lies abandoned, just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it.
+
+===== Haifa District =====
+Haifa District (, "Mehoz Ḥeifa"; ) is an administrative district surrounding the city of Haifa, Israel. The district is one of seven administrative districts of Israel, and its capital is Haifa. The district land area is 864 km (299.3 mi).
+
+===== Qing dynasty =====
+The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries[c]), each headed by two presidents[d] and assisted by four vice presidents.[e] In contrast to the Ming system, however, Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen and Han officials who had passed the highest levels of the state examinations. The Grand Secretariat,[f] which had been an important policy-making body under the Ming, lost its importance during the Qing and evolved into an imperial chancery. The institutions which had been inherited from the Ming formed the core of the Qing "Outer Court," which handled routine matters and was located in the southern part of the Forbidden City.
+
+===== Zheng He =====
+Zheng He (Chinese: 鄭和; 1371 -- 1433 or 1435) was a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and enslaved court eunuch during China's early Ming dynasty. He was originally born as Ma He in a Muslim family, later adopted the conferred surname Zheng from Emperor Yongle. Zheng commanded expeditionary voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, Western Asia, and East Africa from 1405 to 1433. His larger ships stretched 120 meters or more in length. These carried hundreds of sailors on four tiers of decks.
+
+===== Abuja =====
+Abuja (/ əˈbuːdʒə /) is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s, replacing the country's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991. Abuja's geography is defined by Aso Rock, a 400 - metre (1,300 ft) monolith left by water erosion. The Presidential Complex, National Assembly, Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock. Zuma Rock, a 792 - metre (2,598 ft) monolith, lies just north of the city on the road to Kaduna State.
+
+===== Coquimbito =====
+Coquimbito is a rural district in the Maipú Department, Mendoza Province, Argentina. It is located in the southeast of the metropolitan area of Mendoza (the provincial capital), and is administratively part of the municipality of Maipú. The name refers to the Chilean port city of Coquimbo.
+
+===== Guangling District =====
+Guangling District () is one of three districts of Yangzhou, Jiangsu province, China. The district includes the eastern half of Yangzhou's main urban area (including Yangzhou's historic center within the former city wall), and the city's eastern suburbs. The other half of the city's main urban area is in Hanjiang District.
+
+===== Art theft and looting during World War II =====
+Art theft and looting occurred on a massive scale during World War II. It originated with the policies of the Axis countries, primarily Nazi Germany and Japan, which systematically looted occupied territories. Near the end of the war the Soviet Union, in turn, began looting reclaimed and occupied territories. "The grand scale of looted artwork by the Nazis has resulted in the loss of many pieces being scattered across the world." (Minyard, 2007)
+
+===== Korean War =====
+In contrast, the ROK Army defenders were relatively unprepared and ill-equipped. In South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu (1961), R.E. Appleman reports the ROK forces' low combat readiness as of 25 June 1950. The ROK Army had 98,000 soldiers (65,000 combat, 33,000 support), no tanks (they had been requested from the U.S. military, but requests were denied), and a 22-piece air force comprising 12 liaison-type and 10 AT6 advanced-trainer airplanes. There were no large foreign military garrisons in Korea at the time of the invasion, but there were large U.S. garrisons and air forces in Japan.
+
+===== Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain =====
+In the course of his Gallic Wars, Julius Caesar invaded Britain twice: in 55 and 54 BC. The first invasion, in late summer, was unsuccessful, gaining the Romans little else besides a beachhead on the coast of Kent. The second invasion achieved more: the Romans installed a king, Mandubracius, who was friendly to Rome, and they forced the submission of Mandubracius's rival, Cassivellaunus. No territory was conquered and held for Rome; instead, all Roman - occupied territory was restored to the allied Trinovantes, along with the promised tribute of the other tribes in what is now eastern England.
+
+===== Czech Republic =====
+Czechoslovakia remained the only democracy in this part of Europe in the interwar period. However, the Czech part of Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany in World War II, while the Slovak region became the Slovak Republic; Czechoslovakia was liberated in 1945 by the armies of the Soviet Union and the United States. The Czech country lost the majority of its German - speaking inhabitants after they were expelled following the war. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia won the 1946 elections and after the 1948 coup d'état, Czechoslovakia became a one - party communist state under Soviet influence. In 1968, increasing dissatisfaction with the regime culminated in a reform movement known as the Prague Spring, which ended in a Soviet - led invasion. Czechoslovakia remained occupied until the 1989 Velvet Revolution, when the communist regime collapsed and market economy was reintroduced. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the EU in 2004.
+
+===== Paul Bader =====
+Paul Bader (20 July 1883 – 28 February 1971) was a "General der Artillerie" (lieutenant general) of the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the 2nd Motorized Infantry Division in the invasions of Poland and France then served as a corps commander and as Military Commander in Serbia. During his time in occupied Yugoslavia troops under his command engaged in several major anti-Partisan operations, within both the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia and in the Independent State of Croatia.
+
+===== Warsaw Pact =====
+The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion.
+
+===== Josip Broz Tito =====
+Because of its neutrality, Yugoslavia would often be rare among Communist countries to have diplomatic relations with right-wing, anti-Communist governments. For example, Yugoslavia was the only communist country allowed to have an embassy in Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay. One notable exception to Yugoslavia's neutral stance toward anti-communist countries was Chile under Pinochet; Yugoslavia was one of many countries which severed diplomatic relations with Chile after Salvador Allende was overthrown. Yugoslavia also provided military aid and arms supplies to staunchly anti-Communist regimes such as that of Guatemala under Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García.
+
+===== Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact =====
+Nazi Germany terminated the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact at 03:15 on 22 June 1941 by launching a massive attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland which marked the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa. Stalin had ignored several warnings that Germany was likely to invade, and ordered no 'full-scale' mobilization of forces although the mobilization was ongoing. After the launch of the invasion, the territories gained by the Soviet Union as a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact were lost in a matter of weeks. Within six months, the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties, and Germany had captured three million Soviet prisoners. The lucrative export of Soviet raw materials to Nazi Germany over the course of the Nazi–Soviet economic relations (1934–41) continued uninterrupted until the outbreak of hostilities. The Soviet exports in several key areas enabled Germany to maintain its stocks of rubber and grain from the first day of the invasion until October 1941.
+
+===== 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania =====
+The 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania was an oral ultimatum which Joachim von Ribbentrop, Foreign Minister of Nazi Germany, presented to Juozas Urbšys, Foreign Minister of Lithuania on 20 March 1939. The Germans demanded that Lithuania give up the Klaipėda Region (also known as the Memel Territory) which had been detached from Germany after World War I, or the Wehrmacht would invade Lithuania. The Lithuanians had been expecting the demand after years of rising tension between Lithuania and Germany, increasing pro-Nazi propaganda in the region, and continued German expansion. It was issued just five days after the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia. The 1924 Klaipėda Convention had guaranteed the protection of the status quo in the region, but the four signatories to that convention did not offer any material assistance. The United Kingdom and France followed a policy of appeasement, while Italy and Japan openly supported Germany, and Lithuania was forced to accept the ultimatum on 22 March. It proved to be the last territorial acquisition for Germany before World War II, producing a major downturn in Lithuania's economy and escalating pre-war tensions for Europe as a whole.
+
+===== Greece =====
+Greece was eventually occupied by the Nazis who proceeded to administer Athens and Thessaloniki, while other regions of the country were given to Nazi Germany's partners, Fascist Italy and Bulgaria. The occupation brought about terrible hardships for the Greek civilian population. Over 100,000 civilians died of starvation during the winter of 1941–1942, tens of thousands more died because of reprisals by Nazis and collaborators, the country's economy was ruined and the great majority of Greek Jews were deported and murdered in Nazi concentration camps. The Greek Resistance, one of the most effective resistance movements in Europe fought vehemently against the Nazis and their collaborators. The German occupiers committed numerous atrocities, mass executions, and wholesale slaughter of civilians and destruction of towns and villages in reprisals. In the course of the concerted anti-guerrilla campaign, hundreds of villages were systematically torched and almost 1,000,000 Greeks left homeless. In total, the Germans executed some 21,000 Greeks, the Bulgarians 40,000 and the Italians 9,000.
+
+===== Normandy landings =====
+The Normandy landings were the landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. Codenamed Operation Neptune and often referred to as D-Day, it was the largest seaborne invasion in history. The operation began the liberation of German-occupied France (and later western Europe) from Nazi control, and laid the foundations of the Allied victory on the Western Front.
+
+===== United States Army =====
+Currently, the army is divided into the Regular Army, the Army Reserve, and the Army National Guard. The army is also divided into major branches such as Air Defense Artillery, Infantry, Aviation, Signal Corps, Corps of Engineers, and Armor. Before 1903 members of the National Guard were considered state soldiers unless federalized (i.e., activated) by the President. Since the Militia Act of 1903 all National Guard soldiers have held dual status: as National Guardsmen under the authority of the governor of their state or territory and, when activated, as a reserve of the U.S. Army under the authority of the President.
+
+===== Iron Dome =====
+Iron Dome (, "") is a mobile all-weather air defense system developed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries. The system is designed to intercept and destroy short-range rockets and artillery shells fired from distances of to away and whose trajectory would take them to an Israeli populated area. Israel hopes to increase the range of Iron Dome's interceptions, from the current maximum of to and make it more versatile so that it could intercept rockets coming from two directions simultaneously.
+
+===== Łódź Ghetto =====
+The Łódź Ghetto or Litzmannstadt Ghetto (after the Nazi German name of Łódź) was a World War II ghetto established by the Nazi German authorities for Polish Jews and Roma following the 1939 invasion of Poland. It was the second-largest ghetto in all of German-occupied Europe after the Warsaw Ghetto. Situated in the city of Łódź, and originally intended as a preliminary step upon a more extensive plan of creating the "Judenfrei" province of Warthegau, the ghetto was transformed into a major industrial centre, manufacturing war supplies for Nazi Germany and especially for the German Army. The number of people incarcerated in it was augmented further by the Jews deported from the Third Reich territories.
+
+===== Portugal =====
+The armed forces have three branches: Navy, Army and Air Force. They serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. As of 2008, the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including 7,500 women. Portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was $5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP. Military conscription was abolished in 2004. The minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years.
+
+===== AGM-86 ALCM =====
+The AGM-86 ALCM is an American subsonic air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) built by Boeing and operated by the United States Air Force. This missile was developed to increase the effectiveness and survivability of the Boeing B-52H Stratofortress bomber. In combination, the missile dilutes an enemy's forces and complicates air defense of its territory.
+
+===== Iron Beam =====
+Iron Beam (, "") is an air defense system which is in development by Israeli defense contractor Rafael Advanced Defense Systems. Unveiled at the Singapore Air Show on February 11, 2014. The system is designed to destroy short-range rockets, artillery, and mortars with a range of up to , too small for the Iron Dome system to intercept effectively. In addition, the system could also intercept unmanned aerial vehicles. Iron Beam will use a "directed high energy laser beam" to destroy hostile targets with ranges of up to . Iron Beam will constitute the fifth element of Israel's integrated air defense system, in addition to Arrow 2, Arrow 3, David's Sling, and Iron Dome. However, Iron Beam is also a stand-alone system.
+
+===== Riverside Plaza =====
+Riverside Plaza is a modernist and brutalist apartment complex designed by Ralph Rapson that opened in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1973. Situated on the edge of downtown Minneapolis in the Cedar-Riverside neighborhood, and next to both the University of Minnesota's West Bank and Augsburg University, the site contains the 39-story McKnight Building, the tallest structure outside of the city's central business district. Initially known as Cedar Square West, exterior shots of the complex were featured on television as the residence of Mary Richards in sixth and seventh seasons of "The Mary Tyler Moore Show".
+
+===== Mississippi River =====
+The Mississippi River has the world's fourth - largest drainage basin (``watershed ''or`` catchment''). The basin covers more than 1,245,000 square miles (3,220,000 km), including all or parts of 31 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. The drainage basin empties into the Gulf of Mexico, part of the Atlantic Ocean. The total catchment of the Mississippi River covers nearly 40% of the landmass of the continental United States. The highest point within the watershed is also the highest point of the Rocky Mountains, Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet (4,400 m).
+
+===== Cedar Bayou =====
+Cedar Bayou is a salt water channel on the Texas coast that separates San Jose Island from Matagorda Island. The pass serves as a water exchange between the Gulf of Mexico and the San Antonio, Matagorda and Aransas Bay systems.
+
+===== Gulf of Mexico =====
+The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf's basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucatán Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi).
+
+===== Imperial Valley =====
+The Imperial Valley extends southward for 50 miles (80 km) from the southern end of the Salton Sea into Mexico. Part of a trough stretching from the Coachella Valley to the Gulf of California, it is almost entirely below sea level -- 235 feet (72 m) below at the edge of the Salton Sea. Its hot desert climate is characterized by daily temperature extremes. It was once part of the Gulf of California, from which it was cut off by the dam - like deposits of the Colorado River Delta Fan as it carved out the Grand Canyon. Bordered by sand dunes and barren mountains, it was uninhabited until 1901, when the Imperial Canal was opened and diverted Colorado River water into the valley through Mexico. Flood - waters in 1905 -- 07 destroyed the irrigation channels and created the Salton Sea now filled by the New River and irrigation run - off. The rivers in the southern part of the Salton Sea river basin flow south to north.
+
+===== Minneapolis =====
+Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abundantly rich in water, with 13 lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber. The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle. As of 2018, Minneapolis was home to 6 Fortune 500 companies, and the Twin Cities were the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States. As an integral link to the global economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city.
+
+===== One Tree Hill (season 3) =====
+The aftermath of the school shooting and the death of Jimmy Edwards force everyone in Tree Hill to examine their lives. Nathan reassesses his relationship with Haley, while Brooke and Rachel join forces to heal the student body. Dan must deal with the ramifications of killing Keith. Lucas and Peyton consider the implications of their kiss in the library.
+
+===== Perdido River =====
+Perdido River, historically Rio Perdido (1763), is a river in the U.S. states of Alabama and Florida; the Perdido, a designated Outstanding Florida Waters river, forms part of the boundary between the two states along nearly its entire length and drains into the Gulf of Mexico. During the early 19th century it played a central role in a series of rotating boundary changes and disputes among France, Spain, Great Britain, and the United States.
+
+===== Colorado River (Texas) =====
+Its drainage basin and some of its usually dry tributaries extend into New Mexico. It flows generally southeast from Dawson County through Ballinger, Marble Falls, Austin, Bastrop, Smithville, La Grange, Columbus, Wharton, and Bay City before emptying into the Gulf of Mexico at Matagorda Bay.
+
+===== Art Annex =====
+The Art Annex is a historic building on the campus of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Built in 1926, it originally served as the university's library. The building was designed by Trost & Trost and Elson H. Norris and features a Mayan-influenced hybrid form of Pueblo Revival architecture. It was listed in the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties in 1975 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
+
+===== Cả River =====
+The Cả River (Laotian: Nam Khan, Vietnamese: Sông Cả or better known as sông Lam or Lam River wikt:蓝) is a river in mainland Southeast Asia. It originates in the Loi Mountains of Laos, crossing Laos's Xiangkhouang Province, Vietnam's Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh provinces and empties into the Gulf of Tonkin, on the North Central Coast of Vietnam, after a 512 km journey. The Cả River zone is classified as 300 km by the Vietnam Geographical Survey. The Bến Thủy bridge, crossing into Bến Thủy, Vinh, crosses the Cả River on its Cửa Hội estuary.
+
+===== Seama, New Mexico =====
+Seama is a census-designated place (CDP) in Cibola County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 465 at the 2010 census.
+
+===== Southeast Library =====
+Southeast Library's building was designed by master architect Ralph Rapson and originally functioned as a credit union for university and state employees. It opened as a library in 1967. The State Capitol Credit Union building at 1222 Fourth Street Southeast was purchased to be converted into a library on December 29, 1966. It opened as the new Southeast Library on December 26, 1967.
+
+===== Paguate, New Mexico =====
+Paguate is a census-designated place (CDP) in Cibola County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 421 at the 2010 census.
+
+===== Belview, Virginia =====
+Belview is a census-designated place in Montgomery County, Virginia, just southeast of Radford Army Ammunition Plant. The population as of the 2010 Census was 891.
+
+===== Clearwater River (Quebec) =====
+The Clearwater River (in French: Rivière à l'Eau Claire) is a river flowing on the east shore of Lake Guillaume-Delisle (formerly designated "Richmond Gulf"), which empties into the Hudson Bay. The "Clearwater River" is located in Nunavik, in the west of the Labrador peninsula, in the administrative region of Nord-du-Québec, in Quebec, in Canada. This river drains Clearwater Lake into Lac Guillaume-Delisle.
+
+===== Beaurivage River =====
+The Beaurivage River is a river in Quebec that flows from Thetford Mines and empties in the Chaudière River, near Saint-Romuald, Quebec. It is a body of water mostly known for its annual canoe race beginning at Saint-Patrice-de-Beaurivage, Quebec and finishing at Saint-Gilles, Quebec.
+
+===== Hurricane Katrina =====
+The storm originated over the Bahamas on August 23, 2005, from the merger of a tropical wave and the remnants of Tropical Depression Ten. Early on the following day, the new tropical depression intensified into a tropical storm and headed generally westward toward Florida, strengthening into a hurricane only two hours before making landfall at Hallandale Beach and Aventura on August 25. After very briefly weakening again to a tropical storm, Katrina emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on August 26 and began to rapidly intensify. The storm strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane over the warm waters of the Gulf, but weakened before making its second landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on August 29, over southeast Louisiana and Mississippi. As Katrina made landfall, its front right quadrant, which held the strongest winds, slammed into Gulfport, Mississippi, devastating it.
+
+===== Dwight D. Eisenhower =====
+That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas, the last time a funeral train has been used as part of funeral proceedings of an American president. His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. The president's body was buried as a General of the Army. The family used an $80 standard soldier's casket, and dressed Eisenhower's body in his famous short green jacket. His only medals worn were: the Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud, who died at age 3 in 1921. His wife Mamie was buried next to him after her death in 1979.
+
+===== Territorial waters =====
+Territorial waters or a territorial sea, as defined by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, is a belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) from the baseline (usually the mean low - water mark) of a coastal state. The territorial sea is regarded as the sovereign territory of the state, although foreign ships (civilian) are allowed innocent passage through it, or transit passage for straits; this sovereignty also extends to the airspace over and seabed below. Adjustment of these boundaries is called, in international law, maritime delimitation.
+
+===== Wilkes Land =====
+Wilkes Land is a large district of land in eastern Antarctica, formally claimed by Australia as part of the Australian Antarctic Territory, though the validity of this claim has been placed for the period of the operation of the Antarctic Treaty, to which Australia is a signatory. It fronts on the southern Indian Ocean between Queen Mary Coast and Adelie Land, extending from Cape Hordern in 100°31' E to Pourquoi Pas Point, in 136°11' E. The region extends as a sector about 2600 km towards the South Pole, with an estimated land area of 2,600,000 km², mostly glaciated. It is further subdivided in the following coastal areas which can also be thought of as sectors extending to the South Pole:
+
+===== Kanije Eyalet =====
+The province of Kanije was established in 1600 after the town of Kanije was captured from Habsburgs. This newly conquered area was joined with territory of Zigetvar Province, which was formed in 1596 from some sanjaks of Budin Province (which had been expanded as a result of the Ottoman territorial gains during the Long War) and Bosnia Province. The Kanije Eyalet existed until the capture of Kanije by Habsburg Monarchy in 1690. It was formally ceded to Habsburg Monarchy by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699.
+
+===== San Diego =====
+Stockton and Kearny went on to recover Los Angeles and force the capitulation of Alta California with the "Treaty of Cahuenga" on January 13, 1847. As a result of the Mexican–American War of 1846–48, the territory of Alta California, including San Diego, was ceded to the United States by Mexico, under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The Mexican negotiators of that treaty tried to retain San Diego as part of Mexico, but the Americans insisted that San Diego was "for every commercial purpose of nearly equal importance to us with that of San Francisco," and the Mexican-American border was eventually established to be one league south of the southernmost point of San Diego Bay, so as to include the entire bay within the United States.
+
+===== Falling Waters, West Virginia =====
+Falling Waters is a census-designated place (CDP) on the Potomac River in Berkeley County, West Virginia. It is located along Williamsport Pike (US 11) north of Martinsburg. According to the 2010 census, Falling Waters has a population of 876. An 1887 "Scientific American" article claimed that the first U.S. railroad was built in Falling Waters in 1814.
+
+===== Linden Hills Library =====
+Linden Hills Library is a public library in the Linden Hills neighborhood of southwest Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The branch library originally opened in 1911 on the first floor of the Lake Harriet Commercial Club building. In 1931, under the leadership of Minneapolis Public Library's chief librarian Gratia Countryman, the library moved into its own building on 2900 West 43rd Street. Area resident Joseph Victor Vanderbilt designed the library in the Tudor Revival style. Head librarian Edith Frost served for over thirty years. The library has also hosted community groups such as children's clubs, neighborhood groups, and women's organizations. The library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 and renovated in 2002.
+
+===== Secchi disk =====
+The Secchi disk, as created in 1865 by Angelo Secchi, is a plain white, circular disk in diameter used to measure water transparency or turbidity in bodies of water. The disc is mounted on a pole or line, and lowered slowly down in the water. The depth at which the disk is no longer visible is taken as a measure of the transparency of the water. This measure is known as the Secchi depth and is related to water turbidity. Since its invention, the disk has also been used in a modified, smaller diameter, black and white design to measure freshwater transparency.
+
+===== French and Indian War =====
+The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo - French conflict. France ceded to Great Britain its territory east of the Mississippi. It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain in compensation for Spain's loss to Britain of Florida. (Spain had ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba.) France's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, confirming Great Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America.
+
+===== Northwest Territories =====
+Located in northern Canada, the territory borders Canada's two other territories, Yukon to the west and Nunavut to the east, as well as three provinces: British Columbia to the southwest, and Alberta and Saskatchewan to the south. It possibly meets Manitoba at a quadripoint to the extreme southeast, though surveys have not been completed. It has a land area of 1,183,085 km2 (456,792 sq mi).Geographical features include Great Bear Lake, the largest lake entirely within Canada, and Great Slave Lake, the deepest body of water in North America at 614 m (2,014 ft), as well as the Mackenzie River and the canyons of the Nahanni National Park Reserve, a national park and UNESCO World Heritage Site. Territorial islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago include Banks Island, Borden Island, Prince Patrick Island, and parts of Victoria Island and Melville Island. Its highest point is Mount Nirvana near the border with Yukon at an elevation of 2,773 m (9,098 ft).
+
+===== Pimpirev Glacier =====
+Pimpirev Glacier (Pimpirev Lednik \pim-'pi-rev 'led-nik\) on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is situated south of the glacial divide between the Drake Passage and Bransfield Strait, southeast of Tundzha Glacier, southwest of Saedinenie Snowfield, west of Perunika Glacier and east-northeast of Kamchiya Glacier. The feature extends 5.5 km in a southeast-northwest direction, and 1.8 km in northwest-southeast direction. The glacier drains southeastwards towards Pimpirev Beach, mostly terminating on the shore, and on several occasions penetrating the South Bay waters east-northeast of Ereby Point.
+
+===== Stinson Beach, California =====
+Stinson Beach is a census-designated place in Marin County, California, on the west coast of the United States. Stinson Beach is located east-southeast of Bolinas, at an elevation of 26 feet (8 m). The population of the Stinson Beach CDP (census-designated place) was 632 at the 2010 census.
+
+===== Clerke Rocks =====
+The Clerke Rocks are a group of small rocky islands some southeast of South Georgia that extend from east to west. The Clerke Rocks include The Office Boys () at the northeastern end and Nobby (Spanish: "Islote Llamativo" or "Roca Notable") at the southeastern end of the group. The islands belong to the British Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and are also claimed by Argentina as part of Tierra del Fuego Province.
+
+===== Military history of the United States =====
+In the Treaty of Paris after the Revolution, the British had ceded the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States, without consulting the Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw and other smaller tribes who lived there. Because many of the tribes had fought as allies of the British, the United States compelled tribal leaders to sign away lands in postwar treaties, and began dividing these lands for settlement. This provoked a war in the Northwest Territory in which the U.S. forces performed poorly; the Battle of the Wabash in 1791 was the most severe defeat ever suffered by the United States at the hands of American Indians. President Washington dispatched a newly trained army to the region, which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.
+
+===== Justice, West Virginia =====
+Justice is a census-designated place in Mingo County, West Virginia, United States. Justice is located on U.S. Route 52 southeast of Gilbert. Justice has a post office with ZIP code 24851. As of the 2010 census, its population was 412.
+
+===== Geography of the United States =====
+The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean.
+
+===== Mike Trout =====
+He started his professional career in 2009 playing for the Arizona Angels of the rookie - level Arizona League, hitting. 360 with a. 418 OBP and. 506 SLG with one home run, 25 runs batted in (RBIs), and 13 stolen bases in 187 plate appearances over 39 games. He was beaten out in being named AZL Most Valuable Player by Cody Decker. He finished the season playing for the Cedar Rapids Kernels of the Class A Midwest League, hitting. 267 over 20 plate appearances in five games.
+
+===== Roberto Clemente =====
+Roberto Clemente Clemente in the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve, 1958 Right fielder Born: (1934 - 08 - 18) August 18, 1934 Barrio San Antón, Carolina, Puerto Rico Died: December 31, 1972 (1972 - 12 - 31) (aged 38) San Juan, Puerto Rico Batted: Right Threw: Right MLB debut April 17, 1955, for the Pittsburgh Pirates Last MLB appearance October 3, 1972, for the Pittsburgh Pirates MLB statistics Batting average. 317 Hits 3,000 Home runs 240 Runs batted in 1,305 Teams Pittsburgh Pirates (1955 -- 1972) Career highlights and awards 15 × All - Star (1960 -- 1967, 1969 -- 1972) 2 × World Series champion (1960, 1971) NL MVP (1966) World Series MVP (1971) 12 × Gold Glove Award (1961 -- 1972) 4 × NL batting champion (1961, 1964, 1965, 1967) Pittsburgh Pirates # 21 retired Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Inducted 1973 Vote 92.7% (first ballot)
+
+===== World Series =====
+In the American League, the New York Yankees have played in 40 World Series and won 27, the Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics have played in 14 and won 9, and the Boston Red Sox have played in 12 and won 8, including the first World Series. In the National League, the St. Louis Cardinals have appeared in 19 and won 11, the New York / San Francisco Giants have played in 20 and won 8, the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers have appeared in 19 and won 6, and the Cincinnati Reds have appeared in 9 and won 5.
+
+===== List of Major League Baseball single-game home run leaders =====
+Writers of Sporting News described hitting four home runs in a single Major League Baseball (MLB) game as ``baseball's greatest single - game accomplishment ''. Eighteen players have accomplished the feat to date, the most recent being J.D. Martinez of the Arizona Diamondbacks on September 4, 2017 against the Los Angeles Dodgers. No player has done this more than once in his career and no player has ever hit more than four in a game. Bobby Lowe was the first to hit four home runs in a single game, doing so on May 30, 1894. Fans were reportedly so excited that they threw $160 in silver coins ($4,400 today) onto the field after his fourth home run.
+
+===== List of milestone home runs by Barry Bonds =====
+In baseball, the home run is one of the most popular aspects of the game. Thus, the career record for home runs is among the most important and respected records in baseball. The road to this record has been closely followed and each additional home run Bonds hits extends the current record further. On August 7, 2007, Barry Bonds became the major leagues' career home run champion by hitting his 756th career home run, which surpassed Hank Aaron's total. the ball was caught by Pistolay.
+
+===== List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders =====
+43 different players have recorded at least six hits in an extra-inning Major League Baseball (MLB) game to date. Only Jimmie Foxx has accomplished the feat more than once in his career and no player has ever amassed more than nine hits in a game, with Johnny Burnett holding that distinction. Kirby Puckett is the only player to collect six hits in both a nine - inning and an extra-inning game.
+
+===== John Wehner =====
+John Wehner Utility player Born: (1967 - 06 - 29) June 29, 1967 (age 50) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Batted: Right Threw: Right MLB debut July 17, 1991, for the Pittsburgh Pirates Last MLB appearance July 27, 2001, for the Pittsburgh Pirates MLB statistics Batting average. 249 Home runs Runs batted in 54 Teams Pittsburgh Pirates (1991 -- 1996) Florida Marlins (1997 -- 1998) Pittsburgh Pirates (1999 -- 2001) Career highlights and awards World Series Championship (1997) Hit the final home run and recorded the final out in Three Rivers Stadium MLB record 99 consecutive games without an error at 3rd base
+
+===== Miguel Cabrera =====
+José Miguel Cabrera Torres (born April 18, 1983), commonly known as Miguel Cabrera and nicknamed "Miggy", is a Venezuelan professional baseball player. He is the first baseman for the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball (MLB). Since his debut in 2003 he has been a two-time American League (AL) Most Valuable Player (MVP) award winner, a four-time AL batting champion, and an 11-time MLB All-Star. He has played at first and third base for most of his major league career, but primarily played left and right field before 2006. He claimed the 17th MLB Triple Crown in 2012, the first to do so in 45 seasons.
+
+===== Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award =====
+MVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the World Series. The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each league city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961. The BBWAA does not offer a clear - cut definition of what ``most valuable ''means, instead leaving the judgment to the individual voters.
+
+===== Derek Jeter =====
+Derek Jeter Jeter as a player in 2008 at Camden Yards Shortstop Born: (1974 - 06 - 26) June 26, 1974 (age 43) Pequannock Township, New Jersey Batted: Right Threw: Right MLB debut May 29, 1995, for the New York Yankees Last MLB appearance September 28, 2014, for the New York Yankees MLB statistics Batting average. 310 Hits 3,465 Home runs 260 Runs batted in 1,311 Teams New York Yankees (1995 -- 2014) Career highlights and awards 14 × All - Star (1998 -- 2002, 2004, 2006 -- 2012, 2014) 5 × World Series champion (1996, 1998 -- 2000, 2009) World Series MVP (2000) AL Rookie of the Year (1996) 5 × Gold Glove Award (2004 -- 2006, 2009 -- 2010) 5 × Silver Slugger Award (2006 -- 2009, 2012) 2 × AL Hank Aaron Award (2006, 2009) Roberto Clemente Award (2009) New York Yankees No. 2 retired New York Yankees captain (2003 -- 2014)
+
+===== Little League Baseball =====
+1971: The aluminum baseball bat is first used. It was partly developed by Little League Baseball. Lloyd McClendon of Gary, Indiana, dominates the Little League World Series, hitting five home runs in five at - bats. He later played in the Major Leagues and become the first Little League graduate to manage an MLB club with the Pittsburgh Pirates.
+
+===== Home run =====
+Other legendary home run hitters include Jimmie Foxx, Mel Ott, Ted Williams, Mickey Mantle (who on September 10, 1960, mythically hit ``the longest home run ever ''at an estimated distance of 643 feet (196 m), although this was measured after the ball stopped rolling), Reggie Jackson, Harmon Killebrew, Ernie Banks, Mike Schmidt, Dave Kingman, Sammy Sosa (who hit 60 or more home runs in a season 3 times), Ken Griffey, Jr. and Eddie Mathews. In 1987, Joey Meyer of the Denver Zephyrs hit the longest verifiable home run in professional baseball history. The home run was measured at a distance of 582 feet (177 m) and was hit inside Denver's Mile High Stadium. Major League Baseball's longest verifiable home run distance is about 575 feet (175 m), by Babe Ruth, to straightaway center field at Tiger Stadium (then called Navin Field and before the double - deck), which landed nearly across the intersection of Trumbull and Cherry.
+
+===== New York Yankees =====
+The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx. The Yankees compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) East division. They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City; the other club is the National League (NL)'s New York Mets. In the season, the club began play in the AL as the Baltimore Orioles (no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles). Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise that had ceased operations and moved it to New York City, renaming the club the New York Highlanders. The Highlanders were officially renamed the Yankees in .
+
+===== Major League Baseball All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award =====
+As of 2018, NL players have won the award 27 times (including one award shared by two players), and American League (AL) players have won 30 times. Baltimore Orioles players have won the most awards for a single franchise (with six); players from the Cincinnati Reds, Los Angeles Dodgers and San Francisco Giants are tied for the most in the NL with five each. Five players have won the award twice: Willie Mays (1963, 1968), Steve Garvey (1974, 1978), Gary Carter (1981, 1984), Cal Ripken, Jr. (1991, 2001), and Mike Trout (2014, 2015). The award has been shared by multiple players once; Bill Madlock and Jon Matlack shared the award in 1975. Two players have won the award for a game in which their league lost: Brooks Robinson in 1966 and Carl Yastrzemski in 1970. One pair of awardees were father and son (Ken Griffey Sr. and Ken Griffey Jr.), and another were brothers (Roberto Alomar and Sandy Alomar, Jr.). Mike Trout of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim became the first player ever to win the MVP award in back - to - back years in the 86 - year history of the MLB All - Star Game when he accomplished the feat in both 2014 and 2015. Alex Bregman of the Houston Astros is the most recent MLB All - Star Game MVP, winning the award in 2018. Only six players have won the MVP award in the only All - Star Game in which they appeared; LaMarr Hoyt, Bo Jackson, J.D. Drew, Melky Cabrera, Eric Hosmer, and Alex Bregman.
+
+===== List of Major League Baseball single-game grand slam leaders =====
+Every team which had a player hit two grand slams won their milestone games. These games have resulted in other single - game MLB records being set due to the extreme offensive performance. Lazzeri, for example, proceeded to hit a third home run in the game and finished with a total of eleven runs batted in, an American League record. Fernando Tatís became the only player to hit two grand slams in the same inning, when he attained the milestone, slugging two in the third inning for the St. Louis Cardinals on April 23, 1999. In achieving the feat, he also set a new major league record with eight runs batted in a single inning.
+
+===== List of Major League Baseball all-time leaders in home runs by pitchers =====
+Wes Ferrell holds the all - time Major League Baseball record for home runs hit while playing the position of pitcher. He hit 37 as a pitcher. Baseball Hall of Famers Bob Lemon and Warren Spahn are tied for second with 35 career home runs apiece. Red Ruffing, Earl Wilson, and Don Drysdale are the only other pitchers to hit at least 25 home runs. Jack Stivetts hit a total of 35 home runs in his playing career, 21 as a pitcher.
+
+===== Oscar Taveras =====
+On May 31, 2014, Taveras homered in his major league debut against the San Francisco Giants and went on to hit .239 in 80 regular season games, playing mostly right field. He also hit a game-tying home run in Game 2 of the 2014 National League Championship Series against the Giants. On October 26, 2014, he died in a car accident in the Dominican Republic shortly after the Cardinals were eliminated from the playoffs.
+
+===== Barry Bonds =====
+Barry Bonds Bonds in 2006 Left fielder Born: (1964 - 07 - 24) July 24, 1964 (age 53) Riverside, California Batted: Left Threw: Left MLB debut May 30, 1986, for the Pittsburgh Pirates Last MLB appearance September 26, 2007, for the San Francisco Giants MLB statistics Batting average. 298 Home runs 762 Hits 2,935 Runs batted in 1,996 Stolen bases 514 Teams Pittsburgh Pirates (1986 -- 1992) San Francisco Giants (1993 -- 2007) Career highlights and awards 14 × All - Star (1990, 1992 -- 1998, 2000 -- 2004, 2007) 7 × NL MVP (1990, 1992, 1993, 2001 -- 2004) 8 × Gold Glove Award (1990 -- 1994, 1996 -- 1998) 12 × Silver Slugger Award (1990 -- 1994, 1996, 1997, 2000 -- 2004) 3 × NL Hank Aaron Award (2001, 2002, 2004) 2 × NL batting champion (2002, 2004) 2 × NL home run leader (1993, 2001) NL RBI leader (1993) MLB records 762 career home runs 73 home runs in a season 2,558 career walks 688 career intentional walks
+
+===== Fernando Tatís =====
+Tatís had the best season of his career in 1999 with the St. Louis Cardinals. He hit 34 home runs with 107 RBIs and 21 stolen bases, with a. 298 batting average. On April 23, 1999, Tatís made baseball history when he hit two grand slams in one inning. As of 2017, he is still the only batter in MLB history to accomplish this. Tatís hit both of his grand slams against the pitcher Chan Ho Park of the Los Angeles Dodgers. With his home run feat, Tatís also set a Major League record with eight runs batted in during a single inning.
+
+===== Willie Mays =====
+Mays won two National League (NL) Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards, ended his career with 660 home runs - third at the time of his retirement and currently fifth all - time - and won a record - tying 12 Gold Glove awards beginning in 1957, when the award was introduced.
+
+===== World Series Most Valuable Player Award =====
+Willie Mays World Series MVP Award George Springer, 2017 World Series MVP Given for Annual Most Valuable Player of the World Series Country United States Presented by Major League Baseball History First award 1955 Most recent George Springer, 2017 Houston Astros
+
+===== Los Angeles Dodgers =====
+The Dodgers as a franchise have won six World Series titles and 22 National League pennants. 11 NL MVP award winners have played for the Dodgers, winning a total of 13 MVP Awards, Eight Cy Young Award winners have pitched for the Dodgers, winning a total of twelve Cy Young Awards. The team has also produced 18 Rookie of the Year Award winners, twice as many as the next closest team, including four consecutive from 1979 to 1982 and five consecutive from 1992 to 1996.
+
+===== List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks =====
+The 1916 New York Giants hold the record for the longest unbeaten streak in MLB history at 26 wins. The second - longest winning streak is 22 by the 2017 Cleveland Indians, which is still ongoing and the American League record. The Chicago Cubs franchise has won 21 games twice, once in 1880 when they were the Chicago White Stockings and once in 1935.
+
+===== Lin Chih-chieh =====
+Lin Chih-chieh (; born 11 June 1982 in Hualien County, Taiwan) is a Taiwanese professional basketball player of Amis descent. During his career with the Taiwan Beer club of the Super Basketball League (SBL), Lin has won one Regular Season most valuable player (MVP) award, two back-to-back Championship Series MVP awards, and two scoring champion titles. Dubbed "The Beast" (野獸) by local media, Lin is renowned for his ability to boost his team's morale by making sensational plays and is among the most beloved basketball players in Taiwan.
+
+===== Buster Posey =====
+Buster Posey Posey in September 2013 at Petco Park San Francisco Giants -- No. 28 Catcher / First baseman Born: (1987 - 03 - 27) March 27, 1987 (age 30) Leesburg, Georgia Bats: Right Throws: Right MLB debut September 11, 2009, for the San Francisco Giants MLB statistics (through September 29, 2017) Batting average. 308 Hits 1,160 Home runs 128 Runs batted in 594 Teams San Francisco Giants (2009 -- present) Career highlights and awards 5 × All - Star (2012, 2013, 2015 -- 2017) 3 × World Series champion (2010, 2012, 2014) NL MVP (2012) NL Rookie of the Year (2010) 3 × Silver Slugger Award (2012, 2014, 2015) Gold Glove Award (2016) NL Hank Aaron Award (2012) NL Comeback Player of the Year (2012) NL batting champion (2012) Golden Spikes Award (2008) Dick Howser Trophy (2008) Medals (hide) Men's baseball Representing United States World Baseball Classic 2017 Los Angeles Team
+
+===== Hart Memorial Trophy =====
+Wayne Gretzky won the award a record nine times during his career, eight consecutively. He has been named MVP more times than any other player in the history of the other three North American major professional leagues (Major League Baseball (MLB), National Basketball Association, and National Football League). Barry Bonds is second, having won the MVP award seven times in the MLB. Gretzky and his Edmonton Oilers teammate Mark Messier are the only players to win the Hart Trophy with more than one team.
+
+===== Exhibition game =====
+Several MLB teams used to play regular exhibition games during the year against nearby teams in the other major league, but regular-season interleague play has made such games unnecessary. The two Canadian MLB teams, the Toronto Blue Jays of the American League and the Montreal Expos of the National League, met annually to play the Pearson Cup exhibition game; this tradition ended when the Expos moved to Washington DC for the 2005 season. Similarly, the New York Yankees played in the Mayor's Trophy Game against various local rivals from 1946 to 1983.
+
+===== Major League Baseball wild card =====
+In Major League Baseball (MLB), the wild - card teams are the two teams in each of the two leagues (American and National) that have qualified for the postseason despite failing to win their division. Both teams in each league possess the two best winning percentages in their respective league after the three division winners. The wild card was first instituted in MLB in 1994, with one wild - card team per league advancing to the Division Series in the postseason to face a division winner. In 2012, the system was modified to add a second wild - card team per league and pit each league's wild - card teams against each other in a play - in game -- the MLB wild - card game -- the winner of which would then advance to the Division Series and play the team with the best record. This system ensures that the team with the second - best record in each league, after the three division winners and the team with the first - best record in the league that is a non-division winner, will also get a postseason berth, even if it is n't a division champion.
+
+===== Tim Sherrill =====
+Tim Sherrill (born September 10, 1965) is a former Major League Baseball (MLB) left-handed relief pitcher who played in 18 games for the St. Louis Cardinals from 1990–1991.
+
+===== Jackie Robinson =====
+Robinson had an exceptional 10 - year MLB career. He was the recipient of the inaugural MLB Rookie of the Year Award in 1947, was an All - Star for six consecutive seasons from 1949 through 1954, and won the National League Most Valuable Player Award in 1949 -- the first black player so honored. Robinson played in six World Series and contributed to the Dodgers' 1955 World Series championship.
+
+===== Bottom of the 9th '99 =====
+Baltimore Orioles center fielder Brady Anderson is featured on the cover. "Bottom of the 9th '99" does not have a Major League Baseball license, but it is endorsed by the Major League Baseball Players Association. This game has the 1998 opening day rosters with over 700 players. This game has six playing modes: exhibition, season, training, trade, statistics, and scenario mode.
+
+===== Melvin Mercedes =====
+Melvin Mercedes (born November 2, 1990) is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) in one game for the Detroit Tigers on August 15, 2014.
+
+===== Preki =====
+Born in Serbia, Preki played briefly for Red Star Belgrade in the old Yugoslav First League after coming from FK Čukarički Stankom where he played in their youth team. In the summer of 1985, the Tacoma Stars head coach Bob McNab spotted Preki at an indoor tournament in Belgrade. McNab signed Preki. He played five seasons for the Stars. During those years, he was a three-time First Team All Star, the 1988 and 1989 All Star Game MVP, led the league in assists in 1988 and scoring in 1989 and was the 1989 MISL MVP. During the summer of 1989, Preki began to consider becoming a U.S. citizen and returning to the outdoor game in order to make himself eligible for the U.S. national team. He played one season for Råslätts SK in Sweden in 1990. The Stars released Preki in July 1990 as part of a salary reduction move. In August, he signed with the St. Louis Storm. He played two seasons in St. Louis before being bought by Everton manager Howard Kendall for GBP 100,000 in the summer of 1992 following a trial. He made 53 appearances for the Blues, 28 of those as a substitute. In June 1994, Preki signed with the San Jose Grizzlies of the Continental Indoor Soccer League where he rejoined Bob McNab from his Tacoma days. He played eight games, scoring sixteen goals, before returning to England in August 1994 to play for Portsmouth. On July 5, 1995, the Grizzlies purchased Preki's contract from Portsmouth. He was the CISL's second leading scorer and league MVP.
+
+===== MLB Tonight =====
+MLB Tonight is the signature program that airs on MLB Network and is simulcast on MLB Network Radio. The show offers complete coverage of all Major League Baseball games from 6pm ET till 1am ET during the regular season, and gives news from all 30 MLB teams during the offseason. It is taped live in Studio 3 of the MLB Network facility in Secaucus, New Jersey, but also features segments taped in Studio 42. The program aired from the beginning of Spring Training to the end of the World Series and was replaced in the offseason by "Hot Stove", until it started to air in the offseason, and "Hot Stove" became MLB Network's weekday morning show. The show won the Sports Emmy Award for best Daily Outstanding Studio Show for 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014 and 2015.
+
+===== Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award =====
+The Super Bowl MVP has been awarded annually since the game's inception in 1967. Through 1989, the award was presented by SPORT magazine. Bart Starr was the MVP of the first two Super Bowls. Since 1990, the award has been presented by the NFL. At Super Bowl XXV, the league first awarded the Pete Rozelle Trophy, named after former NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle, to the Super Bowl MVP. Ottis Anderson was the first to win the trophy. Most award winners have received cars from various sponsors. The most recent Super Bowl MVP, from Super Bowl LII held on February 4, 2018, is Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Nick Foles, who passed for 373 yards and three touchdowns and scored a fourth touchdown as a receiver, becoming the first player to both throw and catch a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl.
+
+===== MLB The Show 18 =====
+MLB The Show 18 is a baseball video game by SIE San Diego Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment, based on Major League Baseball (MLB). It is the thirteenth entry of the MLB: The Show franchise, and was released worldwide on March 27, 2018, for PlayStation 4. Aaron Judge is featured as the cover star for the U.S. version, while Marcus Stroman is on the cover of the Canadian version. A limited amount of people were invited to a closed alpha, which began on December 22, 2017, until December 26, 2017, to test the online servers. Those who pre-ordered the game received access to the game 4 days early, able to pick up their copy of the game on March 23, 2018.
+
+===== Opening Day =====
+Major League Baseball had most of its teams open the 2011 season on a Thursday (March 31) or Friday (April 1) rather than the traditional Monday, in order to prevent the World Series from extending into November. Similarly, most teams opened the 2012 season on Thursday (April 5) or Friday (April 6). However, subsequent seasons through 2017 returned to Monday openers for most teams. For the 2018 season, all 30 teams were scheduled to open the season on Thursday, March 29 (the earliest domestic start for a regular season in MLB history, and the first time since 1968 that all major league teams were scheduled to start the season on the same day, although two games were subsequently rained out and postponed to Friday, March 30).
+
diff --git a/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/ground_truth_chunks.csv b/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/ground_truth_chunks.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..21108172
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/ground_truth_chunks.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+question_index,chunk_index,context
+1,1,"Ali Eren Balıkel was born on 27 July 1979, in Adana and grew up in the ancient Kilikya region of Turkey. As the fourth child of a civil servant father and a housewife, Ali Eren moved to Mersin with his family due to the business of his father. He completed his primary, secondary and high school education in Mersin. Eren applied to London School of Commerce’s (LSC) business management department where he attended “Introduction to Business Management” courses for one year, and completed his education at University of Wales Institute of Cardiff (UWIC)in a co-operated program. Eren’s Master’s thesis, titled “How to Establish a Strong & Innovative Mediterranean Cuisine Restaurant in London”, was deemed worthy of honor award by the University of Gloucestershire and attained a place among the most valuable thesis studies in university’s library. He started a restaurant, Kilikya’s Cafe Bar Restaurant. Kilikya’s restaurant hosted a number of famous figures including singer Cem Adrian, politician Abdüllatif Şener, former Sports and Youth Minister of Turkey Suat Kılıç, Oscar award-winning actress Helen Mirren, American actor Robert De Niro and Turkish actress Asuman Dabak as well as the Prime Minister of Kuwait. Eren also attended the Master of Politics Postgraduate program of Queen Mary University and completed his studies there too. During his study, he worked as a consultant for former Labour party member of Parliament, Jim Fitzpatrick. Eren is enrolled in a Doctor of Business Administration program in Britain and a Doctor of Politics program in Switzerland concurrently."
+1,2,"Dame Helen Lydia Mirren, {'1': "", '2': "", '3': "", '4': ""} (""née"" Mironoff; born 26 July 1945) is an English actor. Mirren began her acting career with the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1967, and is one of the few performers who have achieved the Triple Crown of Acting, having won the Academy Award for Best Actress in 2007, after two previous nominations, for her performance as Queen Elizabeth II in ""The Queen"". She received an Olivier Award for Best Actress in 2013 for her West End performance in ""The Audience"", in which she also portrayed Elizabeth II, and in 2015 she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her Broadway performance in the play. ""The Audience"" was written by Peter Morgan, who also wrote ""The Queen"". Mirren won three consecutive BAFTA Awards for Best Actress between 1992 and 1994 and her first of several Emmy Awards in 1996 for her performance as police detective Jane Tennison on the British television series ""Prime Suspect"", which ran for seven seasons between 1991 and 2006."
+2,1,"Moneybomb (alternatively money bomb, money-bomb, or fundraising bomb) is a neologism coined in 2007 to describe a grassroots fundraising effort over a brief fixed time period, usually to support a candidate for election by dramatically increasing, concentrating, and publicizing fundraising activity during a specific hour or day. The term was coined by Trevor Lyman to describe a massive coordinated online donation drive on behalf of presidential candidate Ron Paul, in which context the ""San Jose Mercury News"" described a moneybomb as being ""a one-day fundraising frenzy"". The effort combines traditional and Internet-based fundraising appeals focusing especially on viral advertising through online vehicles such as YouTube, Myspace, and online forums. In the case of lesser-known candidates it is also intended to generate significant free mass media coverage the candidate would otherwise not receive. Moneybombs have been used for grassroots fundraising and viral activism over the Internet by several 2008 presidential candidates in the United States. It emerged as an important grassroots tool leading up to the 2010 midterm elections and 2012 presidential election in the United States."
+2,2,"Ronald Ernest Paul (born August 20, 1935) is an American author, physician, and former politician. He was the U.S. Representative for Texas' 14th and 22nd congressional districts. He represented the 22nd congressional district from 1976 to 1977 and from 1979 to 1985, and then represented the 14th congressional district, which included Galveston, from 1997 to 2013. On three occasions, he sought the presidency of the United States: as the Libertarian Party nominee in 1988 and as a candidate in the Republican primaries of 2008 and 2012. Paul is a critic of the federal government's fiscal policies, especially the existence of the Federal Reserve and the tax policy, as well as the military–industrial complex, and the War on Drugs. Paul has also been a vocal critic of mass surveillance policies such as the USA PATRIOT Act and the NSA surveillance programs. Paul was the first chairman of the conservative PAC Citizens for a Sound Economy and has been characterized as the ""intellectual godfather"" of the Tea Party movement."
+3,1,"Justin Brown (born March 10, 1991) is a wide receiver for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL). Before his 2013 draft selection by the Pittsburgh Steelers, he played college football at Oklahoma for his senior season after transferring from Penn State. After being drafted, Brown was on the Steelers practice squad for his rookie season. He played eight games during the 2014 season for a total of 12 passes for 94 yards and one lost fumble. Following the 2014 NFL season, Brown was waived by the Steelers. On February 3, 2015, the Buffalo Bills claimed Brown off waivers. On August 9, 2015, Brown was waived/injured by the Bills. On August 13, 2015, he reached an injury settlement with the Bills and was released."
+3,2,"The Oklahoma Sooners football program is a college football team that represents the University of Oklahoma (variously ""Oklahoma"" or ""OU""). The team is currently a member of the Big 12 Conference, which is in Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The program began in 1895 and is one of the most successful programs since World War II with the most wins (606) and the highest winning percentage (.762) since 1945. The program has 7 national championships, 45 conference championships, 154 All-Americans (76 consensus), and five Heisman Trophy winners. In addition, the school has had 23 members (five coaches and 18 players) inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and holds the record for the longest winning streak in Division I history with 47 straight victories, a record that stands to this day. Oklahoma is also the only program that has had four coaches with 100+ wins. They became the sixth NCAA FBS team to win 850 games when they defeated the Kansas Jayhawks on November 22, 2014. The Sooners play their home games at Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Oklahoma. Lincoln Riley is currently the team's head coach."
+4,1,"Damnation (from Latin ""damnatis"") is the concept of divine punishment and torment in an afterlife for actions that were committed on Earth. In Ancient Egyptian religious tradition, citizens would recite the 42 negative confessions of Maat as their heart was weighed against the feather of truth. If the citizen's heart was heavier than a feather they would face torment in a lake of fire. Zoroastrianism developed an eschatological concept of a Last Judgment called Frashokereti where the dead will be raised and the righteous wade though a river of milk while the wicked will be burned in a river of molten metal. Abrahamic religions such as Christianity have similar concepts of believers facing judgement on a last day to determine if they will spend eternity in Gehenna or heaven for their sin . A damned human ""in damnation"" is said to be either in Hell, or living in a state wherein they are divorced from Heaven and/or in a state of disgrace from God's favor. In traditional Abrahamic demonology, the Devil rules Hell, where he and his demons punish the damned."
+4,2,"Ancient Egyptian religion was a complex system of polytheistic beliefs and rituals which were an integral part of ancient Egyptian society. It centered on the Egyptians' interaction with many deities who were believed to be present in, and in control of, the forces of nature. Rituals such as prayers and offerings were efforts to provide for the gods and gain their favor. Formal religious practice centered on the pharaoh, the king of Egypt, who was believed to possess a divine power by virtue of his position. He acted as the intermediary between his people and the gods and was obligated to sustain the gods through rituals and offerings so that they could maintain order in the universe. The state dedicated enormous resources to Egyptian rituals and to the construction of the temples."
+5,1,"The 2014 edition of the MTV Africa Music Awards took place on 7 June 2014, at the Durban International Convention Centre (ICC Arena). The awards aired live across Africa on MTV Base and MTV. The ceremony was sponsored by KwaZulu-Natal Province, Absolut and the City of Durban. The show was hosted by American comedian and actor Marlon Wayans. The ceremony featured performances from artists such as Miguel, Trey Songz, Flavour N'abania, French Montana, Tiwa Savage, Davido, Mafikizolo, Uhuru, Oskido, Professor, Diamond Platnumz, Phyno, Yuri Da Cunha, Sauti Sol, Sarkodie, Ice Prince, The Arrows, Khuli Chana, Dr SID, Fally Ipupa, Michael Lowman, Don Jazzy, DJ Clock, Beatenberg, DJ Kent, Big Nuz, Toofan, D'Banj, DJ Vigi, DJ Tira, DJ Buckz, and Burna Boy. On 27 May 2014, the nominees for the MTV Base Leadership Award were announced. On 28 May 2014, MTV Base revealed Drake, Beyoncé, Rihanna, Pharrell Williams, and Miley Cyrus as the nominees for the Best International Act category. Davido and Mafikizolo received the most nominations with four each. Mi Casa and P-Square received three nominations. Diamond Platnumz and Wizkid were nominated twice for both Best Male and Best Collaboration."
+5,2,"Marlon Lamont Wayans (born July 23, 1972) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and film producer, beginning with his role as a pedestrian in ""I'm Gonna Git You Sucka"" in 1988. He frequently collaborates with his brother Shawn Wayans, as he was on The WB sitcom ""The Wayans Bros."" and in the comedic films ""Scary Movie"", ""Scary Movie 2"", ""White Chicks"", ""Little Man"", and ""Dance Flick"". However, Wayans had a dramatic role in Darren Aronofsky's critically acclaimed ""Requiem for a Dream"", which saw his departure from the usual comedies."
+6,1,"Samuel Holloway Bowers (August 25, 1924 – November 5, 2006), Former Ku Klux Klan Imperial Wizard, was a convicted murderer and leading white supremacist activist in Mississippi during the Civil Rights Movement. In response to this movement, he co-founded a reactionary organization, the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. Bowers committed two notorious murders of civil rights activists in southern Mississippi: The 1964 murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner near Philadelphia, for which he served six years in federal prison; and the 1966 murder of Vernon Dahmer in Hattiesburg, for which he was sentenced to life in prison 32 years after the crime. He also was accused of bombings of Jewish targets in the cities of Jackson and Meridian in 1967 and 1968 (according to the man who was convicted of some of the bombings, Thomas A. Tarrants III). He died in prison at the age of 82."
+6,2,"The White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan are considered the most militant as well as the most violent chapter of the Ku Klux Klan in history. They originated in Mississippi in the early 1960s under the leadership of Samuel Bowers, its first Grand Wizard. The White Knights of Mississippi were formed in 1964, and they included roughly 200 members of the Original Knights of Louisiana. The White Knights were not interested in holding public demonstrations or in letting any information about themselves get out to the masses. Similar to the United Klans of America (UKA), the White Knights of Mississippi were very secretive about their group. Within a year, their membership was up to around six thousand, and they had Klaverns in over half of the counties in Mississippi. But by 1967, the number of active members had shrunk to around four hundred."
+7,1,"Hong Kong Disneyland () is a theme park located on reclaimed land in Penny's Bay, Lantau Island. It is located inside the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort and it is owned and managed by Hong Kong International Theme Parks. It is, together with Ocean Park Hong Kong, one of the two large theme parks in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Disneyland opened to visitors on Monday, 12 September 2005 at 13:00 HKT. Disney attempted to avoid problems of cultural backlash by incorporating Chinese culture, customs, and traditions when designing and building the resort, including adherence to the rules of feng shui. For instance, a bend was put in a walkway near the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort entrance so good qi energy wouldn't flow into the South China Sea."
+7,2,"Ocean Park Hong Kong, commonly known as Ocean Park, is a marine mammal park, oceanarium, animal theme park and amusement park situated in Wong Chuk Hang and Nam Long Shan in the Southern District of Hong Kong. Opened in 1977 by the then Governor of Hong Kong Sir Murray MacLehose, Ocean Park became popular but by 2005 was unprofitable and widely expected to lose out to the new Hong Kong Disneyland. However, the Park responded with a HK$5.5 billion development plan that saw it expand to over 80 attractions and rides, and steadily grow visitor numbers to 7.6 million in 2014, making it the world's 13th most visited theme park, and the largest theme park in Asia. Half of all visitors now come from mainland China, in growth that parallels rising mainland tourist visitor levels to Hong Kong over the same period. Since this high, visitor numbers have declined to around 6 million in 2016 under the background of declining tourist arrivals in Hong Kong."
+8,1,"Jesse Wesley Williams (born August 5, 1981) is an American actor, model, and activist, best known for his role as Dr. Jackson Avery on the ABC Television series ""Grey's Anatomy"". He also appeared in the 2013 film ""Lee Daniels' The Butler"" as civil rights leader Rev. James Lawson. His other roles have included Holden in ""The Cabin in the Woods"" (2012); Officer Eddie Quinlan in ""Brooklyn's Finest"" (2009); and Leo, Lena's boyfriend, in the film sequel ""The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2"" (2008)."
+8,2,"Jackson Avery, M.D. is a fictional character from ABC prime time medical drama, ""Grey's Anatomy"", portrayed by actor Jesse Williams. The character was created by series creator and executive producer, Shonda Rhimes. He was introduced in season six, episode 5, ""Invasion"" as a former surgical resident from ""Mercy West Medical Center"" when it merges with ""Seattle Grace Hospital"". Williams initially appeared as a recurring cast member, and was later promoted to a series regular in season seven. The character's focal storyline involved his attempt to fit in at his new work environment, and trying to finding his own successes, instead of riding on the coattails of his famous family name. The character has also had significant romances with Lexie Grey and Stephanie Edwards. He was married but is now divorced to April Kepner. The couple had a child, Samuel Avery, who died soon after birth. However, the pair have a daughter, Harriett, who was not named after Catherine much to her dismay. She was conceived prior to the divorce. Dr. Avery later becomes a member of the board of directors at the newly established, ""Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital"", and is the current chairman."
+9,1,"The Society of the Governor and Assistants, London, of the New Plantation in Ulster, within the Realm of Ireland, commonly called the Irish Society or The Honourable The Irish Society, is a consortium of livery companies of the City of London set up in 1613 to colonise County Londonderry during the Plantation of Ulster. It was incorporated by royal charter of James I and consists of ""six and twenty honest and discreet citizens of London"" nominated by the livery companies. In its first decades it rebuilt the city of Derry and town of Coleraine, and for centuries it owned property and fishing rights near both towns. Some of the society's profits were used to develop the economy and infrastructure of the area, while some was returned to the London investors, and some used for charitable work."
+9,2,"The Plantation of Ulster (; Ulster-Scots: ""Plantin o Ulstèr"") was the organised colonisation (""plantation"") of Ulstera province of Irelandby people from Great Britain during the reign of King James I. Most of the colonists came from Scotland and England. Small private plantation by wealthy landowners began in 1606, while the official plantation began in 1609. Most of the land colonised was forfeited from the native Gaelic chiefs, many of whom had fled Ireland for mainland Europe in 1607 following the Nine Years' War against English rule in Ireland. The official plantation comprised an estimated half a million acres (2,000 km²) of arable land in counties Armagh, Cavan, Fermanagh, Tyrone, Tyrconnell and Londonderry. Land in counties Antrim, Down and Monaghan was privately colonised with the king's support."
+10,1,"Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the constitutionality of several Pennsylvania state statutory provisions regarding abortion was challenged. The Court's plurality opinion reaffirmed the central holding of ""Roe v. Wade"" stating that ""matters, involving the most intimate and personal choices a person may make in a lifetime, choices central to personal dignity and autonomy, are central to the liberty protected by the Fourteenth Amendment."" The Court's plurality opinion upheld the constitutional right to have an abortion while altering the standard for analyzing restrictions on that right, crafting the ""undue burden"" standard for abortion restrictions. ""Planned Parenthood v. Casey"" differs from ""Roe,"" however, because under ""Roe"" the state could not regulate abortions in the first trimester whereas under ""Planned Parenthood v. Casey"" the state can regulate abortions in the first trimester, or any point before the point of viability, and beyond as long as that regulation does not pose an undue burden on women's fundamental right to an abortion. Applying this new standard of review, the Court upheld four regulations and invalidated the requirement of spousal notification."
+10,2,"Montejo v. Louisiana, 556 U.S. 778 (2009), is a 5–4 decision by the United States Supreme Court that overruled the Court's decision in ""Michigan v. Jackson"", 475 U.S. 625 (1986) . The case concerned the validity of a defendant's waiver of his right to counsel during a police interrogation. In reversing ""Jackson"", the Court said such a waiver was valid."
+11,1,"David Gordon Green( born April 9, 1975) is an American filmmaker. He directed the dramas"" George Washington""( 2000),"" All the Real Girls""( 2003), and"" Snow Angels""( 2007), as well as the thriller"" Undertow""( 2004), all of which he wrote or co-wrote. In 2008, Green transitioned into comedy, directing the films"" Pineapple Express""( 2008),"" Your Highness"" and"" The Sitter""( both 2011). He returned to his dramatic roots with the independent films"" Prince Avalanche"" and"" Joe""( both 2013), followed by the films"" Manglehorn""( 2014),"" Our Brand Is Crisis""( 2015), and"" Stronger""( 2017). Green also directed the slasher horror film"" Halloween""( 2018), which he co-wrote with frequent collaborator Danny McBride. He is also set to direct the next two installments of the franchise. Green also directed episodes of the acclaimed comedy series"" Eastbound& Down""( 2009 – 2013),"" Red Oaks""( 2014 – 17),"" Vice Principals""( 2016 – 17), and"" The Righteous Gemstones""( 2019 – present), on all of which he additionally served as executive producer."
+11,2,"Satyajit Ray( 2 May 1921 – 23 April 1992) was an Indian filmmaker, screenwriter, music composer, graphic artist, lyricist and author, widely regarded as one of the greatest filmmakers of all time. Ray was born in Calcutta into a Bengali family which was prominent in the field of arts and literature. Starting his career as a commercial artist, Ray was drawn into independent filmmaking after meeting French filmmaker Jean Renoir and viewing Vittorio De Sica's Italian neorealist film"" Bicycle Thieves""( 1948) during a visit to London. Ray directed 36 films, including feature films, documentaries and shorts. He was also a fiction writer, publisher, illustrator, calligrapher, music composer, graphic designer and film critic. He authored several short stories and novels, meant primarily for young children and teenagers. Feluda, the sleuth, and Professor Shonku, the scientist in his science fiction stories, are popular fictional characters created by him. He was awarded an honorary degree by Oxford University. Ray's first film,"" Pather Panchali""( 1955), won eleven international prizes, including the inaugural Best Human Document award at the 1956 Cannes Film Festival. This film, along with"" Aparajito""( 1956) and"" Apur Sansar The World of Apu"")( 1959), form"" The Apu Trilogy"". Ray did the scripting, casting, scoring, and editing, and designed his own credit titles and publicity material. Ray received many major awards in his career, including 32 Indian National Film Awards, a Golden Lion, a Golden Bear, 2 Silver Bears, a number of additional awards at international film festivals and award ceremonies, and an Academy Honorary Award in 1992. The Government of India honored him with the Bharat Ratna, its highest civilian award, in 1992. Ray had received many noticeable awards and gained a prestigious position over his life time. In 2004, Ray was ranked number 13 in BBC's poll of the Greatest Bengali of all time."
+11,3,"Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne( Bengali: গুপী গাইন বাঘা বাইন"" Gupi Gain Bagha Bain"") is a 1969 Indian fantasy adventure comedy film written and directed by Satyajit Ray and based on a story by his grandfather Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury. It is a fantasy- musical film, with the music and lyrics written by Ray himself. This is the first film of the"" Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne series"", followed by a couple of sequels-"" Hirak Rajar Deshe"" was released in 1980 and"" Goopy Bagha Phire Elo"", written by Ray but directed by his son Sandip Ray, was released in 1992. The film was based on the characters Goopy Gyne and Bagha Byne, who made their first appearance in the"" Sandesh"" magazine in 1915, with illustrations by Ray's grandfather Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury. In 1961, after the revival of"" Sandesh"", Ray began contemplating the idea of making a film based on that story, and he was partly compelled by his son Sandip to make a film which was less' grim and adult'. This was matched by Ray's own desire to make a movie that, unlike his previous movies, would cater to children. Plus this would also give him an opportunity to lace the story with music and dancing, a point his movies' producers and distributors were always insisting upon. Ray managed to convince producers to finance the movie, even though it was clear from the beginning that the film would cost a lot of money. The movie released to great critical and commercial reception, which held the record for longest continuous run of a Bengali- language movie in Bengal, as it ran for 51 straight weeks. It won the Best Feature Film and Best Direction awards at the 16th National Film Awards, and went on to win many other international awards as well. Critical reception was highly positive. Raja Sen called it to be the most innovative movie to have ever come out of India. Phil Hall said that the movie"" comes as a delightful surprise – Ray, it appears, not only possessed a great sense of humor but also enjoyed a stunning talent for musical cinema."""
+11,4,"Halloween Kills is an upcoming American slasher film directed by David Gordon Green and written by Green, Danny McBride and Scott Teems. It is a sequel to 2018's ""Halloween"" and the twelfth installment in the ""Halloween"" franchise. The film stars Jamie Lee Curtis and Nick Castle reprising their roles as Laurie Strode and Michael Myers, with James Jude Courtney also portraying Myers. Judy Greer, Andi Matichak, Dylan Arnold, Kyle Richards, Charles Cyphers and Nancy Stephens reprise their roles from the 2018 and 1978 films, and also stars Anthony Michael Hall and Robert Longstreet. The film is produced by Jason Blum through his Blumhouse Productions banner, alongside Malek Akkad and Bill Block. Before the release of the 2018 film, McBride in June 2018 confirmed that he and Green had originally intended to pitch two films that would be shot back-to-back, and then decided against it, waiting to see the reaction to the first film. By February 2019, Teems was hired to co-write the script. The film's title was announced in July 2019, along with its sequel. Principal photography commenced in September 2019 in Wilmington, North Carolina. ""Halloween Kills"" is scheduled to be released in the United States on October 16, 2020, by Universal Pictures in North America, and Paramount Pictures in other territories. A sequel, ""Halloween Ends"", is scheduled to be released on October 15, 2021."
+12,1,"Margaret of Valois (14 May 1553 – 27 March 1615) was a French princess of the Valois dynasty who became queen consort of Navarre and later also of France. By her marriage to Henry III of Navarre (later Henry IV of France), she was queen of Navarre and then France at her husband's 1589 accession to the latter throne. She was the daughter of King Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici and the sister of kings Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III. Her marriage, which was intended to celebrate the reconciliation of Catholics and Huguenots, was tarnished by the St Bartholomew's Day massacre, and the resumption of the religious troubles which ensued. In the conflict between Henry III and the Malcontents, she took the side of Francis, Duke of Anjou, her younger brother, and this caused the king to have a deep aversion towards her. As Queen of Navarre, she also played a pacifying role in the stormy relations between her husband and the French monarchy. Shuttled back and forth between the two courts, she endeavored to lead a happy conjugal life, but her sterility and the political tensions inherent in the French Wars of Religion caused the end of her marriage. Mistreated by a brother quick to take offence and rejected by a fickle and opportunistic husband, she chose the path of opposition in 1585. She took the side of the Catholic League and was forced to live in Auvergne in an exile which lasted twenty years. In 1599, she consented to the annulment of the marriage only after the payment of a generous compensation. A well-known woman of letters and an enlightened mind as well as an extremely generous patron , she played a considerable part in the cultural life of the court, especially after her return from exile in 1605. She was a vector of Neoplatonism, which preached the supremacy of platonic love over physical love. While imprisoned, she took advantage of the time to write her ""Memoirs"". She was the first woman to have done so. She was one of the most fashionable women of her time, and influenced many of Europe's royal courts with her clothing. After her death the anecdotes and slanders circulated about her created a legend, which was consolidated around the nickname ""La Reine Margot"" invented by Alexandre Dumas père, handed down through the centuries the myth of a nymphomaniac and incestuous woman. At the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, historians have reviewed the extensive chronicles of her life, concluding that many elements of her scandalous reputation stemmed from anti-Valois propaganda and from a fationalism capable of denigrating the participation of women in politics, created by Bourbon dynasty court historians in the 17th century."
+12,2,"Catherine de' Medici (13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589), was an Italian noblewoman who was queen consort of France from 1547 until 1559, by marriage to King Henry II, and Queen mother of kings Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III from 1559 to 1589. The years during which her sons reigned have been called ""the age of Catherine de' Medici"" as she had extensive, if at times varying, influence in the political life of France. She was born in Florence to Lorenzo de’ Medici, Duke of Urbino and Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne. In 1533, at the age of fourteen, Catherine married Henry, second son of King Francis I and Queen Claude of France. Catherine's marriage was arranged by her uncle Pope Clement VII. Henry excluded Catherine from participating in state affairs and instead showered favors on his chief mistress, Diane de Poitiers, who wielded much influence over him. Henry's death thrust Catherine into the political arena as mother of the frail 15-year-old King Francis II. When he died in 1560, she became regent on behalf of her 10-year-old son King Charles IX and was granted sweeping powers. From 1560 to 1563, she ruled France as regent for her son Charles IX, King of France. After Charles died in 1574, Catherine played a key role in the reign of her third son, Henry III. He dispensed with her advice only in the last months of her life (he would outlive her by seven months). Catherine's three sons reigned in an age of almost constant civil and religious war in France. The problems facing the monarchy were complex and daunting but Catherine was able to keep the monarchy and the state institutions functioning even at a minimum level. At first, Catherine compromised and made concessions to the rebelling Calvinist Protestants, or Huguenots, as they became known. She failed, however, to grasp the theological issues that drove their movement. Later she resorted, in frustration and anger, to hard-line policies against them. In return, she came to be blamed for the excessive persecutions carried out under her sons' rule, in particular for the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572, in which thousands of Huguenots were killed in Paris and throughout France. Some historians have excused Catherine from blame for the worst decisions of the crown, though evidence for her ruthlessness can be found in her letters. In practice, her authority was always limited by the effects of the civil wars. Her policies, therefore, may be seen as desperate measures to keep the Valois monarchy on the throne at all costs, and her patronage of the arts as an attempt to glorify a monarchy whose prestige was in steep decline. Without Catherine, it is unlikely that her sons would have remained in power. According to Mark Strage, one of her biographers, Catherine was the most powerful woman in 16th-century Europe."
+13,1,"Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond, 6th Duke of Lennox KG (7 March 1639December 1672) was the only son of George Stewart, 9th Seigneur d'Aubigny and Katherine Howard, daughter of Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk. He was the grandson of Esmé Stewart, 3rd Duke of Lennox. On 10 December 1645 he was created Baron Stuart of Newbury, Berkshire, and Earl of Lichfield, titles conferred on him ""to perpetuate the titles which were intended to have been conferred on his uncle"" Lord Bernard Stewart, youngest son of the Duke of Lennox, who had been killed in the Battle of Rowton Heath in the English Civil War in September of that year. In January 1658, Charles Stewart went into exile in France, and took up his residence in the house of his uncle, Ludovic, seigneur d'Aubigny. In the following year he fell under the displeasure of The Protectorate's Council of State, and warrants were issued for seizing his person and goods. Charles Stewart married, firstly, Elizabeth Rogers, after June 1659. He married, secondly, Margaret Banaster (widow of William Lewis) on 31 March 1662. He married, thirdly, Frances Teresa Stewart, granddaughter of Walter Stewart, 1st Lord Blantyre, in March 1667. This last marriage was famous, as Frances Stewart, known at court as ""Le Belle Stuart"" had been desired by Richmond's cousin, King Charles II, as a mistress. Charles Stewart returned to England with Charles II in 1660, and sat in the Convention Parliament, showing great animosity towards the supporters of the Commonwealth. On the death of his 10-year-old cousin Esmé Stewart on 10 August 1660, Charles Stewart succeeded as third Duke of Richmond and sixth Duke of Lennox. In that same year he was created Hereditary Great Chamberlain of Scotland, Hereditary Great Admiral of Scotland, and Lord-Lieutenant of Dorset. On 15 April 1661 he was invested with the Order of the Garter. On the death of his uncle, Ludovic Stuart, he succeeded him as 12th Seigneur D'Aubigny, for which title he did homage by proxy to Louis XIV of France on 11 May 1670. In July 1667, on the death of his cousin, Mary Butler, countess of Arran, he became Baron Clifton, and on 4 May 1668 he was made lord lieutenant and vice admiral of Kent jointly with the Earl of Winchilsea. In 1671 he was sent as ambassador to the Danish court to persuade Denmark to join England and France in a projected attack on the Dutch. While there he died (by drowning) in 1672, aged 33 at Elsinore, without issue, and his titles became extinct, with the exception of Baron Clifton, which passed with most of his property to his sister Katherine, Lady O'Brien. His wife, however, had had the Lennox estates granted to her for life. He was buried on 20 September 1673 at Westminster Abbey. The titles Duke of Richmond, Duke of Lennox and Earl of March, were resurrected for Charles II's illegitimate son by Louise de Kérouaille, Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond and Lennox, in 1675."
+13,2,"George Stewart (or Stuart), 9th Seigneur d'Aubigny (17 July 1618 – 23 October 1642) was a Scottish nobleman and Royalist commander in the English Civil War. He was the son of Esmé Stewart, 3rd Duke of Lennox, and his wife Katherine Clifton, 2nd Baroness Clifton, and the brother of James Stewart, 1st Duke of Richmond and 4th Duke of Lennox, and of the Royalist commander Lord Bernard Stewart. Stewart, his older brother Henry, and younger brother Ludovic were brought up at Aubigny in France as Roman Catholics under the charge of their paternal grandmother, the old Duchess-Dowager, Katherine de Balsac. Stewart's father, the Duke of Lennox, died in 1624, and Stewart became a ward of his cousin, King Charles I of England. He inherited the Lordship of Aubigny at the age of 14 on the death of his elder brother Henry in 1632. By 1633, he was a student at the Collège de Navarre, part of the University of Paris, and he did homage to Louis XIII of France for the lordship of Aubigny on 5 August 1636, shortly after his eighteenth birthday. Later that year he moved to England. In 1638 he secretly married Katherine Howard, the daughter of Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, and Elizabeth Home, without her father's consent, offending his guardian the king. The portrait of Stewart by Anthony van Dyck, now in the National Portrait Gallery, London, may have been painted to mark his marriage; the Latin inscription can be translated ""Love is stronger than I am"" which may allude to his conflicting loyalties. His younger brothers Lords John and Bernard are shown in a still more famous double Van Dyck portrait in the National Gallery, London - the iconic image of Cavaliers. They were also both killed in the Civil War.
+George Stewart and Katherine Howard had two children: He fought with the French against the Spanish in the Battle of Montjuïc (1641). As civil war loomed in England, Stewart joined the forces of King Charles at York where he was knighted on 18 April 1642 along with his brother Bernard. He was mortally wounded in the first pitched battle of the war at Edgehill on Sunday 23 October 1642, aged 24. He was buried in Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford. The lordship of Aubigny passed to his next brother, Ludovic, on his death. His widow remarried James Levingston, 1st Earl of Newburgh and had one further child Elizabeth. They were suspected in 1648 of plotting to rescue Charles I and on the discovery of the supposed plot fled to the Netherlands where Katherine died in 1650."
+14,1,"Johann Ernst of Saxe-Eisenach (Gotha, 9 July 1566 – Eisenach, 23 October 1638), was a duke of Saxe-Eisenach and later of Saxe-Coburg. He was the fourth (but second surviving) and youngest son of Johann Frederick II, Duke of Saxony and Countess Palatine Elisabeth of Simmern-Sponheim. His grandfather, Johann Frederick I, had still held the title of Elector of Saxony, but after the Battle of Mühlberg he lost the title to his cousin Maurice, from the Albertine line. His father tried since then to regain the Electorate again for the Ernestine line. For this purpose he accepted an outlawed knight, Wilhelm von Grumbach, with himself, which led finally to the fact that also over his father the anger of the Emperor. Only one year after his birth was besieged the castle of his father in Gotha by troops of the Elector Augustus of Saxony and finally conquered. His father came into imperial prison from the rest of his life. His mother, Johann Ernst and his older brothers had to flee from Gotha. They found first admission with his uncle, the duke Johann Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar, who took over also the guardianship for the princes -at the same time, he was granted by the Emperor with the lands of his brother Johann Frederick II-. After a short time in Weimar, Johann Ernst, as well as his mother and his brothers, lived in Eisenach and Eisenberg. Later, his uncle Johann Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar lost the Imperial favour. In the Diet of Speyer (1570), the Emperor decided to restore to the three sons of Johann Frederick II his hereditary rights. In 1572 his older brother Frederick Heinrich died from typhus fever. The same year, by the Division of Erfurt, the decision of the Diet of Speyer was made: The lands of his father were extracted again from the duchy of Saxe-Weimar, and created from them the new ""Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach"". Johann Ernst and his older surviving brother, Johann Casimir, were made rulers of the new country. During there minority, the lands were under the guardianship of the three Elector Princes: Frederick III of the Palatinate (also his maternal grandfather), Johann George of Brandenburg and Augustus of Saxony; also, they took the regency over Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach. The duchess Elizabeth moved to Austria, where she should live themselves in the future in the proximity of her husband, still imperial prissioner. The two young princes, Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst, moved to Coburg, the future residence of his new principality. With only six years, Johann Ernst was separated from his parents forever and entrusted to the education of strange persons. Since 1578 he visited the University of Leipzig then together with his brother. In 1586, after the wedding of his brother with Anna of Saxony, the daughter of the Elector Augustus, the guardianship finalized, and Johann Casimir began, together with his brother, the independent ruling of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach. Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst governed together the principality for the next ten years; however, Johann Casimir carried the main responsibility for the government as an older brother. Also, in order to had a separated residence from his brother too, Johann Ernst establishes himself in the small town of Marksuhl on 1587. Since 1590 Johann Ernst withdrew himself from the government of the duchy, with his brother completely agreed it, that this should govern the duchy for five years alone, when this time had elapsed and finally agreed (in 1596) with its brother to a new divisionary treaty. The duchy of Saxe-Eisenach was taken by Johann Ernst as independent principality separated from Saxe-Coburg, who remained with Johann Casimir. Thus, Saxe-Eisenach, for the first time in his history, had his own independent political unit became within the Holy Roman Empire."
+14,2,"rst time in his history, had his own independent political unit became within the Holy Roman Empire. During his first year of reign, Johann Ernst still live in Marsuhl because Eisenach, the new capital of his country, was inhabited and, only with the establishment of his official residence the citizens began to moved there. In 1598 Johann Ernst created for his duchy his own ""Landesregierung"" (Federal State Government) and a"" Konsistorium"". In 1633 his brother, the duke Johann Casimir of Saxe-Coburg, died childless. For this, Johann Ernst inherited Saxe-Coburg, and until his own death he governed both countries in a personal union, but maintains, however, his residence in Eisenach. In Wiener Neustadt on 23 November 1591 Johann Ernst married firstly with Elisabeth of Mansfeld-Hinterort. She died four days after giving birth to their only son: In Rotenburg on 14 May 1598 Johann Ernst married secondly with Christine of Hesse-Kassel. The marriage was happy, but remained childless. With the death of Johann Ernst ended the older line of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach. His principality was divided (under the rules of the Ernestine line) between Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Altenburg.
+."
+14,3,"Christine of Hesse-Kassel (19 October 1578 – 19 August 1658) was a German noblewoman member of the House of Hesse and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Coburg. Born in Kassel, she was the tenth of eleven children born from the marriage of William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and his wife Duchess Sabine of Württemberg. She was probably named after both her paternal grandmother and aunt (by marriage Duchess consort of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp)."
+15,1,"Mate Meštrović (born 13 September 1930, Zagreb, Sava Banovina, Kingdom of Yugoslavia), also known as Matthew Mestrovic (or Matthew Meštrović), is an American journalist and academic, Croatian lobbyist, politician and ambassador. The son of Croatian-American sculptor Ivan Meštrović, he attended grade school in Zagreb before his family moved to Italy in 1942. The family lived in Switzerland from 1943-46 where he finished 'Ecole Internationale de Genève'. The family moved to the United States of America the following year where his father continued his work as an artist and where Mate would spend most of his life. He graduated from university in 1951 and the following year received a master's degree in history at the University of Syracuse. From 1954-56, he served as a lieutenant in the US Army PsyWar in the Pacific and is also a Korean War veteran. He earned a PhD from Columbia University in 1957. He worked as a Contributing Editor of ""TIME"" and wrote many articles for American and European newspapers and magazines, including ""CommonwealThe New LeaderThe Intelligence Report"" of ""The Economist"", etc. He taught as Modern European history at Fairleigh Dickinson University and other United States universities from 1967-91. In 1986, he was awarded the Ellis Island Medal of Honor. Meštrović was active in the Croatian independence movement in Communist Yugoslavia. Meštrović led the Croatian National Congress. He visited Communist Yugoslavia for the first time in 1969. During this visit he made contacts with members of ""Hrvatski književni list"" and Matica hrvatska. From 1982-90 he served as president of the Croatian National Council, an umbrella group of Croatian emigrant organizations which lobbied for Croatian independence. Meštrović has written several books in English and Croatian, notably ""What you should know about Communism and whyThe struggle for Croatia"" and ""In the whirlpool of Croatian Politics"". In the U.S., he published Franjo Tudjman's book, ""Nationalism in Contemporary Europe"", and Venko Markovski's ""Goli Otok – The Island of Death"". He also authored several political tracts, notably ""Violations of Human and National Rights of the Croatian People in Yugoslavia"" and ""Croatian Response to the Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Science and Art"". Meštrović returned to Croatia in the early 1990s. He served as a deputy in the Croatian Parliament (1993–97), member of Croatia's delegation to the Council of Europe and the Inter-Parliamentary Union and ambassador in Bulgaria (1997–2000)."
+15,2,"Ivan Meštrović (15 August 1883 – 16 January 1962) was a renowned Yugoslavian and Croatian sculptor, architect and writer of the 20th century. He was the most prominent sculptor of Croatian modern sculpture and a leading personality of artistic life in Zagreb. He studied at the Pavle Bilinić's Stone Workshop in Split and at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, where he was formed under the influence of the Secession. He traveled throughout Europe and studied the works of ancient and Renaissance masters, especially Michelangelo, and French sculptors A. Rodin, A. Bourdelle and A. Maillola. He was the initiator of the national-romantic group Medulić (he advocated the creation of art of national features inspired by the heroic folk songs). During the First World War, he lived in emigration. After the war, he returned to Croatia and began a long and fruitful period of sculpture and pedagogical work. In 1942 he emigrated to Italy, in 1943 to Switzerland and in 1947 to the United States. He was a professor of sculpture at the Syracuse University and from 1955 at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana. Most of his early works of symbolic themes were formed in the spirit of the Secession, some of which, like the Well of Life, show impressionist restless surfaces created under the influence of Rodin's naturalism, and the second, reviving national myth, become stylized monumental plastics (Kosovo cycle, 1908-1910). Before the First World War, he left pathetic epic stylization, expressing increasingly emotional states, as evidenced by the wooden reliefs of biblical themes made in a combination of Archaic, Gothic, Secessionist and Expressionist styles. During the 1920s and 1930s, the classical component prevailed in his works. In this period, he created a number of public monuments of strong plastic expression, pronounced and legible shapes (Grgur Ninski and Marko Marulić in Split, Andrija Medulić, Andrija Kačić-Miošić and Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Zagreb, ""The Bowman"" and ""The Spearman"" in Chicago). Portraits take a special place in his opus. Meštrović achieved works of strong plastic value in the construction-sculptural monuments and projects, mostly with central layout (the Mausoleum of the Račić family in Cavtat, the Mausoleum of the Meštrović family in Otavice, the Meštrović Pavilion in Zagreb, Monument to the Unknown Hero in Belgrade). He also designed a memorial church of King Zvonimir in Biskupija near Knin inspired by old Croatian churches, a representative family palace, today the Ivan Meštrović Gallery, and reconstructed renaissance fortified mansion Crikvine-Kaštilac in Split."
+16,1,"Sanjay Leela Bhansali (born 24 February 1963) is a Bollywood director, producer, screenwriter, and music director. One of the most acclaimed filmmakers in Hindi cinema, Bhansali is the recipient of several awards, including five National Film Awards, eleven Filmfare Awards and a BAFTA nomination. In 2015, the Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award. Bhansali made his directorial debut with  (1996), for which he received the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film. He rose to prominence in Hindi-language cinema with the commercially successful and widely acclaimed romantic drama ""Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam"" (1999), the romantic drama ""Devdas"" (2002) — for which he received nomination for the Best Film Not in the English Language at British Academy of Film & Television Awards (BAFTA) — and the drama ""Black"" (2005), for all of which he received multiple Best Director Awards and Best Film Awards along with additional Critics Award for Best Film for the latter at Filmfare Awards, and multiple National Film Awards for the latter two. He followed it by directing consecutive commercially unsuccessful films such as ""Saawariya"" (2007) and ""Guzaarish"" (2010), however, ""Guzaarish"" received positive reviews from critics and audiences. This changed with his adaptation of Shakespeare's ""Romeo and Juliet"" — the tragic romance ""Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela"" (2013) — opened to positive reviews and strong box office collections, for which he received several awards and nominations. His home production biographical sports film ""Mary Kom"" (2014), had him receive his third National Film Award. His period dramas ""Bajirao Mastani"" (2015) and ""Padmaavat"" (2018) both rank among the highest-grossing Indian films of all time. For the former, he won the National Film Award for Best Direction, as well as Filmfare Awards for Best Director and Best Film; and for the latter, he won National Film Award for Best Music Direction and Filmfare Award for Best Music Director. He is an alumnus of the Film and Television Institute of India. He is the founder of the production house Bhansali Productions. Bhansali has adopted the middle name ""Leela"" as a tribute to his mother,"
+16,2,"Howard Bretherton( 13 February 1890, Tacoma, Washington – 12 April 1969, San Diego, California) was an American film director, film editor, and the father of film editor David Bretherton."
+16,3,"Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( English:"" I Have Given My Heart Away, Darling"") is a 1999 Indian Hindi- language romantic drama film directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali. It was released internationally as"" Straight From the Heart"". The film stars Aishwarya Rai Bachchan in lead role playing a role of a young girl Nandini. The film also stars Salman Khan and Ajay Devgn The film has been described as a loose adaptation of Maitreyi Devi's Bengali novel"" Na Hanyate"" and is based on a love triangle although the film does not give credit to it. The theme is based on Rashtriyashayar Jhaverchand Meghani's play"" Shetal ne Kathe"". Sanjay Leela Bhansali is a huge fan of Meghani and he acknowledged it many interviews. It was filmed throughout the Gujarat- Rajasthan border region, in addition to Budapest, Hungary, which was used to represent Italy. The film was premiered in the Indian Panorama section at the 1999 International Film Festival of India. It was remade in Bengali as"" Neel Akasher Chandni"" in 2009, with Jeet reprising Salman Khan's role, Jisshu Sengupta reprising Ajay Devgn's role, and Koel Mallick reprising Aishwarya Rai's role. "" Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam"" received a leading 16 nominations at the 45th Filmfare Awards, including Best Actor for Khan and Devgn, winning 7 awards, including Best Film, Best Director for Bhansali, and Best Actress for Rai and Best Male Playback for Udit Narayan."
+16,4,"The Greyhound Limited is 1929 part- talkie crime drama and railroad theme film directed by Howard Bretherton and starring Monte Blue. Warner Bros. produced and distributed releasing the film in the Vitaphone process, with a music score and sound effects. The film is a follow up to the 1927 film"" The Black Diamond Express"". The film survives in the Library of Congress and Wisconsin Center For Film and Theatre Research, Madison Wisconsin. The full synchronized soundtrack( except the 5, 7 and 8 reel) survives on Vitaphone discs."
+17,1,"Otto von Habsburg (20 November 1912 4 July 2011), also known by his traditional royal title of Archduke Otto of Austria, was the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary from 1916 until the dissolution of the empire in 1919, a realm which comprised modern-day Austria, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, and parts of Italy, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine. He became the pretender to the former thrones, Head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, and Sovereign of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1922, upon the death of his father. He resigned as Sovereign of the Golden Fleece in 2000 and as head of the Imperial House in 2007. The eldest son of Charles I and IV, the last Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, and his wife, Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Otto was born as third in line to the thrones, as Archduke Otto of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary, Bohemia, and Croatia. With his father's accession to the thrones in 1916, he was likely to become emperor and king. As his father never abdicated, Otto was considered by himself, his family and Austro-Hungarian legitimists to be the rightful emperor-king from 1922. Otto was active on the Austrian and European political stage from the 1930s, both by promoting the cause of Habsburg restoration and as an early proponent of European integration—being thoroughly disgusted with nationalism—and a fierce opponent of Nazism and communism. He has been described as one of the leaders of the Austrian Resistance. After the 1938 ""Anschluss"", where monarchists were severely persecuted in Austria and sentenced to death by the Nazis, Otto fled Europe to the United States. Otto von Habsburg was Vice President (1957–1973) and President (1973–2004) of the International Paneuropean Union, and served as a Member of the European Parliament for the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) from 1979 to 1999. As a newly elected Member of the European Parliament in 1979, Otto had an empty chair set up for the countries on the other side of the Iron Curtain in the European Parliament, and took a strong interest in the countries behind the Iron Curtain. Otto von Habsburg played a notable role in the revolutions of 1989, as a co-initiator of the Pan-European Picnic. Later he was a strong supporter of the EU membership of central and eastern European countries. A noted intellectual, he published several books on historical and political affairs. Otto has been described as one of the ""architects of the European idea and of European integration"" together with Robert Schuman, Konrad Adenauer, and Alcide De Gasperi. Otto was exiled in 1919 and grew up mostly in Spain. His devout Catholic mother raised him according to the old curriculum of Austria-Hungary, preparing him to become a Catholic monarch. During his life in exile, he lived in Switzerland, Madeira, Spain, Belgium, France, the United States, and from 1954 until his death, finally in Bavaria (Germany), in the residence ""Villa Austria"". At the time of his death, he was a citizen of Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Croatia ,having earlier been stateless ""de jure"" and ""de facto"", and possessed passports of Monaco, the Order of Malta, and Spain. His funeral took place at St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna on 16 July 2011; he was entombed in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna and his heart buried in Pannonhalma Archabbey in Hungary."
+17,2,"Karl von Habsburg (Karl Thomas Robert Maria Franziskus Georg Bahnam; born 11 January 1961), also known as Karl of Austria and referred to by his ancestral titles as Archduke of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia, is an Austrian politician, the current head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine which ruled the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Empire of Austria, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and the Kingdom of Hungary as well as the Crown lands of Bohemia and Croatia by hereditary right until the end of World War I. Born in Starnberg, Germany, in 1961, he is the son of Archduke Otto von Habsburg, Crown Prince of Austria and Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen, and the grandson of the last Austrian emperor, Charles I. He served as a Member of the European Parliament for the Austrian People's Party 1996–1999. Like his father, he is known as an advocate for the Pan-European movement."
+18,1,"Edith Carlmar (Edith Mary Johanne Mathiesen) (15 November 1911 – 17 May 2003) was an Norwagian actress and Norway's first female film director. She is known for films such as ""Fjols til fjells"" (1957), ""Aldri annet enn bråk"" (1954), and ""Ung flukt"" (1959). Her 1949 film, ""Døden er et kjærtegnDeath is a Caress""), is considered to be Norway's first film noir. The last film she directed, ""Ung Flukt"", introduced Liv Ullmann, Norway's most famous actor internationally, to the silver screen. Carlmar came from a poor family in the working class districts of East Oslo. However, she did manage to take dancing classes and made her debut on stage at the age of 15. In the theater she met Otto Carlmar whom she married three years later. From 1936 she worked as an actress in various theatres. Here she met the film director Tancred Ibsen who introduced her to the world of cinema. In 1949 she and her husband started Carlmar Film A/S, and began writing scripts, directing and producing films. They made ten feature films over a ten-year period. After a decade of film-making Carlmar retired as a director. In the last part of her life she accepted only minor acting roles in plays and movies."
+18,2,"Aldri annet enn bråk is a 1954 Norwegian comedy- drama film, edited by Edith Carlmar. It takes place in a working- class setting in the city of Oslo. The English title is"" Nothing but trouble"". A 1955 Danish remake,"" Altid ballade"", was directed by Gabriel Axel."
+18,3,"Michael Curtiz (born Manó Kaminer(1886-1905) Mihály Kertész (1905); December 24, 1886 April 11, 1962) was a Hungarian-born American film director, recognized as one of the most prolific directors in history. He directed classic films from the silent era and numerous others during Hollywood's Golden Age, when the studio system was prevalent. Curtiz was already a well-known director in Europe when Warner Bros. invited him to Hollywood in 1926, when he was 39 years of age. He had already directed 64 films in Europe, and soon helped Warner Bros. become the fastest-growing movie studio. He directed 102 films during his Hollywood career, mostly at Warners, where he directed ten actors to Oscar nominations. James Cagney and Joan Crawford won their only Academy Awards under Curtiz's direction. He put Doris Day and John Garfield on screen for the first time, and he made stars of Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, and Bette Davis. He himself was nominated five times and won twice, once for Best Short Subject for ""Sons of Liberty"" and once as Best Director for ""Casablanca"". Curtiz introduced to Hollywood a unique visual style using artistic lighting, extensive and fluid camera movement, high crane shots, and unusual camera angles. He was versatile and could handle any kind of picture: melodrama, comedy, love story, film noir, musical, war story, Western, or historical epic. He always paid attention to the human-interest aspect of every story, stating that the ""human and fundamental problems of real people"" were the basis of all good drama. Curtiz helped popularize the classic swashbuckler with films such as ""Captain Blood"" (1935) and ""The Adventures of Robin Hood"" (1938). He directed many dramas which today are also considered classics, ""Angels with Dirty Faces"" (1938), ""The Sea Wolf"" (1941), ""Casablanca"" (1942), and ""Mildred Pierce"" (1945). He directed leading musicals, including ""Yankee Doodle Dandy"" (1942), "" This Is the Army"" (1943), and ""White Christmas"", and he made comedies with ""Life With Father"" (1947) and ""We're No Angels"" (1955)."
+18,4,"God's Gift to Women is a 1931 American pre-Code romantic musical comedy film directed by Michael Curtiz, starring Frank Fay, Laura LaPlante, and Joan Blondell. The film, based on the play"" The Devil Was Sick"" by Jane Hinton, was originally completed as a musical film; however, because of audience dislike for musicals at that time, all the songs were cut in American prints. The full film was released intact in other countries, where there was no such decline in popularity."
+19,1,"Beasts of Prey( 육식동물-"" Yukshik dongmul""), also known as"" Carnivore"" and"" Carnivorous Animals"", is a 1985 South Korean film directed by Kim Ki-young."
+19,2,"Last Tango in Paris  is a 1972 erotic drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci, which portrays a recently widowed American who begins an anonymous sexual relationship with a young Parisian woman. It stars Marlon Brando, Maria Schneider, and Jean-Pierre Léaud. The film's raw portrayal of sexual violence and emotional turmoil led to international controversy and drew various levels of government censorship in different venues. Upon release in the United States, the most graphic scene was cut and the MPAA gave the film an X rating. After revisions were made to the MPAA ratings code in 1997, the film was reclassified NC-17 for ""some explicit sexual content"". Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released a censored R-rated cut in 1981."
+19,3,"Kim Ki-young ( October 10, 1919 – February 5, 1998) was a South Korean film director, known for his intensely psychosexual and melodramatic horror films, often focusing on the psychology of their female characters. Kim was born in Seoul during the colonial period, raised in Pyongyang, where he became interested in theater and cinema. In Korea after the end of World War II, he studied dentistry while becoming involved in the theater. During the Korean War, he made propaganda films for the United States Information Service. In 1955, he used discarded movie equipments to produce his first two films. With the success of these two films Kim formed his own production company and produced popular melodramas for the rest of the decade. Kim Ki-young's first expression of his mature style was in his"" The Housemaid""( 1960), which featured a powerful"" femme fatale"" character. It is widely considered to be one of the best Korean films of all time. After a"" Golden Age"" during the 1960s, the 1970s were a low- point in the history of Korean cinema because of governmental censorship and a decrease in audience attendance. Nevertheless, working independently, Kim produced some of his most eccentric cinematic creations in this era. Films such as"" Insect Woman""( 1972) and"" Iodo""( 1977) were successful at the time and highly influential on the younger generations of South Korean filmmakers both at their time of release, and with their rediscovery years later. By the 1980s, Kim's popularity had gone into decline, and his output decreased in the second half of the decade. Neglected by the mainstream during much of the 1990s, Kim became a cult figure in South Korean film Internet forums in the early 1990s. Widespread international interest in his work was stimulated by a career retrospective at the 1997 Pusan International Film Festival. He was preparing a comeback film when he and his wife were killed in a house fire in 1998. The Berlin International Film Festival gave Kim a posthumous retrospective in 1998, and the French Cinémathèque screened 18 of Kim's films, some newly rediscovered and restored, in 2006. Through the efforts of the Korean Film Council( KOFIC), previously lost films by Kim Ki- young continue to be rediscovered and restored. Many current prominent South Korean filmmakers, including directors Im Sang- soo, Kim Ki-duk, Bong Joon- ho and Park Chan- wook, claim Kim Ki- young as an influence on their careers."
+19,4,"Bernardo Bertolucci( 16 March 1941 – 26 November 2018) was an Italian director and screenwriter, whose films include"" The ConformistLast Tango in Paris 1900 The Last Emperor""( for which he won the Academy Award for Best Director and the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay),"" The Sheltering SkyLittle BuddhaStealing Beauty"" and"" The Dreamers."" In recognition of his work, he was presented with the inaugural Honorary Palme d' Or Award at the opening ceremony of the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. From 1979 until his death in 2018, he was married to screenwriter Clare Peploe."
+20,1,"Julie Ethel Dash( born October 22, 1952) is an American film director, writer and producer. Dash received her MFA in 1985 at the UCLA Film School and is one of the graduates and filmmakers born out of a time known as the L.A. Rebellion. After she had written and directed several shorts, her 1991 feature"" Daughters of the Dust"" became the first full- length film directed by an African- American woman to obtain general theatrical release in the United States. "" Daughters of the Dust"" is a fictionalized telling of her father's Gullah family who lived off the coast of the Southeastern United States. The film features black women's stories, striking visuals shot on location and a non-linear narrative. It's included in the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress for its cultural, historical and aesthetic significance."" Dash has written two books on"" Daughters of the Dust"" —a"" making of"" history co-written with Toni Cade Bambara and bell hooks, and a sequel, set 20 years after the film's story. "" Daughters of the Dust"" was named one of the most significant films of the last 30 years, by IndieWire. Dash has worked in television since the late 1990s. Her television movies include"" Funny Valentines""( 1999),"" Incognito""( 1999),"" Love Song""( 2000), and"" The Rosa Parks Story""( 2002), starring Angela Bassett. The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center commissioned Dash to direct"" Brothers of the Borderland"" in 2004, as an immersive film exhibit narrated by Oprah Winfrey following the path of women gaining freedom on the Underground Railroad. In 2017, Dash directed episodes of"" Queen Sugar"" on the Oprah Winfrey Network. At the 2019 Sundance Film Festival, it was announced Dash's next project will be a biopic of civil rights icon Angela Davis, to be produced by Lionsgate."
+20,2,Illusions is a 1982 film written and directed by Julie Dash. The short film depicts the life of an African American woman passing as a white woman working in the film industry during the 1940s. It calls attention to the lack of African Americans in the film industry during that era.
+20,3,"Gurinder Chadha,( born 10 January 1960) is an English film director of Indian origin. Most of her films explore the lives of Indians living in England. The common theme among her work showcases the trials of Indian women living in England and how they must reconcile their converging traditional and modern cultures. Although many of her films seem like simple quirky comedies about Indian women, they actually address many social and emotional issues, especially ones faced by immigrants caught between two worlds. Much of her work also consists of adaptations from book to film, but with a different flair. She is best known for the hit films"" Bhaji on the Beach""( 1993),"" Bend It Like Beckham""( 2002),"" Bride and Prejudice""( 2004),"" Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging""( 2008),"" It's a Wonderful Afterlife""( 2010) and"" Viceroy's House""( 2017). Her latest features are the biographical musical comedy- drama"" Blinded by the Light"" and the television show"" Beecham House""."
+20,4,"It's a Wonderful Afterlife is a 2010 British comedy film directed by Gurinder Chadha. The screenplay centres on an Indian mother whose obsession with marrying off her daughter leads her into the realm of serial murder. It was filmed primarily in English, with some Hindi and Punjabi dialogue. The title is a reference to Chadha's personal attachment to Frank Capra's film"" It's a Wonderful Life."" Chadha also co-produced the film, and co-wrote the screenplay with her husband and producing partner, Paul Mayeda Berges. The lead role is played by newcomer Goldy Notay, joining Shabana Azmi, Shaheen Khan, Sendhil Ramamurthy and Sally Hawkins in the cast."
+21,1,"Mizraab (Urdu: مضراب, literal English translation: ""a plectrum made by hand from a continuous strand of iron used to strike the strings of the sitar"") is a progressive rock and metal band from Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, formed in 1997. Founded by vocalist, lead guitarist and songwriter, Faraz Anwar, the band's initial line-up was with Faraz Anwar on vocals, Khalid Khan on bass and Akhtar Qayyum on percussions, since then there had been many changes in the line-up the only consistent member being Faraz himself. The band have been influential on many contemporary musical artists, and have gained a large cult following despite garnering little radio or music video airplay."
+21,2,"The word Hindu is derived from the Indo - Aryan and Sanskrit word Sindhu, which means ``a large body of water '', covering`` river, ocean''. It was used as the name of the Indus river and also referred to its tributaries. The actual term 'hindu' first occurs, states Gavin Flood, as ``a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: Sindhu) '', more specifically in the 6th - century BCE inscription of Darius I. The Punjab region, called Sapta Sindhava in the Vedas, is called Hapta Hindu in Zend Avesta. The 6th - century BCE inscription of Darius I mentions the province of Hi (n) dush, referring to northwestern India. The people of India were referred to as Hinduvān (Hindus) and hindavī was used as the adjective for Indian in the 8th century text Chachnama. The term 'Hindu' in these ancient records is an ethno - geographical term and did not refer to a religion. The Arabic equivalent Al - Hind likewise referred to the country of India."
+21,3,"Abul Kalam Azad expressed concern over the likelihood of violent riots, to which Mountbatten replied:At least on this question I shall give you complete assurance. I shall see to it that there is no bloodshed and riot. I am a soldier and not a civilian. Once the partition is accepted in principle, I shall issue orders to see that there are no communal disturbances anywhere in the country. If there should be the slightest agitation, I shall adopt the sternest measures to nip the trouble in the bud. Jagmohan has stated that this and what followed shows the ""glaring"" ""failure of the government machinery"".On 3 June 1947, the partition plan was accepted by the Congress Working Committee. Boloji states that in Punjab there were no riots but there was communal tension, while Gandhi was reportedly isolated by Nehru and Patel and observed maun vrat (day of silence). Mountbatten visited Gandhi and said he hoped that he would not oppose the partition, to which Gandhi wrote the reply: ""Have I ever opposed you?""Within British India, the border between India and Pakistan (the Radcliffe Line) was determined by a British Government-commissioned report prepared under the chairmanship of a London barrister, Sir Cyril Radcliffe. Pakistan came into being with two non-contiguous enclaves, East Pakistan (today Bangladesh) and West Pakistan, separated geographically by India. India was formed out of the majority Hindu regions of British India, and Pakistan from the majority Muslim areas."
+22,1,"Israel (/ ˈɪzreɪəl /; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל ‎, Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل ‎), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ‎, Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل ‎), is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over East Jerusalem is not recognised internationally. The population of Israel was estimated in 2017 to be 8,777,580 people, of whom 74.7% were Jewish, 20.8% Arab and 4.5% others."
+22,2,"The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. Its extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen (formerly two separate countries: the Yemen Arab Republic or North Yemen; and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen or South Yemen) are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 1% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts."
+22,3,"Shiraz is the economic center of southern Iran. The second half of the 19th century witnessed certain economic developments that greatly changed the economy of Shiraz. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 allowed the extensive import into southern Iran of inexpensive European factory-made goods, either directly from Europe or via India. Farmers in unprecedented numbers began planting cash crops such as opium poppy, tobacco, and cotton. Many of these export crops passed through Shiraz on their way to the Persian Gulf. Iranian long-distance merchants from Fars developed marketing networks for these commodities, establishing trading houses in Bombay, Calcutta, Port Said, Istanbul and even Hong Kong.Shiraz's economic base is in its provincial products, which include grapes, citrus fruits, cotton and rice. Industries such as cement production, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs dominate. Shirāz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran's electronic industries. 53% of Iran's electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz."
+23,1,"Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806. The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the German Confederation; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia. The coat of arms of this new state was simpler than they had been previously."
+23,2,"If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already formed in 1882), which were in part a cause of World War I. By its end in 1918 three empires were gone, a fourth was about to fall to revolution, and two more, the British and French, were forced to yield in revolutions started under the aegis of their own ideologies."
+23,3,"Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1–3%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."
+24,1,"Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the representatives of the Karma Kagyu who continued to visit the Ming capital were sent by the Karmapa."
+24,2,"Archaeological discovery shows that ""Nanjing Man"" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang."
+24,3,"During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would ""sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric"" when receiving religious instructions from him."
+24,4,"Guangling District () is one of three districts of Yangzhou, Jiangsu province, China. The district includes the eastern half of Yangzhou's main urban area (including Yangzhou's historic center within the former city wall), and the city's eastern suburbs. The other half of the city's main urban area is in Hanjiang District."
+25,1,"In 1968, Tito offered Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dubček to fly to Prague on three hours notice if Dubček needed help in facing down the Soviets. In April 1969, Tito removed generals Ivan Gošnjak and Rade Hamović in the aftermath of the invasion of Czechoslovakia due to the unpreparedness of the Yugoslav army to respond to a similar invasion of Yugoslavia."
+25,2,"The 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania was an oral ultimatum which Joachim von Ribbentrop, Foreign Minister of Nazi Germany, presented to Juozas Urbšys, Foreign Minister of Lithuania on 20 March 1939. The Germans demanded that Lithuania give up the Klaipėda Region (also known as the Memel Territory) which had been detached from Germany after World War I, or the Wehrmacht would invade Lithuania. The Lithuanians had been expecting the demand after years of rising tension between Lithuania and Germany, increasing pro-Nazi propaganda in the region, and continued German expansion. It was issued just five days after the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia. The 1924 Klaipėda Convention had guaranteed the protection of the status quo in the region, but the four signatories to that convention did not offer any material assistance. The United Kingdom and France followed a policy of appeasement, while Italy and Japan openly supported Germany, and Lithuania was forced to accept the ultimatum on 22 March. It proved to be the last territorial acquisition for Germany before World War II, producing a major downturn in Lithuania's economy and escalating pre-war tensions for Europe as a whole."
+25,3,"Because of its neutrality, Yugoslavia would often be rare among Communist countries to have diplomatic relations with right-wing, anti-Communist governments. For example, Yugoslavia was the only communist country allowed to have an embassy in Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay. One notable exception to Yugoslavia's neutral stance toward anti-communist countries was Chile under Pinochet; Yugoslavia was one of many countries which severed diplomatic relations with Chile after Salvador Allende was overthrown. Yugoslavia also provided military aid and arms supplies to staunchly anti-Communist regimes such as that of Guatemala under Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García."
+25,4,"Currently, the army is divided into the Regular Army, the Army Reserve, and the Army National Guard. The army is also divided into major branches such as Air Defense Artillery, Infantry, Aviation, Signal Corps, Corps of Engineers, and Armor. Before 1903 members of the National Guard were considered state soldiers unless federalized (i.e., activated) by the President. Since the Militia Act of 1903 all National Guard soldiers have held dual status: as National Guardsmen under the authority of the governor of their state or territory and, when activated, as a reserve of the U.S. Army under the authority of the President."
+26,1,"Riverside Plaza is a modernist and brutalist apartment complex designed by Ralph Rapson that opened in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1973. Situated on the edge of downtown Minneapolis in the Cedar-Riverside neighborhood, and next to both the University of Minnesota's West Bank and Augsburg University, the site contains the 39-story McKnight Building, the tallest structure outside of the city's central business district. Initially known as Cedar Square West, exterior shots of the complex were featured on television as the residence of Mary Richards in sixth and seventh seasons of ""The Mary Tyler Moore Show""."
+26,2,"The Mississippi River is the chief river of the second - largest drainage system on the North American continent, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system. Flowing entirely in the United States (although its drainage basin reaches into Canada), it rises in northern Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards for 2,320 miles (3,730 km) to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains all or parts of 31 U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth - longest and fifteenth - largest river in the world by discharge. The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana."
+26,3,"Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abundantly rich in water, with 13 lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber. The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle. As of 2018, Minneapolis was home to 6 Fortune 500 companies, and the Twin Cities were the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States. As an integral link to the global economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city."
+26,4,"Southeast Library's building was designed by master architect Ralph Rapson and originally functioned as a credit union for university and state employees. It opened as a library in 1967. The State Capitol Credit Union building at 1222 Fourth Street Southeast was purchased to be converted into a library on December 29, 1966. It opened as the new Southeast Library on December 26, 1967."
+27,1,"Riverside Plaza is a modernist and brutalist apartment complex designed by Ralph Rapson that opened in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1973. Situated on the edge of downtown Minneapolis in the Cedar-Riverside neighborhood, and next to both the University of Minnesota's West Bank and Augsburg University, the site contains the 39-story McKnight Building, the tallest structure outside of the city's central business district. Initially known as Cedar Square West, exterior shots of the complex were featured on television as the residence of Mary Richards in sixth and seventh seasons of ""The Mary Tyler Moore Show""."
+27,2,"Southeast Library's building was designed by master architect Ralph Rapson and originally functioned as a credit union for university and state employees. It opened as a library in 1967. The State Capitol Credit Union building at 1222 Fourth Street Southeast was purchased to be converted into a library on December 29, 1966. It opened as the new Southeast Library on December 26, 1967."
+27,3,"Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abundantly rich in water, with 13 lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber. The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle. As of 2018, Minneapolis was home to 6 Fortune 500 companies, and the Twin Cities were the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States. As an integral link to the global economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city."
+27,4,"In the Treaty of Paris after the Revolution, the British had ceded the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States, without consulting the Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw and other smaller tribes who lived there. Because many of the tribes had fought as allies of the British, the United States compelled tribal leaders to sign away lands in postwar treaties, and began dividing these lands for settlement. This provoked a war in the Northwest Territory in which the U.S. forces performed poorly; the Battle of the Wabash in 1791 was the most severe defeat ever suffered by the United States at the hands of American Indians. President Washington dispatched a newly trained army to the region, which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794."
+28,1,"In the American League, the New York Yankees have played in 40 World Series and won 27, the Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics have played in 14 and won 9, and the Boston Red Sox have played in 12 and won 8, including the first World Series. In the National League, the St. Louis Cardinals have appeared in 19 and won 11, the New York / San Francisco Giants have played in 20 and won 8, the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers have appeared in 19 and won 6, and the Cincinnati Reds have appeared in 9 and won 5."
+28,2,"MVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the World Series. The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each league city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961. The BBWAA does not offer a clear - cut definition of what ``most valuable ''means, instead leaving the judgment to the individual voters."
+28,3,"Other legendary home run hitters include Jimmie Foxx, Mel Ott, Ted Williams, Mickey Mantle (who on September 10, 1960, mythically hit ``the longest home run ever ''at an estimated distance of 643 feet (196 m), although this was measured after the ball stopped rolling), Reggie Jackson, Harmon Killebrew, Ernie Banks, Mike Schmidt, Dave Kingman, Sammy Sosa (who hit 60 or more home runs in a season 3 times), Ken Griffey, Jr. and Eddie Mathews. In 1987, Joey Meyer of the Denver Zephyrs hit the longest verifiable home run in professional baseball history. The home run was measured at a distance of 582 feet (177 m) and was hit inside Denver's Mile High Stadium. Major League Baseball's longest verifiable home run distance is about 575 feet (175 m), by Babe Ruth, to straightaway center field at Tiger Stadium (then called Navin Field and before the double - deck), which landed nearly across the intersection of Trumbull and Cherry."
+28,4,"The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx. The Yankees compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) East division. They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City; the other club is the National League (NL)'s New York Mets. In the season, the club began play in the AL as the Baltimore Orioles (no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles). Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise that had ceased operations and moved it to New York City, renaming the club the New York Highlanders. The Highlanders were officially renamed the Yankees in ."
+29,1,"Other legendary home run hitters include Jimmie Foxx, Mel Ott, Ted Williams, Mickey Mantle (who on September 10, 1960, mythically hit ``the longest home run ever ''at an estimated distance of 643 feet (196 m), although this was measured after the ball stopped rolling), Reggie Jackson, Harmon Killebrew, Ernie Banks, Mike Schmidt, Dave Kingman, Sammy Sosa (who hit 60 or more home runs in a season 3 times), Ken Griffey, Jr. and Eddie Mathews. In 1987, Joey Meyer of the Denver Zephyrs hit the longest verifiable home run in professional baseball history. The home run was measured at a distance of 582 feet (177 m) and was hit inside Denver's Mile High Stadium. Major League Baseball's longest verifiable home run distance is about 575 feet (175 m), by Babe Ruth, to straightaway center field at Tiger Stadium (then called Navin Field and before the double - deck), which landed nearly across the intersection of Trumbull and Cherry."
+29,2,"The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx. The Yankees compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) East division. They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City; the other club is the National League (NL)'s New York Mets. In the season, the club began play in the AL as the Baltimore Orioles (no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles). Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise that had ceased operations and moved it to New York City, renaming the club the New York Highlanders. The Highlanders were officially renamed the Yankees in ."
+29,3,"In the American League, the New York Yankees have played in 40 World Series and won 27, the Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics have played in 14 and won 9, and the Boston Red Sox have played in 12 and won 8, including the first World Series. In the National League, the St. Louis Cardinals have appeared in 19 and won 11, the New York / San Francisco Giants have played in 20 and won 8, the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers have appeared in 18 and won 6, and the Cincinnati Reds have appeared in 9 and won 5."
+29,4,"MVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the World Series. The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each league city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961. The BBWAA does not offer a clear - cut definition of what ``most valuable ''means, instead leaving the judgment to the individual voters."
+30,1,"The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx. The Yankees compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) East division. They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City; the other club is the National League (NL)'s New York Mets. In the season, the club began play in the AL as the Baltimore Orioles (no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles). Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise that had ceased operations and moved it to New York City, renaming the club the New York Highlanders. The Highlanders were officially renamed the Yankees in ."
+30,2,"Major League Baseball had most of its teams open the 2011 season on a Thursday (March 31) or Friday (April 1) rather than the traditional Monday, in order to prevent the World Series from extending into November. Similarly, most teams opened the 2012 season on Thursday (April 5) or Friday (April 6). However, subsequent seasons through 2017 returned to Monday openers for most teams. For the 2018 season, all 30 teams were scheduled to open the season on Thursday, March 29 (the earliest domestic start for a regular season in MLB history, and the first time since 1968 that all major league teams were scheduled to start the season on the same day, although two games were subsequently rained out and postponed to Friday, March 30)."
+30,3,"In the American League, the New York Yankees have played in 40 World Series and won 27, the Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics have played in 14 and won 9, and the Boston Red Sox have played in 12 and won 8, including the first World Series. In the National League, the St. Louis Cardinals have appeared in 19 and won 11, the New York / San Francisco Giants have played in 20 and won 8, the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers have appeared in 19 and won 6, and the Cincinnati Reds have appeared in 9 and won 5."
+30,4,"MVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the World Series. The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each league city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961. The BBWAA does not offer a clear - cut definition of what ``most valuable ''means, instead leaving the judgment to the individual voters."
diff --git a/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/questions.csv b/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/questions.csv
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/graphrag/tests/test_questions/Multihop30/questions.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+question
+Ali Eren Balıkel started a restaurant which hosted a number of famous figures including an English actor who won three consecutive what?
+The term Moneybomb was coined by Trevor Lyman to describe a massive online donation drive on behalf of a presidential candidate that was the first chairman of what PAC?
+"A wide receiver for the Toronto Argonauts played college football for a team that represents the University of Oklahoma, which belongs to what conference?"
+In Ancient Egyptian religion how would a citizen be weighted to decide if they where worthy of damnation and would face the torment in the lake of fire ?
+Where did the host of the 2014 edition of the MTV Africa Music Awards begin their career?
+"In 1967, there were how many active members in the organization whose first Grand Wizard was convicted for the 1966 murder of Vernon Dahmer?"
+What theme park was seen as a competitor for Ocean Park Hong Kong and opened in September 2005?
+"When did the character on Grey's Anatomy, played by the same actor who portrayed Rev James Lawson in ""Lee Daniel's The Butler"", debut?"
+"How many acres did this plantation consist of, in which the Honourable The Irish Society was set up to colonise County Londonberry?"
+Which US Supreme court case involved a waiver of right to counsel Planned Parenthood v. Casey or Montejo v. Louisiana?
+"Which film has the director who is older than the other, Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne or Halloween Kills?"
+Who is the maternal grandmother of Margaret Of Valois?
+"Where did Charles Stewart, 3Rd Duke Of Richmond's father graduate from?"
+"Who is the father-in-law of John Ernest, Duke Of Saxe-Eisenach?"
+Where did Mate Meštrović's father graduate from?
+"Which film has the director born later, Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam or The Greyhound Limited?"
+Who is Karl Von Habsburg's paternal grandmother?
+"Which film has the director who is older, God'S Gift To Women or Aldri Annet Enn Bråk?"
+"Which film whose director was born first, Last Tango In Paris or Beasts Of Prey?"
+"Which film has the director who was born later, Illusions (1982 Film) or It'S A Wonderful Afterlife?"
+what is meaning of the word that is a majority religion of the area that became India when the country origin of Mizraab was created in Arabic dictionary?
+What region is directly north of where Israel and the final destination of export crops is?
+"What dissolved the privileges in Poland of the empire that the British sided with against the Ottomans, the Kingdom that acquired some Thuringian territory in 1815, and the Habsburg Monarchy?"
+How long was the place where the Yongle Emperor greeted who the Ming court thought representatives were sent by the capitol of the city in which Guangling District is located?
+The military group of which the Air Defense Artillery is a branch was unprepared for the invasion of the territory the Nazis occupied. The country of this group was the only communist country to have an embassy where?
+Where does the body of water by the city where the Southeast Library designer died empty into the Gulf of Mexico?
+What treaty ceded territory to the US extending west to the body of water by the city where the designer of Southeast Library died?
+What is the longest home run hit in the league where the team with the most games in the series after which the MLB MVP is awarded plays?
+What's the longest homer in the history of the league where the team with the most titles from the event after which they give out the MLB MVP award plays?
+When is the opening day of the league in which the team with the most games in the series after which the MLB MVP is awarded plays?