diff --git a/content/glossary/_glossaries.json b/content/glossary/_glossaries.json index 22900635e85..2ad30bc5ded 100644 --- a/content/glossary/_glossaries.json +++ b/content/glossary/_glossaries.json @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ "references": [ "Brown, N., Thompson, P., & Leigh, J. S. (2018). Making academia more accessible. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(2), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v6i2.348", "Pollet, I. L., & Bond, A. L. (2021). Evaluation and recommendations for greater accessibility of colour figures in ornithology. Ibis, 163, 292–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12887", - "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161)", + "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161", "World Wide Web Consortium. (2021). Web Accessibility Initiative. https://www.w3.org/WAI/", "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" ], @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ "STRANGE" ], "references": [ - "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., & others. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" + "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., et al. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" ], "drafted_by": [ "Ben Farrar" @@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ "Hala Alghamdi", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -705,7 +705,7 @@ "Triple badge" ], "references": [ - "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., & others. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", + "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., et al. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456", "Rowhani-Farid, A., Aldcroft, A., & Barnett, A. G. (2020). Did awarding badges increase data sharing in BMJ Open? A randomized controlled trial. Royal Society Open Science, 7(3), 191818. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191818", "Science, C. (n.d.). Open science badges. https://www.cos.io/initiatives/badges" @@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/arabic/open_science_الش_ارات_العلم_المفتوح" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -800,7 +800,7 @@ "Dienes, Z. (2011). Bayesian versus orthodox statistics: Which side are you on? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(3), 274–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611406920", "Dienes, Z. (2014). Using Bayes to get the most out of non-significant results. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00781", "Dienes, Z. (2016). How Bayes factors change scientific practice. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 72, 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2015.10.003", - "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., & others. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", + "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., et al. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", "Kruschke, J. K. (2015). Doing Bayesian data analysis: A tutorial with R, JAGS, and Stan (2nd ed.). Academic Press.", "McElreath, R. (2020). Statistical rethinking: A Bayesian course with examples in R and Stan (2nd ed.). Taylor.", "Wagenmakers, E.-J., Marsman, M., Jamil, T., Ly, A., Verhagen, J., Love, J., Selker, R., Gronau, Q. F., Šmíra, M., Epskamp, S., Matzke, D., Rouder, J. N., & Morey, R. D. (2018). Bayesian inference for psychology. Part I: Theoretical advantages and practical ramifications. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(1), 35–57. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1343-3" @@ -829,7 +829,7 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -885,8 +885,9 @@ "Open Data" ], "references": [ - "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., & others. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", - "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io" + "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., et al. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", + "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io", + "Pernet, C. R., Appelhoff, S., Gorgolewski, K. J., Flandin, G., Phillips, C., Delorme, A., & Oostenveld, R. (2019). EEG-BIDS, an extension to the brain imaging data structure for electroencephalography. Scientific Data, 6(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0104-8" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tina Lonsdorf" @@ -911,7 +912,7 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -1053,7 +1054,9 @@ "references": [ "Guest, O. [@o_guest]. (2017). Thanks! Hopefully this thread & many other similar discussions & blogs will help make it less Bropen Science and more Open Science. *hides* . Twitter. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/o_guest/status/871675631062458368", "Whitaker, K., & Guest, O. (2020). #bropenscience is broken science. The Psychologist, 33, 34–37.", - "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" + "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255", + "Bahlai, C., Bartlett, L. J., Burgio, K. R., et al. (2019). Open science isn’t always open to all scientists. American Scientist, 107(2), 78.", + "Onie, S. (2020). Redesign open science for Asia, Africa and Latin America. Nature, 587, 35–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03052-3" ], "drafted_by": [ "Zoe Flack" @@ -1081,7 +1084,7 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -1460,7 +1463,7 @@ "Exact replication" ], "references": [ - "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., & others. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" + "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., et al. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" ], "drafted_by": [ "Connor Keating" @@ -1485,7 +1488,7 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -1495,8 +1498,8 @@ "definition": "طور مجتمع التَّصوير العصبي التابع لمنظمة رسم خرائط الدِّماغ البشري دليلًا لأفضل الممارسات في جمع بيانات التَّصوير العصبي، وتحليلها وإعداد التَّقارير الخاصّة بها، ومشاركة كلّ من البيانات والنَّص البرمجي للتَّحليل. يتضمن هذا المبدأ ثمانية عناصر يجب استيفاؤها عند كتابة أو تقديم مخطوطة من أجل تحسين طرق إعداد التَّقارير، والصُّور العصبيَّة النَّاتجة لتحقيق أقصى درجات الشَّفافيَّة وإعادة الإنتاج. **تعريف بديل: (إن أمكن)** قائمة مرجعية لتحليل البيانات ومشاركتها.", "related_terms": [], "references": [ - "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., & others. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", - "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., & others. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" + "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., et al. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", + "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., et al. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yu-Fang Yang" @@ -1521,7 +1524,7 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -1831,7 +1834,7 @@ "en_title": "Conflict of interest", "title": "تعارض المصالح [Conflict of interest]", "sort_key": "تعارض المصالح [conflict of interest]", - "definition": "تعارض المصالح ويطلق عليه أيضًا \"المصالح المتنافسة\": هو علاقة ماليَّة، أو غير ماليَّة أو نشاط، أو مصلحة أخرى قد تضعف الموضوعية أو الحكم المهني من جانب المؤلِّف، أو المراجع، أو المحرِّر، أو فريق التَّحرير. تنصُّ مبادئ الشَّفافيَّة \\_وأفضل الممارسات في النَّشر العلميّ التي وضعتها لجنة أخلاقيَّات النَّشر، ودليل المجلَّات المفتوحة، وجمعيَّة النَّاشرين الأكاديميين بالوصول المفتوح، وجمعيَّة محرِّري الطِّب العالميَّة\\_ على أنَّ الدَّوريّات يجب أنْ تتبنَّى سياسات حول أخلاقيَّات النَّشر، بما في ذلك سياسات حول تعارض المصالح (DOA, 2018). يجب أن يتم الإفصاح عن تعارضات المصالح بشفافية حتى يتمكَّن القراء من تقييم البحث بشكل صحيح، وتقييم الانحياز المحتمل أو الفعلي، بالإضافة إلى النَّشر، يجب أيضًا على مقدمي العروض الأكاديميَّة وأعضاء اللِّجان والمعلِّمين أن يعلنوا عن تعارضات المصالح. يمكن اعتبار عدم الكشف عن تعارض المصالح عمدًا شكلًا من أشكال سوء السُّلوك. **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة**: الموضوعية، تحكيم الأقران، ثقة الجمهور في العلوم، أخلاقيَّات النَّشر، الشَّفافية", + "definition": "تعارض المصالح ويطلق عليه أيضًا \"المصالح المتنافسة\": هو علاقة ماليَّة، أو غير ماليَّة أو نشاط، أو مصلحة أخرى قد تضعف الموضوعية أو الحكم المهني من جانب المؤلِّف، أو المراجع، أو المحرِّر، أو فريق التَّحرير. تنصُّ مبادئ الشَّفافيَّة \\_وأفضل الممارسات في النَّشر العلميّ التي وضعتها لجنة أخلاقيَّات النَّشر، ودليل المجلَّات المفتوحة، وجمعيَّة النَّاشرين الأكاديميين بالوصول المفتوح، وجمعيَّة محرِّري الطِّب العالميَّة\\_ على أنَّ الدَّوريّات يجب أنْ تتبنَّى سياسات حول أخلاقيَّات النَّشر، بما في ذلك سياسات حول تعارض المصالح (DOAJ, n.d.). يجب أن يتم الإفصاح عن تعارضات المصالح بشفافية حتى يتمكَّن القراء من تقييم البحث بشكل صحيح، وتقييم الانحياز المحتمل أو الفعلي، بالإضافة إلى النَّشر، يجب أيضًا على مقدمي العروض الأكاديميَّة وأعضاء اللِّجان والمعلِّمين أن يعلنوا عن تعارضات المصالح. يمكن اعتبار عدم الكشف عن تعارض المصالح عمدًا شكلًا من أشكال سوء السُّلوك. **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة**: الموضوعية، تحكيم الأقران، ثقة الجمهور في العلوم، أخلاقيَّات النَّشر، الشَّفافية", "related_terms": [ "Objectivity", "Peer review", @@ -1862,7 +1865,7 @@ "Hala Alghamdi", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -1876,8 +1879,8 @@ ], "references": [ "Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yuki Yamada" @@ -1902,7 +1905,7 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -1923,7 +1926,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Busse, C., Kach, A. P., & Wagner, S. M. (2017). Boundary Conditions: What They Are, How to Explore Them, Why We Need Them, and When to Consider Them. Organizational Research Methods, 20(4), 574–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428116641191", - "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., & others. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", + "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., et al. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", "Simons, D. J., Shoda, Y., & Lindsay, D. S. (2017). Constraints on generality (COG): A proposed addition to all empirical papers. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 1123–1128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617708630", "Yarkoni, T. (2020). The generalizability crisis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X20001685" ], @@ -1951,7 +1954,7 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -2046,14 +2049,15 @@ "sort_key": "الإسهام [contribution]", "definition": "هو إضافة رسميَّة، أو نشاط في سياق البحث. يتم إرفاق بيانات المساهمين، بما في ذلك أقسام الشُّكر في مقالات المجلات، بمنتجات البحث؛ لتصنيفها بشكل أفضل، والاعتراف بتنوع العمل الذي يتجاوز \"التَّأليف\" الذي يتطلبه أي عمل، أو إنتاج فكري. إن المساهمة تتطوَّر باعتبارها \"مصدر بيانات لفهم العلاقة بين التَّأليف، والإنتاج المعرفي\" (Lariviere et al., p.430). يُمكن اعتبار المساهمة في مجال تطوير البرمجيات مفتوحة المصدر بمثابة تغييرات يتم إدراجها في مخزن برامج المشروع بعد مراجعة الأقران المعروف تقنيًا باسم \"طلب السَّحب\". يعتبر NumPy مثالًا على مشروع مفتوح المصدر يقبل المساهمات (Harris et al., 2020). **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** التَّأليف، تصنيف أدوار المؤلفين، القياسات الدِّلالية.", "related_terms": [ - "authorship", + "Authorship", "CRediT", "Semantometrics" ], "references": [ "Knoth, P., & Herrmannova, D. (2014). Towards semantometrics: A new semantic similarity based measure for assessing a research publication’s contribution. D-Lib Magazine, 20(11), 8. https://doi.org/10.1045/november2014-knoth", "Larivière, V., Desrochers, N., Macaluso, B., Mongeon, P., Paul-Hus, A., & Sugimoto, C. R. (2016). Contributorship and division of labor in knowledge production. Social Studies of Science, 46(3), 417–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312716650046", - "Holcombe, A. O. (2019). Contributorship, not authorship: Use CRediT to indicate who did what. Publications, 7(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7030048" + "Holcombe, A. O. (2019). Contributorship, not authorship: Use CRediT to indicate who did what. Publications, 7(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7030048", + "Harris, C. R., Millman, K. J., van der Walt, S. J., Gommers, R., Virtanen, P., Cournapeau, D., Wieser, E., Taylor, J., Berg, S., Smith, N. J., Kern, R., Picus, M., Hoyer, S., van Kerkwijk, M. H., Brett, M., Haldane, A., del Río, J. F., Wiebe, M., Peterson, P., & Gérard-Marchant, P. (2020). Array programming with NumPy. Nature, 585(7825), 357–362. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2" ], "drafted_by": [ "Micah Vandegrift" @@ -2079,7 +2083,7 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -2266,8 +2270,8 @@ "Theory" ], "references": [ - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -2294,7 +2298,7 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -2396,7 +2400,7 @@ "Lind, F., Gruber, M., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2017). Content analysis by the crowd: Assessing the usability of crowdsourcing for coding latent constructs. Communication Methods and Measures, 11(3), 191–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1317338", "Moshontz, H., Campbell, L., Ebersole, C. R., IJzerman, H., Urry, H. L., Forscher, P. S., & Chartier, C. R. (2018). The Psychological Science Accelerator: Advancing psychology through a distributed collaborative network. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(4), 501–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918797607", "Peer, E., Brandimarte, L., Samat, S., & Acquisti, A. (2017). Beyond the Turk: Alternative platforms for crowdsourcing behavioral research. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 70, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.01.006", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", "Stewart, N., Chandler, J., & Paolacci, G. (2017). Crowdsourcing samples in cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(10), 736–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.06.007", "Tennant, J., Bielczyk, N. Z., Cheplygina, V., Greshake Tzovaras, B., Hartgerink, C. H. J., Havemann, J., Masuzzo, P., & Steiner, T. (2019). Ten simple rules for researchers collaborating on Massively Open Online Papers (MOOPs). MetaArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/et8ak", "Uhlmann, E. L., Ebersole, C. R., Chartier, C. R., Errington, T. M., Kidwell, M. C., Lai, C. K., McCarthy, R. J., Riegelman, A., Silberzahn, R., & Nosek, B. A. (2019). Scientific utopia III: Crowdsourcing science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(5), 711–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619850561", @@ -2427,7 +2431,7 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -2840,7 +2844,9 @@ "references": [ "Albayrak, N., & Okoroji, C. (2019). Facing the challenges of postgraduate study as a minority student. A Guide for Psychology Postgraduates, 63.", "Du Bois, W. E. B. (1968). The souls of black folk; essays and sketches. Johnson Reprint Corp.", - "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press." + "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press.", + "Rubin, M. (2021). Explaining the association between subjective social status and mental health among university students using an impact ratings approach. SN Social Sciences, 1(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-020-00031-3", + "Rubin, M., Evans, O., & McGuffog, R. (2019). Social class differences in social integration at university: Implications for academic outcomes and mental health. In J. Jetten & K. Peters (Eds.), The social psychology of inequality (pp. 87–102). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28856-3_6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir" @@ -2864,7 +2870,7 @@ "Ahlam Ahmed", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -3236,7 +3242,7 @@ "en_title": "Equivalence Testing", "title": "اختبار التَّكافؤ [Equivalence Testing]", "sort_key": "اختبار التَّكافؤ [equivalence testing]", - "definition": "تقوم اختبارات التَّكافؤ بتقييم الفرضيَّة الصِّفريَّة إحصائيًا، وهل لها تأثير معين يتجاوز الحد الأدنى من المعايير التي تعدُّ ذات معنى، وبالتَّالي فإنَّ رفض الفرضيَّة الصِّفرية يعدُّ دليلًا على عدم وجود تأثير (ذي معنى). بناءً على الإحصائيات المتكرِّرة. تعمل اختبارات التَّكافؤ عبر تحديد حدود التكافؤ، قيمة دنيا وعليا تعكس أصغر حجم تأثير محل الاهتمام. يتم بعد ذلك إجراء اختبارين \"تي\" أحادي الجانب مقابل كل من حدود التَّكافؤ هذه؛ لتقييم ما إذا كان من الممكن رفض التَّأثيرات التي تعدُّ ذات معنى (Schuirmann, 1972; Lakens et al., 2018; 2020). **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** حدود التَّكافؤ، التَّزوير، التَّحليلات المتكرِّرة، الاستدلال بفترات الثِّقة، اختبار دلالةالفرضيَّة الصِّفريَّة، أصغر حجم تأثير موضع اهتمام (SESOI)، (TOSTER)، إجراء TOST.", + "definition": "تقوم اختبارات التَّكافؤ بتقييم الفرضيَّة الصِّفريَّة إحصائيًا، وهل لها تأثير معين يتجاوز الحد الأدنى من المعايير التي تعدُّ ذات معنى، وبالتَّالي فإنَّ رفض الفرضيَّة الصِّفرية يعدُّ دليلًا على عدم وجود تأثير (ذي معنى). بناءً على الإحصائيات المتكرِّرة. تعمل اختبارات التَّكافؤ عبر تحديد حدود التكافؤ، قيمة دنيا وعليا تعكس أصغر حجم تأثير محل الاهتمام. يتم بعد ذلك إجراء اختبارين \"تي\" أحادي الجانب مقابل كل من حدود التَّكافؤ هذه؛ لتقييم ما إذا كان من الممكن رفض التَّأثيرات التي تعدُّ ذات معنى (Schuirmann, 1987; Lakens et al., 2018; 2020). **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** حدود التَّكافؤ، التَّزوير، التَّحليلات المتكرِّرة، الاستدلال بفترات الثِّقة، اختبار دلالةالفرضيَّة الصِّفريَّة، أصغر حجم تأثير موضع اهتمام (SESOI)، (TOSTER)، إجراء TOST.", "related_terms": [ "Equivalence bounds", "Falsification", @@ -3275,7 +3281,7 @@ "Ahlam Ahmed", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -3508,7 +3514,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", - "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., & others. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", + "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., et al. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", "GO FAIR Initiative. (2025). FAIR Principles. https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -3533,7 +3539,7 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -3787,7 +3793,7 @@ "Specification Curve Analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/" + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf" ], "drafted_by": [ "Flávio Azevedo; Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -3812,7 +3818,7 @@ "Hala Alghamdi", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -3910,7 +3916,7 @@ "en_title": "Gift (or Guest) Authorship", "title": "التَّأليف المُهدى أو المؤلف الضّيف [Gift (or Guest) Authorship]", "sort_key": "التَّأليف المُهدى أو المؤلف الضّيف [gift (or guest) authorship]", - "definition": "هي حزمة برامج لتتبع التَّغييرات في مجموعة محليَّة من الملفات (التَّحكُّم في الإصدار المحليّ)، طورها في البداية لينوس تورفالدس. وبشكل عام يستخدمه المبرمجون لتتبع وتطوير النُّصوص البرمجيَّة داخل دليل، أو مجلَّد، أو نظام ملفات. يمكن للمتتبِّع الدُّولي العالميّ الوصول (Git) إلى خدمات استضافة المستودعات عن بُعد (مثل GitHub) للتّحكم في الإصدار عن بُعد الذي يتيح تطوير البرامج التَّعاونيَّة عن طريق تحميل المساهمات من نظام محلي. وجدت هذه العمليَّة طريقها إلى العمليَّة العلميَّة لتمكين البيانات المفتوحة، والنُّصوص البرمجيَّة المفتوحة، والتَّحليلات القابلة للتِّكرار. **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** Github،مستودع البيانات، التحكم في الإصدار.", + "definition": "إضافة أفراد كمؤلفين لمقالة وهم لا يستوفون معايير التَّأليف؛ نظرًا لأنَّ التَّأليف يرتبط بمزايا كتقدير الأقران، ومكافآت ماليَّة، فهناك حوافز للإدراج كمؤلف في البحوث المنشورة. قد يهدف إهداء التَّأليف إلى فرد لا يستحق هذا الاعتراف لمساعدة متلقي الهديّة، أو رد لجميل (بما في ذلك الإهداء المتبادل للتَّأليف)، أو الحفاظ على العلاقات الشَّخصيَّة، والمهنيَّة، أو تعزيز فرص النَّشر. يعد إهداء التَّأليف ممارسة غير أخلاقيَّة على نطاق واسع. **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** التَّأليف، تصنيف أدوار المؤلفين.", "related_terms": [ "Authorship", "CRediT" @@ -3934,19 +3940,61 @@ ], "language": "arabic", "translated_by": [ - "Asma Alzahrani" + "Mahdi Aben Ahmed" ], "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Alaa M. Saleh", - "Hiba Alomary", "Ahlam Ahmed", + "Hala Alghamdi", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], "aliases": [ "/glossary/arabic/or_guest_authorship_الت_اليف_الم_هدى_او_المولف_الض_يف" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" + }, + { + "type": "glossary", + "en_title": "Git", + "title": "المتتبع الدُّولي العالميّ [Git]", + "sort_key": "المتتبع الدُّولي العالميّ [git]", + "definition": "هي حزمة برامج لتتبع التَّغييرات في مجموعة محليَّة من الملفات (التَّحكُّم في الإصدار المحليّ)، طورها في البداية لينوس تورفالدس. وبشكل عام يستخدمه المبرمجون لتتبع وتطوير النُّصوص البرمجيَّة داخل دليل، أو مجلَّد، أو نظام ملفات. يمكن للمتتبِّع الدُّولي العالميّ الوصول (Git) إلى خدمات استضافة المستودعات عن بُعد (مثل GitHub) للتّحكم في الإصدار عن بُعد الذي يتيح تطوير البرامج التَّعاونيَّة عن طريق تحميل المساهمات من نظام محلي. وجدت هذه العمليَّة طريقها إلى العمليَّة العلميَّة لتمكين البيانات المفتوحة، والنُّصوص البرمجيَّة المفتوحة، والتَّحليلات القابلة للتِّكرار. **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** GitHub، مستودع البيانات، التحكم في الإصدار.", + "related_terms": [ + "GitHub", + "Repository", + "Version control" + ], + "references": [ + "Kalliamvakou, E., Gousios, G., Blincoe, K., Singer, L., German, D. M., & Damian, D. (2014). The promises and perils of mining github. Proceedings of the 11th Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories, 92–101.", + "Scopatz, A. M., & Huff, K. D. (2015). Effective Computation in Physics: Field Guide to Research with Python (1st ed.). O’Reilly Media. http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920033424.do", + "Vuorre, M., & Curley, J. P. (2018). Curating research assets: A tutorial on the Git version control system. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(2), 219–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918754826", + "git/git. (n.d.). Initial revision of ‘git’, the information manager from hell. GitHub. https://github.com/git/git/commit/e83c5163316f89bfbde7d9ab23ca2e25604af290" + ], + "drafted_by": [ + "Emma Norris" + ], + "reviewed_by": [ + "Adrien Fillon", + "Bettina M.J. Kern", + "Dominik Kiersz", + "Robert M. Ross" + ], + "alt_related_terms": [ + null + ], + "language": "arabic", + "translated_by": [ + "Asma Alzahrani" + ], + "translation_reviewed_by": [ + "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", + "Alaa M. Saleh", + "Hiba Alomary", + "Ahlam Ahmed", + "Mohammed Mohsen" + ], + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -5221,7 +5269,7 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "MOhammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -5442,7 +5490,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Aczel, B., Szaszi, B., Nilsonne, G., Van den Akker, O., Albers, C. J., van Assen, M. A. L. M., ..., & Wagenmakers, E. (2021). Guidance for Multi-Analyst Studies. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/5ecnh", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" ], "drafted_by": [ "Sam Parsons" @@ -5468,7 +5516,7 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -5639,7 +5687,7 @@ "Systematic Review Protocol" ], "references": [ - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Asma Assaneea" @@ -5663,7 +5711,7 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -6055,7 +6103,7 @@ "Transparency" ], "references": [ - "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., & others. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", + "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., et al. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -6081,7 +6129,7 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -6806,6 +6854,7 @@ "Transformative paradigm" ], "references": [ + "Andersson, N. (2018). Participatory research—a modernizing science for primary health care. Journal of General and Family Medicine, 19(5), 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgf2.187", "Cornwall, A., & Jewkes, R. (1995). What is participatory research? Social Science & Medicine, 41(12), 1667–1676. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00127-S", "Fletcher-Watson, S., Adams, J., Brook, K., Charman, T., Crane, L., Cusack, J., Leekam, S., Milton, D., Parr, J. R., & Pellicano, E. (2019). Making the Future Together: Shaping Autism Research Through Meaningful Participation. Autism, 23(4), 943–953.", "Kiernan, C. (1999). Participation in research by people with learning disability: Origins and issues. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27(2), 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.1999.tb00084.x", @@ -6835,7 +6884,7 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -7706,14 +7755,14 @@ "en_title": "Public Trust in Science", "title": "ثقة الجمهور في العلوم [Public Trust in Science]", "sort_key": "ثقة الجمهور في العلوم [public trust in science]", - "definition": "الثِّقة في المعرفة والمبادئ التَّوجيهيَّة، والتَّوصيات التي أنتجها العلماء، أو قدَّموها للمجتمع المدني (Hendriks et al., 2016). وقد تشير أيضًا إلى الثِّقة في التَّوصيات القائمة على أساس علمي بشأن الصِّحة العامّة (كالرِّعاية الصِّحيَّة الشَّاملة، وبحوث الخلايا الجذعيَّة، والصَّناديق الفيدراليَّة المخصَّصة للحقوق الإنجابيَّة للمرأة، والتَّدابير الوقائيَّة للأمراض المعدية، والتَّطعيم)، وتغيُّر المناخ، والسِّياسات الاقتصاديَّة ( مثل الرَّفاهيَّة، وعدم المساواة، ومكافحة الفقر) وتقاطعاتها. ولقد تبيّن أن ثقة الجمهور في العلم تتأثَّر بعدد كبير من العوامل مثل العمر (Anderson et al., 2012\\) ، والجنس (Von Roten, 2004\\) ، ورفض المعايير العلميَّة (Lewandowsky & Oberauer, 2021\\) ، والأيديولوجيَّة السِّياسيَّة (Azevedo & Jost, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2012; Leiserowitz et al., 2010\\) ، والاستبداد اليميني والهيمنة الاجتماعيَّة (Kerr & Wilson, 2021\\) ، والتَّعليم (Bak, 2001; Hayes & Tariq, 2000\\) والدَّخل (Anderson et al., 2012\\) والمعرفة العلميَّة (Evans & Durant, 1995; Nisbet et al., 2002\\) واستخدام وسائل التَّواصل الاجتماعي (Huber et al., 2019\\) والتدين (Azevedo, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Liu & Priest, 2009). **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** مصداقية الادِّعاءات العلميَّة، الثِّقة المعرفيَّة", + "definition": "الثِّقة في المعرفة والمبادئ التَّوجيهيَّة، والتَّوصيات التي أنتجها العلماء، أو قدَّموها للمجتمع المدني (Hendriks et al., 2016). وقد تشير أيضًا إلى الثِّقة في التَّوصيات القائمة على أساس علمي بشأن الصِّحة العامّة (كالرِّعاية الصِّحيَّة الشَّاملة، وبحوث الخلايا الجذعيَّة، والصَّناديق الفيدراليَّة المخصَّصة للحقوق الإنجابيَّة للمرأة، والتَّدابير الوقائيَّة للأمراض المعدية، والتَّطعيم)، وتغيُّر المناخ، والسِّياسات الاقتصاديَّة ( مثل الرَّفاهيَّة، وعدم المساواة، ومكافحة الفقر) وتقاطعاتها. ولقد تبيّن أن ثقة الجمهور في العلم تتأثَّر بعدد كبير من العوامل مثل العمر (Anderson et al., 2012\\) ، والجنس (Crettaz von Roten, 2004\\) ، ورفض المعايير العلميَّة (Lewandowsky & Oberauer, 2021\\) ، والأيديولوجيَّة السِّياسيَّة (Azevedo & Jost, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Leiserowitz et al., 2010\\) ، والاستبداد اليميني والهيمنة الاجتماعيَّة (Kerr & Wilson, 2021\\) ، والتَّعليم (Bak, 2001; Hayes & Tariq, 2000\\) والدَّخل (Anderson et al., 2012\\) والمعرفة العلميَّة (Evans & Durant, 1995; Nisbet et al., 2002\\) واستخدام وسائل التَّواصل الاجتماعي (Huber et al., 2019\\) والتدين (Azevedo, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Liu & Priest, 2009). **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** مصداقية الادِّعاءات العلميَّة، الثِّقة المعرفيَّة", "related_terms": [ "Credibility of scientific claims", "Epistemic Trust" ], "references": [ "Anderson, M. S., Ronning, E. A., Devries, R., & Martinson, B. C. (2010). Extending the Mertonian norms: Scientists’ subscription to norms of research. Journal of Higher Education, 81(3), 366–393. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0095", - "Azevedo, F. (n.d.). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", + "Azevedo, F. (2021). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", "Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2021). The ideological basis of antiscientific attitudes: Effects of authoritarianism, conservatism, religiosity, social dominance, and system justification. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(4), 518–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430221990104", "Bak, H.-J. (2001). Education and Public Attitudes toward Science: Implications for the ‘Deficit Model’ of Education and Support for Science and Technology. Social Science Quarterly, 82(4), 779–795. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42955760", "Brewer, P. R., & Ley, B. L. (2013). Whose Science Do You Believe? Explaining Trust in Sources of Scientific Information About the Environment. Science Communication, 35(1), 115–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012441691", @@ -7727,7 +7776,8 @@ "Nisbet, M. C., Scheufele, D. A., Shanahan, J., Moy, P., Brossard, D., & Lewenstein, B. V. (2002). Knowledge, Reservations, or Promise?: A Media Effects Model for Public Perceptions of Science and Technology. Communication Research, 29(5), 584–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365002236196", "Schneider, J., Merk, S., & Rosman, T. (2019). (Re)Building Trust? Investigating the effects of open science badges on perceived trustworthiness in journal articles. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VGBRS", "Wingen, T., Berkessel, J. B., & Englich, B. (2020). No Replication, No Trust? How Low Replicability Influences Trust in Psychology. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619877412", - "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032" + "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032", + "Crettaz von Roten, F. (2004). Gender differences in attitudes toward science in Switzerland. Public Understanding of Science, 13(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662504043870" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tobias Wingen; Flávio Azevedo" @@ -7751,7 +7801,7 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -8305,13 +8355,14 @@ "en_title": "Repeatability", "title": "التِّكرار [Repeatability]", "sort_key": "التِّكرار [repeatability]", - "definition": "مرادف لثبات إعادة الاختبار، ويشير إلى الاتِّفاق بين نتائج القياسات المتتالية لنفس المقياس، يتطلّب التِّكرار نفس الأدوات التَّجريبيَّة، ونفس المراقب، ونفس أداة القياس التي تدار في ظل نفس الظُّروف، ونفس الموقع، والتِّكرار على مدى فترة زمنيَّة قصيرة، ونفس الأهداف (Joint Committee for Guidelines in Metrology, 2008). **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** الثَّبات", + "definition": "مرادف لثبات إعادة الاختبار، ويشير إلى الاتِّفاق بين نتائج القياسات المتتالية لنفس المقياس، يتطلّب التِّكرار نفس الأدوات التَّجريبيَّة، ونفس المراقب، ونفس أداة القياس التي تدار في ظل نفس الظُّروف، ونفس الموقع، والتِّكرار على مدى فترة زمنيَّة قصيرة، ونفس الأهداف (Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology, 2008). **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** الثَّبات", "related_terms": [ "Reliability" ], "references": [ "ISO. (1993). Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (1st ed.). International Organization for Standardization.", - "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code." + "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", + "Working Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology JCGM. (2008). Evaluation of measurement data—Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (pp. 1–120). JCGM. https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/2071204/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdf/cb0ef43f-baa5-11cf-3f85-4dcd86f77bd6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif, Adam Parker" @@ -8335,7 +8386,7 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -8353,9 +8404,10 @@ ], "references": [ "Barba, L. A. (2018). Terminologies for reproducible research. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1802.03311.", + "Claerbout, J. F., & Karrenbach, M. (1992). Electronic documents give reproducible research a new meaning. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1992, 601–604. http://sepwww.stanford.edu/doku.php?id=sep:research:reproducible:seg92", "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", "King, G. (1995). Replication, replication. PS: Political Science & Politics, 28(3), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.2307/420301", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", "Nosek, B. A., & Errington, T. M. (2020). What is replication? PLOS Biology, 18(3), e3000691. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000691" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -8384,7 +8436,7 @@ "Hiba Alomary", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -8400,8 +8452,8 @@ ], "references": [ "Liu, Y., Gordon, M., Wang, J., Bishop, M., Chen, Y., Pfeiffer, T., Twardy, C., & Viganola, D. (2020). Replication Markets: Results, Lessons, Challenges and Opportunities in AI Replication. ArXiv:2005.04543 . http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.04543", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060", "Replication Markets. (n.d.). Replication Markets – Reliable research replicates…you can bet on it. Replication Markets. https://www.replicationmarkets.org/", "[www.replicationmarkets.com](http://www.replicationmarkets.com)" ], @@ -8426,7 +8478,7 @@ "Hiba Alomary", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -8445,7 +8497,7 @@ "Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials, 11(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-11-32", "Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147(8), 573–577. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.AD", "The EQUATOR Network. (n.d.). What is a reporting guideline? Retrieved 10 July 2021. https://www.equator-network.org/about-us/what-is-a-reporting-guideline/", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Aidan Cashin" @@ -8468,7 +8520,7 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -8573,7 +8625,7 @@ "Peng, R. D. (2011). Reproducible Research in Computational Science. Science, 334(6060), 1226–1227. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1213847", "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", "Syed, M. (2019). The Open Science Movement is for all of us. PsyArXiv.", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -8599,7 +8651,7 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -8946,7 +8998,7 @@ "Specification curve analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/", + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf", "Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632", "Wicherts, J. M., Veldkamp, C. L., Augusteijn, H. E., Bakker, M., Van Aert, R., & Van Assen, M. A. (2016). Degrees of freedom in planning, running, analyzing, and reporting psychological studies: A checklist to avoid p-hacking. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1832. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01832" ], @@ -8972,7 +9024,7 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -8985,7 +9037,7 @@ "Trustworthiness" ], "references": [ - "Fraser, H., Bush, M., Wintle, B., Mody, F., Smith, E., Hanea, A., & others. (2021). Predicting reliability through structured expert elicitation with repliCATS (Collaborative Assessments for Trustworthy Science).", + "Fraser, H., Bush, M., Wintle, B., Mody, F., Smith, E., Hanea, A., et al. (2021). Predicting reliability through structured expert elicitation with repliCATS (Collaborative Assessments for Trustworthy Science).", "RepliCATS project. (2020). Collaborative Assessment for Trustworthy Science. The University of Melbourne. https://replicats.research.unimelb.edu.au/" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -9010,7 +9062,7 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -9964,7 +10016,7 @@ "Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J., & Welch, V. A. (Eds.). (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons.", "Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097", "Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., & McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. British Medical Journal, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Jade Pickering" @@ -9991,7 +10043,7 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -10588,7 +10640,8 @@ "references": [ "Hitchcock, C., Meyer, A., Rose, D., & Jackson, R. (2002). Providing new access to the general curriculum: Universal design for learning. Teaching Exceptional Children, 35(2), 8–17. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/providing-new-access-general-curriculum/docview/201139970/se-2?accountid=8630", "Rose, D. (2000). Universal design for learning. Journal of Special Education Technology, 15(3), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/016264340001500307", - "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision." + "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision.", + "Edyburn, D. L. (2010). Would you recognize universal design for learning if you saw it? Ten propositions for new directions for the second decade of UDL. Learning Disability Quarterly, 33(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/073194871003300103" ], "drafted_by": [ "Charlotte R. Pennington" @@ -10612,7 +10665,7 @@ "Hiba Alomary", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -10753,10 +10806,33 @@ "title": "وِيرد [WEIRD]", "sort_key": "وِيرد [weird]", "definition": "التَّعريف: يشير هذا الاختصار إلى المجتمعات الغربيَّة، والمتعلِّمة، والصِّناعيَّة، والغنيَّة، والدِّيمقراطية. يتم إجراء معظم البحوث على، وبواسطة، عيِّنات متجانسة نسبيًا من مجتمعات ويرد، وهذا ما يحد من قابليَّة تعميم عدد كبير من نتائج البحوث، لا سيما بالنَّظر إلى أنَّ الأشخاص الغريبين غالبًا ما يكونون متطرِّفين نفسيًا. لقد قيل أنَّ \"علم نفس ويرد\" بدأ في التَّطور ثقافيًا نتيجة للتَّغيُّرات المجتمعيَّة، والمعتقدات الدِّينيَّة في العصور الوسطى في أوروبا. يقترح نقّاد هذا المصطلح أنَّه يقدِّم وجهة نظر ثنائيَّة لسكان العالم، ويمحو التَّباين الموجود بين وداخل المجتمعات .وأنَّ الجوانب الأخرى للتَّنوُّع لا يتم التقاطها.\nالمصطلحات ذات الصِّلة: التَّحيُّز، بيزار، التَّنوع، القابليَّة للتَّعميم، السُّكان، تحيُّز أخذ العيِّنات، سترينج: الخلفية الاجتماعيَّة والقابليَّة للتَّتبُّع والاختيار الذَّاتي وتاريخ التَّربية، والتَّأقلم، والتَّعود.", - "related_terms": [], - "references": [], - "drafted_by": [], - "reviewed_by": [], + "related_terms": [ + "Bias", + "BIZARRE", + "Diversity", + "Generalizability", + "Populations", + "Sampling bias", + "STRANGE" + ], + "references": [ + "Henrich, J. (2020). The weirdest people in the world: How the west became psychologically peculiar and particularly prosperous. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.", + "Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X", + "Muthukrishna, M., Bell, A. V., Henrich, J., Curtin, C. M., Gedranovich, A., McInerney, J., & Thue, B. (2020). Beyond Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) psychology: Measuring and mapping scales of cultural and psychological distance. Psychological Science, 31, 678–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620916782", + "Syed, M., & Kathawalla, U. (2020). Cultural Psychology, Diversity, and Representation in Open Science. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/t7hp2" + ], + "drafted_by": [ + "Mahmoud Elsherif" + ], + "reviewed_by": [ + "Zoe Flack", + "Matt Jaquiery", + "Bettina M. J. Kern", + "Adam Parker", + "Charlotte R. Pennington", + "Robert M. Ross", + "Suzanne L. K. Stewart" + ], "alt_related_terms": [ null ], @@ -10770,7 +10846,7 @@ "Alaa M. Saleh", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -10952,7 +11028,7 @@ "references": [ "Brown, N., Thompson, P., & Leigh, J. S. (2018). Making academia more accessible. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(2), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v6i2.348", "Pollet, I. L., & Bond, A. L. (2021). Evaluation and recommendations for greater accessibility of colour figures in ornithology. Ibis, 163, 292–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12887", - "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161)", + "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161", "World Wide Web Consortium. (2021). Web Accessibility Initiative. https://www.w3.org/WAI/", "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" ], @@ -10985,7 +11061,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -11365,7 +11441,7 @@ "STRANGE" ], "references": [ - "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., & others. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" + "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., et al. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" ], "drafted_by": [ "Ben Farrar" @@ -11391,7 +11467,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -11535,7 +11611,7 @@ "Triple badge" ], "references": [ - "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., & others. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", + "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., et al. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456", "Rowhani-Farid, A., Aldcroft, A., & Barnett, A. G. (2020). Did awarding badges increase data sharing in BMJ Open? A randomized controlled trial. Royal Society Open Science, 7(3), 191818. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191818", "Science, C. (n.d.). Open science badges. https://www.cos.io/initiatives/badges" @@ -11564,7 +11640,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -11625,7 +11701,7 @@ "Dienes, Z. (2011). Bayesian versus orthodox statistics: Which side are you on? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(3), 274–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611406920", "Dienes, Z. (2014). Using Bayes to get the most out of non-significant results. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00781", "Dienes, Z. (2016). How Bayes factors change scientific practice. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 72, 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2015.10.003", - "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., & others. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", + "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., et al. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", "Kruschke, J. K. (2015). Doing Bayesian data analysis: A tutorial with R, JAGS, and Stan (2nd ed.). Academic Press.", "McElreath, R. (2020). Statistical rethinking: A Bayesian course with examples in R and Stan (2nd ed.). Taylor.", "Wagenmakers, E.-J., Marsman, M., Jamil, T., Ly, A., Verhagen, J., Love, J., Selker, R., Gronau, Q. F., Šmíra, M., Epskamp, S., Matzke, D., Rouder, J. N., & Morey, R. D. (2018). Bayesian inference for psychology. Part I: Theoretical advantages and practical ramifications. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(1), 35–57. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1343-3" @@ -11654,7 +11730,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -11710,8 +11786,9 @@ "Open Data" ], "references": [ - "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., & others. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", - "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io" + "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., et al. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", + "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io", + "Pernet, C. R., Appelhoff, S., Gorgolewski, K. J., Flandin, G., Phillips, C., Delorme, A., & Oostenveld, R. (2019). EEG-BIDS, an extension to the brain imaging data structure for electroencephalography. Scientific Data, 6(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0104-8" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tina Lonsdorf" @@ -11735,7 +11812,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -11873,7 +11950,9 @@ "references": [ "Guest, O. [@o_guest]. (2017). Thanks! Hopefully this thread & many other similar discussions & blogs will help make it less Bropen Science and more Open Science. *hides* . Twitter. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/o_guest/status/871675631062458368", "Whitaker, K., & Guest, O. (2020). #bropenscience is broken science. The Psychologist, 33, 34–37.", - "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" + "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255", + "Bahlai, C., Bartlett, L. J., Burgio, K. R., et al. (2019). Open science isn’t always open to all scientists. American Scientist, 107(2), 78.", + "Onie, S. (2020). Redesign open science for Asia, Africa and Latin America. Nature, 587, 35–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03052-3" ], "drafted_by": [ "Zoe Flack" @@ -11902,7 +11981,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -12271,7 +12350,7 @@ "Exact replication" ], "references": [ - "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., & others. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" + "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., et al. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" ], "drafted_by": [ "Connor Keating" @@ -12295,7 +12374,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -12305,8 +12384,8 @@ "definition": "人类脑成像组织（Organization for Human Brain Mapping，简称OHBM）的神经影像学社区制定了一份关于神经影像数据采集、分析、报告以及数据与分析代码共享的最佳实践指南。该指南包含八个在撰写或提交论文时应该包含的关键要素，旨在提升报告方法和神经影像结果的透明度和可重复性。", "related_terms": [], "references": [ - "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., & others. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", - "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., & others. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" + "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., et al. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", + "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., et al. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yu-Fang Yang" @@ -12330,7 +12409,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -12635,7 +12714,7 @@ "en_title": "Conflict of interest", "title": "利益冲突 [Conflict of interest]", "sort_key": "liyichongtu", - "definition": "利益冲突（conflict of interest，简称COI，或“竞争性利益”）是指可能影响作者、审稿人、编辑或编辑部成员客观性或专业判断的财务或非财务关系、活动或其他关联利益。出版伦理委员会、开放获取期刊目录、开放获取学术出版商协会和世界医学编辑协会联合发布的《学术出版透明度和最佳实践准则》指出，期刊应制定包含COI的出版伦理政策（DOAJ, 2018）。COI应透明化，以便读者能正确评估研究及潜在或实际的偏见。除了出版领域外，学术报告人、评审委员会成员和教育工作者也应声明COI。故意不披露COI可能被视为不当行为。", + "definition": "利益冲突（conflict of interest，简称COI，或“竞争性利益”）是指可能影响作者、审稿人、编辑或编辑部成员客观性或专业判断的财务或非财务关系、活动或其他关联利益。出版伦理委员会、开放获取期刊目录、开放获取学术出版商协会和世界医学编辑协会联合发布的《学术出版透明度和最佳实践准则》指出，期刊应制定包含COI的出版伦理政策（DOAJ, n.d.）。COI应透明化，以便读者能正确评估研究及潜在或实际的偏见。除了出版领域外，学术报告人、评审委员会成员和教育工作者也应声明COI。故意不披露COI可能被视为不当行为。", "related_terms": [ "Objectivity", "Peer review", @@ -12666,7 +12745,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -12680,8 +12759,8 @@ ], "references": [ "Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yuki Yamada" @@ -12706,7 +12785,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -12727,7 +12806,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Busse, C., Kach, A. P., & Wagner, S. M. (2017). Boundary Conditions: What They Are, How to Explore Them, Why We Need Them, and When to Consider Them. Organizational Research Methods, 20(4), 574–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428116641191", - "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., & others. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", + "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., et al. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", "Simons, D. J., Shoda, Y., & Lindsay, D. S. (2017). Constraints on generality (COG): A proposed addition to all empirical papers. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 1123–1128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617708630", "Yarkoni, T. (2020). The generalizability crisis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X20001685" ], @@ -12754,7 +12833,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -12848,14 +12927,15 @@ "sort_key": "gongxian", "definition": "在研究语境下，贡献是指对研究产出的正式补充或参与活动。贡献与贡献者声明（包括期刊论文中的致谢部分等）被附加在研究工作中，旨在更好地分类和认可超越传统“作者身份”范畴的各类智力劳动。贡献是一种不断发展的“用于理解作者身份与知识生产之间关系的数据来源”（Lariviere et al., p.430）。在开源软件开发中，贡献可能体现为通过同行评审（技术上称为“拉取请求”）后提交至项目软件仓库的更改，例如，NumPy（Harris et al., 2020）就是接受这类贡献的典型代表。", "related_terms": [ - "authorship", + "Authorship", "CRediT", "Semantometrics" ], "references": [ "Knoth, P., & Herrmannova, D. (2014). Towards semantometrics: A new semantic similarity based measure for assessing a research publication’s contribution. D-Lib Magazine, 20(11), 8. https://doi.org/10.1045/november2014-knoth", "Larivière, V., Desrochers, N., Macaluso, B., Mongeon, P., Paul-Hus, A., & Sugimoto, C. R. (2016). Contributorship and division of labor in knowledge production. Social Studies of Science, 46(3), 417–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312716650046", - "Holcombe, A. O. (2019). Contributorship, not authorship: Use CRediT to indicate who did what. Publications, 7(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7030048" + "Holcombe, A. O. (2019). Contributorship, not authorship: Use CRediT to indicate who did what. Publications, 7(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7030048", + "Harris, C. R., Millman, K. J., van der Walt, S. J., Gommers, R., Virtanen, P., Cournapeau, D., Wieser, E., Taylor, J., Berg, S., Smith, N. J., Kern, R., Picus, M., Hoyer, S., van Kerkwijk, M. H., Brett, M., Haldane, A., del Río, J. F., Wiebe, M., Peterson, P., & Gérard-Marchant, P. (2020). Array programming with NumPy. Nature, 585(7825), 357–362. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2" ], "drafted_by": [ "Micah Vandegrift" @@ -12881,7 +12961,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -13069,8 +13149,8 @@ "Theory" ], "references": [ - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -13096,7 +13176,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -13198,7 +13278,7 @@ "Lind, F., Gruber, M., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2017). Content analysis by the crowd: Assessing the usability of crowdsourcing for coding latent constructs. Communication Methods and Measures, 11(3), 191–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1317338", "Moshontz, H., Campbell, L., Ebersole, C. R., IJzerman, H., Urry, H. L., Forscher, P. S., & Chartier, C. R. (2018). The Psychological Science Accelerator: Advancing psychology through a distributed collaborative network. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(4), 501–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918797607", "Peer, E., Brandimarte, L., Samat, S., & Acquisti, A. (2017). Beyond the Turk: Alternative platforms for crowdsourcing behavioral research. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 70, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.01.006", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", "Stewart, N., Chandler, J., & Paolacci, G. (2017). Crowdsourcing samples in cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(10), 736–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.06.007", "Tennant, J., Bielczyk, N. Z., Cheplygina, V., Greshake Tzovaras, B., Hartgerink, C. H. J., Havemann, J., Masuzzo, P., & Steiner, T. (2019). Ten simple rules for researchers collaborating on Massively Open Online Papers (MOOPs). MetaArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/et8ak", "Uhlmann, E. L., Ebersole, C. R., Chartier, C. R., Errington, T. M., Kidwell, M. C., Lai, C. K., McCarthy, R. J., Riegelman, A., Silberzahn, R., & Nosek, B. A. (2019). Scientific utopia III: Crowdsourcing science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(5), 711–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619850561", @@ -13229,7 +13309,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -13647,7 +13727,9 @@ "references": [ "Albayrak, N., & Okoroji, C. (2019). Facing the challenges of postgraduate study as a minority student. A Guide for Psychology Postgraduates, 63.", "Du Bois, W. E. B. (1968). The souls of black folk; essays and sketches. Johnson Reprint Corp.", - "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press." + "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press.", + "Rubin, M. (2021). Explaining the association between subjective social status and mental health among university students using an impact ratings approach. SN Social Sciences, 1(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-020-00031-3", + "Rubin, M., Evans, O., & McGuffog, R. (2019). Social class differences in social integration at university: Implications for academic outcomes and mental health. In J. Jetten & K. Peters (Eds.), The social psychology of inequality (pp. 87–102). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28856-3_6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir" @@ -13671,7 +13753,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -14042,7 +14124,7 @@ "en_title": "Equivalence Testing", "title": "等效性检验 [Equivalence Testing]", "sort_key": "dengxiaoxingjianyan", - "definition": "等效性检验通过统计学方法评估一个零假设，即给定效应量超过了被视为有意义的最小标准值。因而，拒绝零假设则表明缺乏（有实际意义的）效应。等效性检验基于频率学派，设定等效界限，即研究者感兴趣的最小效应量的上下限，并通过两次单侧 t 检验评估是否能拒绝那些被认为具有实际意义的效应（Schuirmann, 1972; Lakens et al., 2018; 2020）。", + "definition": "等效性检验通过统计学方法评估一个零假设，即给定效应量超过了被视为有意义的最小标准值。因而，拒绝零假设则表明缺乏（有实际意义的）效应。等效性检验基于频率学派，设定等效界限，即研究者感兴趣的最小效应量的上下限，并通过两次单侧 t 检验评估是否能拒绝那些被认为具有实际意义的效应（Schuirmann, 1987; Lakens et al., 2018; 2020）。", "related_terms": [ "Equivalence bounds", "Falsification", @@ -14081,7 +14163,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -14312,7 +14394,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", - "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., & others. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", + "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., et al. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", "GO FAIR Initiative. (2025). FAIR Principles. https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -14336,7 +14418,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -14581,7 +14663,7 @@ "Specification Curve Analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/" + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf" ], "drafted_by": [ "Flávio Azevedo; Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -14605,7 +14687,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -16231,7 +16313,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Aczel, B., Szaszi, B., Nilsonne, G., Van den Akker, O., Albers, C. J., van Assen, M. A. L. M., ..., & Wagenmakers, E. (2021). Guidance for Multi-Analyst Studies. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/5ecnh", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" ], "drafted_by": [ "Sam Parsons" @@ -16258,7 +16340,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -16431,7 +16513,7 @@ "Systematic Review Protocol" ], "references": [ - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Asma Assaneea" @@ -16456,7 +16538,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -16846,7 +16928,7 @@ "Transparency" ], "references": [ - "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., & others. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", + "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., et al. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -16872,7 +16954,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -17596,6 +17678,7 @@ "Transformative paradigm" ], "references": [ + "Andersson, N. (2018). Participatory research—a modernizing science for primary health care. Journal of General and Family Medicine, 19(5), 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgf2.187", "Cornwall, A., & Jewkes, R. (1995). What is participatory research? Social Science & Medicine, 41(12), 1667–1676. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00127-S", "Fletcher-Watson, S., Adams, J., Brook, K., Charman, T., Crane, L., Cusack, J., Leekam, S., Milton, D., Parr, J. R., & Pellicano, E. (2019). Making the Future Together: Shaping Autism Research Through Meaningful Participation. Autism, 23(4), 943–953.", "Kiernan, C. (1999). Participation in research by people with learning disability: Origins and issues. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27(2), 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.1999.tb00084.x", @@ -17625,7 +17708,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -18487,14 +18570,14 @@ "en_title": "Public Trust in Science", "title": "公众对科学的信任 [Public Trust in Science]", "sort_key": "gongzhongduikexuedexinren", - "definition": "公众对科学的信任是指，公众对科学家为公民社会利益所创造的知识、指南与建议的信任（Hendriks et al., 2016）。这还涵盖公众对基于科学的公共卫生（例如，全民医疗、干细胞研究、联邦资助的妇女生殖权利、传染病预防、疫苗接种）、气候变化、经济政策（例如，福利、不平等和贫困控制）及其交叉领域的建议的信任。研究表明，公众对科学的信任受多种因素影响，如年龄（Anderson et al., 2012）、性别（Von Roten, 2004）、科学规范排斥（Lewandowsky & Oberauer, 2021）、政治意识形态（Azevedo & Jost, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2012; Leiserowitz et al., 2010）、右翼威权主义和社会支配倾向（Kerr & Wilson, 2021）、教育（Bak, 2001; Hayes & Tariq, 2000）、收入（Anderson et al., 2012）、科学知识（Evans & Durant, 1995; Nisbet et al., 2002）、社交媒体使用（Huber et al., 2019）及宗教信仰（Azevedo, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Liu & Priest, 2009）。", + "definition": "公众对科学的信任是指，公众对科学家为公民社会利益所创造的知识、指南与建议的信任（Hendriks et al., 2016）。这还涵盖公众对基于科学的公共卫生（例如，全民医疗、干细胞研究、联邦资助的妇女生殖权利、传染病预防、疫苗接种）、气候变化、经济政策（例如，福利、不平等和贫困控制）及其交叉领域的建议的信任。研究表明，公众对科学的信任受多种因素影响，如年龄（Anderson et al., 2012）、性别（Crettaz von Roten, 2004）、科学规范排斥（Lewandowsky & Oberauer, 2021）、政治意识形态（Azevedo & Jost, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Leiserowitz et al., 2010）、右翼威权主义和社会支配倾向（Kerr & Wilson, 2021）、教育（Bak, 2001; Hayes & Tariq, 2000）、收入（Anderson et al., 2012）、科学知识（Evans & Durant, 1995; Nisbet et al., 2002）、社交媒体使用（Huber et al., 2019）及宗教信仰（Azevedo, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Liu & Priest, 2009）。", "related_terms": [ "Credibility of scientific claims", "Epistemic Trust" ], "references": [ "Anderson, M. S., Ronning, E. A., Devries, R., & Martinson, B. C. (2010). Extending the Mertonian norms: Scientists’ subscription to norms of research. Journal of Higher Education, 81(3), 366–393. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0095", - "Azevedo, F. (n.d.). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", + "Azevedo, F. (2021). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", "Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2021). The ideological basis of antiscientific attitudes: Effects of authoritarianism, conservatism, religiosity, social dominance, and system justification. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(4), 518–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430221990104", "Bak, H.-J. (2001). Education and Public Attitudes toward Science: Implications for the ‘Deficit Model’ of Education and Support for Science and Technology. Social Science Quarterly, 82(4), 779–795. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42955760", "Brewer, P. R., & Ley, B. L. (2013). Whose Science Do You Believe? Explaining Trust in Sources of Scientific Information About the Environment. Science Communication, 35(1), 115–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012441691", @@ -18508,7 +18591,8 @@ "Nisbet, M. C., Scheufele, D. A., Shanahan, J., Moy, P., Brossard, D., & Lewenstein, B. V. (2002). Knowledge, Reservations, or Promise?: A Media Effects Model for Public Perceptions of Science and Technology. Communication Research, 29(5), 584–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365002236196", "Schneider, J., Merk, S., & Rosman, T. (2019). (Re)Building Trust? Investigating the effects of open science badges on perceived trustworthiness in journal articles. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VGBRS", "Wingen, T., Berkessel, J. B., & Englich, B. (2020). No Replication, No Trust? How Low Replicability Influences Trust in Psychology. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619877412", - "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032" + "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032", + "Crettaz von Roten, F. (2004). Gender differences in attitudes toward science in Switzerland. Public Understanding of Science, 13(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662504043870" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tobias Wingen; Flávio Azevedo" @@ -18532,7 +18616,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -19086,13 +19170,14 @@ "en_title": "Repeatability", "title": "重复性 [Repeatability]", "sort_key": "chongfuxing", - "definition": "重复性与重测信度同义，指对同一测量指标进行连续多次测量所得结果之间的一致性程度。实现重复性需满足以下条件：使用相同的实验工具、由同一观察者操作、在相同条件下运行同一测量仪器、于同一地点实施、在短期内对相同目标进行重复测量（Joint Committee for Guidelines in Metrology, 2008）。", + "definition": "重复性与重测信度同义，指对同一测量指标进行连续多次测量所得结果之间的一致性程度。实现重复性需满足以下条件：使用相同的实验工具、由同一观察者操作、在相同条件下运行同一测量仪器、于同一地点实施、在短期内对相同目标进行重复测量（Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology, 2008）。", "related_terms": [ "Reliability" ], "references": [ "ISO. (1993). Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (1st ed.). International Organization for Standardization.", - "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code." + "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", + "Working Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology JCGM. (2008). Evaluation of measurement data—Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (pp. 1–120). JCGM. https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/2071204/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdf/cb0ef43f-baa5-11cf-3f85-4dcd86f77bd6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif, Adam Parker" @@ -19116,7 +19201,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -19134,9 +19219,10 @@ ], "references": [ "Barba, L. A. (2018). Terminologies for reproducible research. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1802.03311.", + "Claerbout, J. F., & Karrenbach, M. (1992). Electronic documents give reproducible research a new meaning. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1992, 601–604. http://sepwww.stanford.edu/doku.php?id=sep:research:reproducible:seg92", "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", "King, G. (1995). Replication, replication. PS: Political Science & Politics, 28(3), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.2307/420301", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", "Nosek, B. A., & Errington, T. M. (2020). What is replication? PLOS Biology, 18(3), e3000691. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000691" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -19165,7 +19251,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -19181,8 +19267,8 @@ ], "references": [ "Liu, Y., Gordon, M., Wang, J., Bishop, M., Chen, Y., Pfeiffer, T., Twardy, C., & Viganola, D. (2020). Replication Markets: Results, Lessons, Challenges and Opportunities in AI Replication. ArXiv:2005.04543 . http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.04543", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060", "Replication Markets. (n.d.). Replication Markets – Reliable research replicates…you can bet on it. Replication Markets. https://www.replicationmarkets.org/", "[www.replicationmarkets.com](http://www.replicationmarkets.com)" ], @@ -19207,7 +19293,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -19226,7 +19312,7 @@ "Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials, 11(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-11-32", "Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147(8), 573–577. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.AD", "The EQUATOR Network. (n.d.). What is a reporting guideline? Retrieved 10 July 2021. https://www.equator-network.org/about-us/what-is-a-reporting-guideline/", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Aidan Cashin" @@ -19249,7 +19335,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -19355,7 +19441,7 @@ "Peng, R. D. (2011). Reproducible Research in Computational Science. Science, 334(6060), 1226–1227. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1213847", "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", "Syed, M. (2019). The Open Science Movement is for all of us. PsyArXiv.", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -19381,7 +19467,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -19722,7 +19808,7 @@ "Specification curve analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/", + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf", "Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632", "Wicherts, J. M., Veldkamp, C. L., Augusteijn, H. E., Bakker, M., Van Aert, R., & Van Assen, M. A. (2016). Degrees of freedom in planning, running, analyzing, and reporting psychological studies: A checklist to avoid p-hacking. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1832. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01832" ], @@ -19749,7 +19835,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -19762,7 +19848,7 @@ "Trustworthiness" ], "references": [ - "Fraser, H., Bush, M., Wintle, B., Mody, F., Smith, E., Hanea, A., & others. (2021). Predicting reliability through structured expert elicitation with repliCATS (Collaborative Assessments for Trustworthy Science).", + "Fraser, H., Bush, M., Wintle, B., Mody, F., Smith, E., Hanea, A., et al. (2021). Predicting reliability through structured expert elicitation with repliCATS (Collaborative Assessments for Trustworthy Science).", "RepliCATS project. (2020). Collaborative Assessment for Trustworthy Science. The University of Melbourne. https://replicats.research.unimelb.edu.au/" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -19788,7 +19874,7 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -20767,7 +20853,7 @@ "Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J., & Welch, V. A. (Eds.). (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons.", "Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097", "Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., & McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. British Medical Journal, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Jade Pickering" @@ -20795,7 +20881,7 @@ "Xiujuan Wen", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -21400,7 +21486,8 @@ "references": [ "Hitchcock, C., Meyer, A., Rose, D., & Jackson, R. (2002). Providing new access to the general curriculum: Universal design for learning. Teaching Exceptional Children, 35(2), 8–17. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/providing-new-access-general-curriculum/docview/201139970/se-2?accountid=8630", "Rose, D. (2000). Universal design for learning. Journal of Special Education Technology, 15(3), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/016264340001500307", - "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision." + "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision.", + "Edyburn, D. L. (2010). Would you recognize universal design for learning if you saw it? Ten propositions for new directions for the second decade of UDL. Learning Disability Quarterly, 33(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/073194871003300103" ], "drafted_by": [ "Charlotte R. Pennington" @@ -21426,7 +21513,7 @@ "Xiujuan Wen", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -21570,10 +21657,33 @@ "title": "西方的、受过教育的、工业化的、富裕的、民主的社会 [WEIRD]", "sort_key": "xifangde、shouguojiaoyude、gongyehuade、fuyude、minzhudeshehui", "definition": "WEIRD 这个缩写词指的是西方的（Western）、受过教育的（Educated）、工业化的（Industrialized）、富裕的（Rich）和民主的（Democratic）的社会。大多数研究都是在WEIRD社会中进行的，研究对象也往往是这些社会中相对同质化的群体样本。这极大地限制了大量研究结果的普适性，尤其是考虑到WEIRD群体在心理上常常属于“离群值”。有观点认为，“WEIRD 心理学”是欧洲中世纪社会变革和宗教信仰影响下逐渐演化形成的文化产物。对该术语的批评者指出，它将全球人口简单二元对立，忽略了社会之间和社会内部存在的差异，同时也未能涵盖多样性的其他维度。", - "related_terms": [], - "references": [], - "drafted_by": [], - "reviewed_by": [], + "related_terms": [ + "Bias", + "BIZARRE", + "Diversity", + "Generalizability", + "Populations", + "Sampling bias", + "STRANGE" + ], + "references": [ + "Henrich, J. (2020). The weirdest people in the world: How the west became psychologically peculiar and particularly prosperous. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.", + "Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X", + "Muthukrishna, M., Bell, A. V., Henrich, J., Curtin, C. M., Gedranovich, A., McInerney, J., & Thue, B. (2020). Beyond Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) psychology: Measuring and mapping scales of cultural and psychological distance. Psychological Science, 31, 678–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620916782", + "Syed, M., & Kathawalla, U. (2020). Cultural Psychology, Diversity, and Representation in Open Science. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/t7hp2" + ], + "drafted_by": [ + "Mahmoud Elsherif" + ], + "reviewed_by": [ + "Zoe Flack", + "Matt Jaquiery", + "Bettina M. J. Kern", + "Adam Parker", + "Charlotte R. Pennington", + "Robert M. Ross", + "Suzanne L. K. Stewart" + ], "alt_related_terms": [ null ], @@ -21588,7 +21698,7 @@ "Xiujuan Wen", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -21767,7 +21877,7 @@ "references": [ "Brown, N., Thompson, P., & Leigh, J. S. (2018). Making academia more accessible. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(2), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v6i2.348", "Pollet, I. L., & Bond, A. L. (2021). Evaluation and recommendations for greater accessibility of colour figures in ornithology. Ibis, 163, 292–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12887", - "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161)", + "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161", "World Wide Web Consortium. (2021). Web Accessibility Initiative. https://www.w3.org/WAI/", "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" ], @@ -21798,7 +21908,7 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -22160,7 +22270,7 @@ "STRANGE" ], "references": [ - "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., & others. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" + "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., et al. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" ], "drafted_by": [ "Ben Farrar" @@ -22184,7 +22294,7 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -22322,7 +22432,7 @@ "Triple badge" ], "references": [ - "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., & others. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", + "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., et al. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456", "Rowhani-Farid, A., Aldcroft, A., & Barnett, A. G. (2020). Did awarding badges increase data sharing in BMJ Open? A randomized controlled trial. Royal Society Open Science, 7(3), 191818. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191818", "Science, C. (n.d.). Open science badges. https://www.cos.io/initiatives/badges" @@ -22349,7 +22459,7 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -22408,7 +22518,7 @@ "Dienes, Z. (2011). Bayesian versus orthodox statistics: Which side are you on? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(3), 274–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611406920", "Dienes, Z. (2014). Using Bayes to get the most out of non-significant results. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00781", "Dienes, Z. (2016). How Bayes factors change scientific practice. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 72, 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2015.10.003", - "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., & others. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", + "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., et al. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", "Kruschke, J. K. (2015). Doing Bayesian data analysis: A tutorial with R, JAGS, and Stan (2nd ed.). Academic Press.", "McElreath, R. (2020). Statistical rethinking: A Bayesian course with examples in R and Stan (2nd ed.). Taylor.", "Wagenmakers, E.-J., Marsman, M., Jamil, T., Ly, A., Verhagen, J., Love, J., Selker, R., Gronau, Q. F., Šmíra, M., Epskamp, S., Matzke, D., Rouder, J. N., & Morey, R. D. (2018). Bayesian inference for psychology. Part I: Theoretical advantages and practical ramifications. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(1), 35–57. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1343-3" @@ -22435,7 +22545,7 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -22489,8 +22599,9 @@ "Open Data" ], "references": [ - "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., & others. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", - "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io" + "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., et al. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", + "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io", + "Pernet, C. R., Appelhoff, S., Gorgolewski, K. J., Flandin, G., Phillips, C., Delorme, A., & Oostenveld, R. (2019). EEG-BIDS, an extension to the brain imaging data structure for electroencephalography. Scientific Data, 6(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0104-8" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tina Lonsdorf" @@ -22512,7 +22623,7 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -22644,7 +22755,9 @@ "references": [ "Guest, O. [@o_guest]. (2017). Thanks! Hopefully this thread & many other similar discussions & blogs will help make it less Bropen Science and more Open Science. *hides* . Twitter. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/o_guest/status/871675631062458368", "Whitaker, K., & Guest, O. (2020). #bropenscience is broken science. The Psychologist, 33, 34–37.", - "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" + "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255", + "Bahlai, C., Bartlett, L. J., Burgio, K. R., et al. (2019). Open science isn’t always open to all scientists. American Scientist, 107(2), 78.", + "Onie, S. (2020). Redesign open science for Asia, Africa and Latin America. Nature, 587, 35–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03052-3" ], "drafted_by": [ "Zoe Flack" @@ -22671,7 +22784,7 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -23022,7 +23135,7 @@ "Exact replication" ], "references": [ - "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., & others. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" + "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., et al. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" ], "drafted_by": [ "Connor Keating" @@ -23044,7 +23157,7 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -23054,8 +23167,8 @@ "definition": "Die Organization for Human Brain Mapping (OHBM; dt. Organisation für menschliche Hirnbildgebung) hat einen Leitfaden für optimale Verfahren (best practices) bei der Erhebung und Analyse von Bildgebungsdaten, der Veröffentlichung und der gemeinsamen Nutzung von Daten und Analysecodes entwickelt. Er enthält acht Elemente, die beim Verfassen oder Einreichen eines Manuskripts berücksichtigt werden sollten, um die Veröffentlichung der Methodik und die daraus resultierenden Bildgebungsdaten zu verbessern und so die Transparenz und Reproduzierbarkeit zu optimieren. **Alternative definition:** (if applicable) Checklist for data analysis and sharing", "related_terms": [], "references": [ - "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., & others. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", - "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., & others. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" + "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., et al. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", + "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., et al. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yu-Fang Yang" @@ -23077,7 +23190,7 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -23368,7 +23481,7 @@ "en_title": "Conflict of interest", "title": "Interessenkonflikt [Conflict of interest]", "sort_key": "interessenkonflikt [conflict of interest]", - "definition": "Ein Interessenkonflikt (COI, Conflict of Interest) ist eine finanzielle oder nicht-finanzielle Beziehung, Aktivität oder ein anderes Interesse, das die Objektivität oder das professionelle Urteilsvermögen von Autor:innen, Gutachter:innen, Redakteur:innen oder Redaktionsmitgliedern beeinträchtigen könnte. In den “Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing” des Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), des Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), der Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) und der World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) heißt es, dass Zeitschriften über Richtlinien zur Publikationsethik verfügen sollten, einschließlich Richtlinien zu COI (DOAJ, 2018). COIs sollten transparent offengelegt werden, damit die Lesende die Forschung richtig bewerten und auf potenzielle oder tatsächliche Voreingenommenheit(en) prüfen können. Jenseits von Veröffentlichungen sollten akademische Vortragende, Gremiumsmitglieder und Lehrende ebenfalls COIs angeben. Die absichtliche Nichtoffenlegung eines Interessenkonflikts kann als eine Form des Fehlverhaltens angesehen werden.", + "definition": "Ein Interessenkonflikt (COI, Conflict of Interest) ist eine finanzielle oder nicht-finanzielle Beziehung, Aktivität oder ein anderes Interesse, das die Objektivität oder das professionelle Urteilsvermögen von Autor:innen, Gutachter:innen, Redakteur:innen oder Redaktionsmitgliedern beeinträchtigen könnte. In den “Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing” des Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), des Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), der Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) und der World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) heißt es, dass Zeitschriften über Richtlinien zur Publikationsethik verfügen sollten, einschließlich Richtlinien zu COI (DOAJ, n.d.). COIs sollten transparent offengelegt werden, damit die Lesende die Forschung richtig bewerten und auf potenzielle oder tatsächliche Voreingenommenheit(en) prüfen können. Jenseits von Veröffentlichungen sollten akademische Vortragende, Gremiumsmitglieder und Lehrende ebenfalls COIs angeben. Die absichtliche Nichtoffenlegung eines Interessenkonflikts kann als eine Form des Fehlverhaltens angesehen werden.", "related_terms": [ "Objectivity", "Peer review", @@ -23397,7 +23510,7 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -23411,8 +23524,8 @@ ], "references": [ "Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yuki Yamada" @@ -23435,7 +23548,7 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -23456,7 +23569,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Busse, C., Kach, A. P., & Wagner, S. M. (2017). Boundary Conditions: What They Are, How to Explore Them, Why We Need Them, and When to Consider Them. Organizational Research Methods, 20(4), 574–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428116641191", - "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., & others. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", + "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., et al. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", "Simons, D. J., Shoda, Y., & Lindsay, D. S. (2017). Constraints on generality (COG): A proposed addition to all empirical papers. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 1123–1128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617708630", "Yarkoni, T. (2020). The generalizability crisis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X20001685" ], @@ -23481,7 +23594,7 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -23571,14 +23684,15 @@ "sort_key": "beitrag [contribution]", "definition": "Eine formale Ergänzung oder Aktivität in einem Forschungskontext. Erklärungen zu Beiträgen und Mitwirkenden, einschließlich der Danksagungen in Zeitschriftenartikeln, werden an Forschungsprodukte angehängt, um die Vielfalt der Arbeit, die über \"Autor:innenschaft\" hinausgeht und die jede intellektuelle Tätigkeit erfordert, besser zu klassifizieren und anzuerkennen. Contributions sind eine sich entwickelnde “source of data for understanding the relationship between authorship and knowledge production.” (dt. Datenquelle für das Verständnis der Beziehung zwischen Autor:innenschaft und Wissensproduktion; Lariviere et al., S.430). Bei der Entwicklung von Open-Source-Software kann ein solcher Beitrag eine Änderung sein, die nach Begutachtung in das Software-Repositorium eines Projekts aufgenommen wird (technisch als Pull-Request bezeichnet). Ein Beispiel für ein Open-Source-Projekt, das Beiträge akzeptiert, ist NumPy (Harris et al., 2020).", "related_terms": [ - "authorship", + "Authorship", "CRediT", "Semantometrics" ], "references": [ "Knoth, P., & Herrmannova, D. (2014). Towards semantometrics: A new semantic similarity based measure for assessing a research publication’s contribution. D-Lib Magazine, 20(11), 8. https://doi.org/10.1045/november2014-knoth", "Larivière, V., Desrochers, N., Macaluso, B., Mongeon, P., Paul-Hus, A., & Sugimoto, C. R. (2016). Contributorship and division of labor in knowledge production. Social Studies of Science, 46(3), 417–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312716650046", - "Holcombe, A. O. (2019). Contributorship, not authorship: Use CRediT to indicate who did what. Publications, 7(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7030048" + "Holcombe, A. O. (2019). Contributorship, not authorship: Use CRediT to indicate who did what. Publications, 7(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7030048", + "Harris, C. R., Millman, K. J., van der Walt, S. J., Gommers, R., Virtanen, P., Cournapeau, D., Wieser, E., Taylor, J., Berg, S., Smith, N. J., Kern, R., Picus, M., Hoyer, S., van Kerkwijk, M. H., Brett, M., Haldane, A., del Río, J. F., Wiebe, M., Peterson, P., & Gérard-Marchant, P. (2020). Array programming with NumPy. Nature, 585(7825), 357–362. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2" ], "drafted_by": [ "Micah Vandegrift" @@ -23602,7 +23716,7 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -23782,8 +23896,8 @@ "Theory" ], "references": [ - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -23807,7 +23921,7 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -23905,7 +24019,7 @@ "Lind, F., Gruber, M., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2017). Content analysis by the crowd: Assessing the usability of crowdsourcing for coding latent constructs. Communication Methods and Measures, 11(3), 191–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1317338", "Moshontz, H., Campbell, L., Ebersole, C. R., IJzerman, H., Urry, H. L., Forscher, P. S., & Chartier, C. R. (2018). The Psychological Science Accelerator: Advancing psychology through a distributed collaborative network. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(4), 501–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918797607", "Peer, E., Brandimarte, L., Samat, S., & Acquisti, A. (2017). Beyond the Turk: Alternative platforms for crowdsourcing behavioral research. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 70, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.01.006", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", "Stewart, N., Chandler, J., & Paolacci, G. (2017). Crowdsourcing samples in cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(10), 736–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.06.007", "Tennant, J., Bielczyk, N. Z., Cheplygina, V., Greshake Tzovaras, B., Hartgerink, C. H. J., Havemann, J., Masuzzo, P., & Steiner, T. (2019). Ten simple rules for researchers collaborating on Massively Open Online Papers (MOOPs). MetaArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/et8ak", "Uhlmann, E. L., Ebersole, C. R., Chartier, C. R., Errington, T. M., Kidwell, M. C., Lai, C. K., McCarthy, R. J., Riegelman, A., Silberzahn, R., & Nosek, B. A. (2019). Scientific utopia III: Crowdsourcing science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(5), 711–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619850561", @@ -23934,7 +24048,7 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -24332,7 +24446,9 @@ "references": [ "Albayrak, N., & Okoroji, C. (2019). Facing the challenges of postgraduate study as a minority student. A Guide for Psychology Postgraduates, 63.", "Du Bois, W. E. B. (1968). The souls of black folk; essays and sketches. Johnson Reprint Corp.", - "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press." + "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press.", + "Rubin, M. (2021). Explaining the association between subjective social status and mental health among university students using an impact ratings approach. SN Social Sciences, 1(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-020-00031-3", + "Rubin, M., Evans, O., & McGuffog, R. (2019). Social class differences in social integration at university: Implications for academic outcomes and mental health. In J. Jetten & K. Peters (Eds.), The social psychology of inequality (pp. 87–102). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28856-3_6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir" @@ -24354,7 +24470,7 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -24707,7 +24823,7 @@ "en_title": "Equivalence Testing", "title": "Äquivalenztesten [Equivalence Testing]", "sort_key": "äquivalenztesten [equivalence testing]", - "definition": "Äquivalenztests bewerten statistisch die Nullhypothese, dass ein bestimmter Effekt ein Minimalkriterium überschreitet, um als bedeutsam eingestuft zu werden. Die Ablehnung der Nullhypothese ist somit ein Beweis für das Fehlen eines (bedeutsamen) Effekts. Äquivalenztests basieren auf der frequentistischen Statistik und funktionieren durch die Festlegung von Äquivalenzgrenzen: einer unteren und einer oberen Grenze, die die kleinste interessierende Effektgröße widerspiegeln. Anschließend werden zwei einseitige *t*\\-Tests gegen jede dieser Äquivalenzgrenzen durchgeführt, um festzustellen, ob als bedeutsam erachteten Effekte *abgelehnt* werden können (siehe Schuirmann, 1972; Lakens et al., 2018; 2020).", + "definition": "Äquivalenztests bewerten statistisch die Nullhypothese, dass ein bestimmter Effekt ein Minimalkriterium überschreitet, um als bedeutsam eingestuft zu werden. Die Ablehnung der Nullhypothese ist somit ein Beweis für das Fehlen eines (bedeutsamen) Effekts. Äquivalenztests basieren auf der frequentistischen Statistik und funktionieren durch die Festlegung von Äquivalenzgrenzen: einer unteren und einer oberen Grenze, die die kleinste interessierende Effektgröße widerspiegeln. Anschließend werden zwei einseitige *t*\\-Tests gegen jede dieser Äquivalenzgrenzen durchgeführt, um festzustellen, ob als bedeutsam erachteten Effekte *abgelehnt* werden können (siehe Schuirmann, 1987; Lakens et al., 2018; 2020).", "related_terms": [ "Equivalence bounds", "Falsification", @@ -24744,7 +24860,7 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -24965,7 +25081,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", - "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., & others. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", + "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., et al. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", "GO FAIR Initiative. (2025). FAIR Principles. https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -24987,7 +25103,7 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -25220,7 +25336,7 @@ "Specification Curve Analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/" + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf" ], "drafted_by": [ "Flávio Azevedo; Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -25242,7 +25358,7 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -26660,8 +26776,8 @@ { "type": "glossary", "en_title": "Model (computational)", - "title": "computational Rechenmodell [Model (computational)]", - "sort_key": "computational rechenmodell [model (computational)]", + "title": "Rechenmodell [Model (computational)]", + "sort_key": "rechenmodell [model (computational)]", "definition": "Rechenmodelle zielen darauf ab, untersuchte Phänomene mathematisch zu übersetzen, um komplexe Verhaltensweisen besser zu verstehen, zu vermitteln und vorherzusagen.", "related_terms": [ "algorithms", @@ -26695,13 +26811,16 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "aliases": [ + "/glossary/german/computational_rechenmodell" + ], + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", "en_title": "Model (statistical)", - "title": "statistical statistisches Modell [Model (statistical)]", - "sort_key": "statistical statistisches modell [model (statistical)]", + "title": "statistisches Modell [Model (statistical)]", + "sort_key": "statistisches modell [model (statistical)]", "definition": "Eine mathematische Repräsentation beobachteter Daten, die darauf abzielt, die untersuchte Population widerzuspiegeln, und die ein besseres Verständnis des interessierenden Phänomens, die Identifizierung von Beziehungen zwischen den Variablen und Vorhersagen über zukünftige Fälle ermöglicht. Ein klassisches Beispiel ist die Anwendung von Chi-Quadrat, um den Zusammenhang zwischen Rauchen und Krebs zu verstehen (Doll & Hill, 1954).", "related_terms": [ "Bayesian Inference", @@ -26733,7 +26852,10 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "aliases": [ + "/glossary/german/statistical_statistisches_modell" + ], + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -26788,7 +26910,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Aczel, B., Szaszi, B., Nilsonne, G., Van den Akker, O., Albers, C. J., van Assen, M. A. L. M., ..., & Wagenmakers, E. (2021). Guidance for Multi-Analyst Studies. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/5ecnh", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" ], "drafted_by": [ "Sam Parsons" @@ -26813,7 +26935,7 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -26977,7 +27099,7 @@ "Systematic Review Protocol" ], "references": [ - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Asma Assaneea" @@ -27000,7 +27122,7 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -27372,7 +27494,7 @@ "Transparency" ], "references": [ - "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., & others. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", + "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., et al. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -27396,7 +27518,7 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -28085,6 +28207,7 @@ "Transformative paradigm" ], "references": [ + "Andersson, N. (2018). Participatory research—a modernizing science for primary health care. Journal of General and Family Medicine, 19(5), 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgf2.187", "Cornwall, A., & Jewkes, R. (1995). What is participatory research? Social Science & Medicine, 41(12), 1667–1676. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00127-S", "Fletcher-Watson, S., Adams, J., Brook, K., Charman, T., Crane, L., Cusack, J., Leekam, S., Milton, D., Parr, J. R., & Pellicano, E. (2019). Making the Future Together: Shaping Autism Research Through Meaningful Participation. Autism, 23(4), 943–953.", "Kiernan, C. (1999). Participation in research by people with learning disability: Origins and issues. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27(2), 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.1999.tb00084.x", @@ -28112,7 +28235,7 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -28932,14 +29055,14 @@ "en_title": "Public Trust in Science", "title": "öffentliches Vertrauen in die Wissenschaft [Public Trust in Science]", "sort_key": "öffentliches vertrauen in die wissenschaft [public trust in science]", - "definition": "Vertrauen in das Wissen, die Leitlinien und Empfehlungen, die von Wissenschaftler:innen zum Nutzen der Zivilgesellschaft erarbeitet oder bereitgestellt wurden (Hendriks et al., 2016). Dies kann sich auch auf das Vertrauen in wissenschaftlich fundierte Empfehlungen zur öffentlichen Gesundheit (z. B. universelle Gesundheitsversorgung, Stammzellenforschung, Bundesmittel für die reproduktiven Rechte von Frauen, Präventivmaßnahmen für ansteckende Krankheiten und Impfungen), zum Klimawandel, zur Wirtschaftspolitik (z. B. Sozial-/Transferleistungen, Bekämpfung von Ungleichheit und Armut) und deren Überschneidungen beziehen. Das Vertrauen der Öffentlichkeit in die Wissenschaft wird nachweislich durch eine Vielzahl von Faktoren beeinflusst, wie Alter (Anderson et al., 2012), Geschlecht (Von Roten, 2004), Ablehnung wissenschaftlicher Normen (Lewandowsky & Oberauer, 2021), politische Ideologie (Azevedo & Jost, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2012; Leiserowitz et al, 2010), Rechtsautoritarismus und soziale Dominanz (Kerr & Wilson, 2021), Bildung (Bak, 2001; Hayes & Tariq, 2000), Einkommen (Anderson et al., 2012), wissenschaftliche Kenntnisse (Evans & Durant, 1995; Nisbet et al., 2002), Nutzung sozialer Medien (Huber et al., 2019\\) und Religiosität (Azevedo, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Liu & Priest, 2009).", + "definition": "Vertrauen in das Wissen, die Leitlinien und Empfehlungen, die von Wissenschaftler:innen zum Nutzen der Zivilgesellschaft erarbeitet oder bereitgestellt wurden (Hendriks et al., 2016). Dies kann sich auch auf das Vertrauen in wissenschaftlich fundierte Empfehlungen zur öffentlichen Gesundheit (z. B. universelle Gesundheitsversorgung, Stammzellenforschung, Bundesmittel für die reproduktiven Rechte von Frauen, Präventivmaßnahmen für ansteckende Krankheiten und Impfungen), zum Klimawandel, zur Wirtschaftspolitik (z. B. Sozial-/Transferleistungen, Bekämpfung von Ungleichheit und Armut) und deren Überschneidungen beziehen. Das Vertrauen der Öffentlichkeit in die Wissenschaft wird nachweislich durch eine Vielzahl von Faktoren beeinflusst, wie Alter (Anderson et al., 2012), Geschlecht (Crettaz von Roten, 2004), Ablehnung wissenschaftlicher Normen (Lewandowsky & Oberauer, 2021), politische Ideologie (Azevedo & Jost, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Leiserowitz et al, 2010), Rechtsautoritarismus und soziale Dominanz (Kerr & Wilson, 2021), Bildung (Bak, 2001; Hayes & Tariq, 2000), Einkommen (Anderson et al., 2012), wissenschaftliche Kenntnisse (Evans & Durant, 1995; Nisbet et al., 2002), Nutzung sozialer Medien (Huber et al., 2019\\) und Religiosität (Azevedo, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Liu & Priest, 2009).", "related_terms": [ "Credibility of scientific claims", "Epistemic Trust" ], "references": [ "Anderson, M. S., Ronning, E. A., Devries, R., & Martinson, B. C. (2010). Extending the Mertonian norms: Scientists’ subscription to norms of research. Journal of Higher Education, 81(3), 366–393. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0095", - "Azevedo, F. (n.d.). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", + "Azevedo, F. (2021). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", "Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2021). The ideological basis of antiscientific attitudes: Effects of authoritarianism, conservatism, religiosity, social dominance, and system justification. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(4), 518–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430221990104", "Bak, H.-J. (2001). Education and Public Attitudes toward Science: Implications for the ‘Deficit Model’ of Education and Support for Science and Technology. Social Science Quarterly, 82(4), 779–795. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42955760", "Brewer, P. R., & Ley, B. L. (2013). Whose Science Do You Believe? Explaining Trust in Sources of Scientific Information About the Environment. Science Communication, 35(1), 115–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012441691", @@ -28953,7 +29076,8 @@ "Nisbet, M. C., Scheufele, D. A., Shanahan, J., Moy, P., Brossard, D., & Lewenstein, B. V. (2002). Knowledge, Reservations, or Promise?: A Media Effects Model for Public Perceptions of Science and Technology. Communication Research, 29(5), 584–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365002236196", "Schneider, J., Merk, S., & Rosman, T. (2019). (Re)Building Trust? Investigating the effects of open science badges on perceived trustworthiness in journal articles. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VGBRS", "Wingen, T., Berkessel, J. B., & Englich, B. (2020). No Replication, No Trust? How Low Replicability Influences Trust in Psychology. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619877412", - "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032" + "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032", + "Crettaz von Roten, F. (2004). Gender differences in attitudes toward science in Switzerland. Public Understanding of Science, 13(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662504043870" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tobias Wingen; Flávio Azevedo" @@ -28975,7 +29099,7 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -29503,13 +29627,14 @@ "en_title": "Repeatability", "title": "Wiederholbarkeit [Repeatability]", "sort_key": "wiederholbarkeit [repeatability]", - "definition": "Synonym für die Test-Retest-Reliabilität. Sie bezieht sich auf die Übereinstimmung zwischen den Ergebnissen aufeinanderfolgender Messungen derselben Maße. Die Wiederholbarkeit erfordert die gleichen Versuchswerkzeuge, die gleichen Beobachtenden, das gleiche Messinstrument unter den gleichen Bedingungen, den gleichen Ort, Wiederholungen über einen kurzen Zeitraum und die gleichen Ziele (Joint Committee for Guidelines in Metrology, 2008\\)", + "definition": "Synonym für die Test-Retest-Reliabilität. Sie bezieht sich auf die Übereinstimmung zwischen den Ergebnissen aufeinanderfolgender Messungen derselben Maße. Die Wiederholbarkeit erfordert die gleichen Versuchswerkzeuge, die gleichen Beobachtenden, das gleiche Messinstrument unter den gleichen Bedingungen, den gleichen Ort, Wiederholungen über einen kurzen Zeitraum und die gleichen Ziele (Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology, 2008\\)", "related_terms": [ "Reliability" ], "references": [ "ISO. (1993). Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (1st ed.). International Organization for Standardization.", - "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code." + "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", + "Working Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology JCGM. (2008). Evaluation of measurement data—Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (pp. 1–120). JCGM. https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/2071204/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdf/cb0ef43f-baa5-11cf-3f85-4dcd86f77bd6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif, Adam Parker" @@ -29531,7 +29656,7 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -29549,9 +29674,10 @@ ], "references": [ "Barba, L. A. (2018). Terminologies for reproducible research. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1802.03311.", + "Claerbout, J. F., & Karrenbach, M. (1992). Electronic documents give reproducible research a new meaning. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1992, 601–604. http://sepwww.stanford.edu/doku.php?id=sep:research:reproducible:seg92", "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", "King, G. (1995). Replication, replication. PS: Political Science & Politics, 28(3), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.2307/420301", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", "Nosek, B. A., & Errington, T. M. (2020). What is replication? PLOS Biology, 18(3), e3000691. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000691" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -29578,7 +29704,7 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -29594,8 +29720,8 @@ ], "references": [ "Liu, Y., Gordon, M., Wang, J., Bishop, M., Chen, Y., Pfeiffer, T., Twardy, C., & Viganola, D. (2020). Replication Markets: Results, Lessons, Challenges and Opportunities in AI Replication. ArXiv:2005.04543 . http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.04543", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060", "Replication Markets. (n.d.). Replication Markets – Reliable research replicates…you can bet on it. Replication Markets. https://www.replicationmarkets.org/", "[www.replicationmarkets.com](http://www.replicationmarkets.com)" ], @@ -29618,7 +29744,7 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -29637,7 +29763,7 @@ "Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials, 11(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-11-32", "Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147(8), 573–577. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.AD", "The EQUATOR Network. (n.d.). What is a reporting guideline? Retrieved 10 July 2021. https://www.equator-network.org/about-us/what-is-a-reporting-guideline/", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Aidan Cashin" @@ -29658,7 +29784,7 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -29760,7 +29886,7 @@ "Peng, R. D. (2011). Reproducible Research in Computational Science. Science, 334(6060), 1226–1227. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1213847", "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", "Syed, M. (2019). The Open Science Movement is for all of us. PsyArXiv.", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -29784,7 +29910,7 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -30109,7 +30235,7 @@ "Specification curve analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/", + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf", "Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632", "Wicherts, J. M., Veldkamp, C. L., Augusteijn, H. E., Bakker, M., Van Aert, R., & Van Assen, M. A. (2016). Degrees of freedom in planning, running, analyzing, and reporting psychological studies: A checklist to avoid p-hacking. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1832. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01832" ], @@ -30134,7 +30260,7 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -30147,7 +30273,7 @@ "Trustworthiness" ], "references": [ - "Fraser, H., Bush, M., Wintle, B., Mody, F., Smith, E., Hanea, A., & others. (2021). Predicting reliability through structured expert elicitation with repliCATS (Collaborative Assessments for Trustworthy Science).", + "Fraser, H., Bush, M., Wintle, B., Mody, F., Smith, E., Hanea, A., et al. (2021). Predicting reliability through structured expert elicitation with repliCATS (Collaborative Assessments for Trustworthy Science).", "RepliCATS project. (2020). Collaborative Assessment for Trustworthy Science. The University of Melbourne. https://replicats.research.unimelb.edu.au/" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -30171,7 +30297,7 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -31089,7 +31215,7 @@ "Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J., & Welch, V. A. (Eds.). (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons.", "Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097", "Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., & McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. British Medical Journal, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Jade Pickering" @@ -31114,7 +31240,7 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Joris Frese ###" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -31682,7 +31808,8 @@ "references": [ "Hitchcock, C., Meyer, A., Rose, D., & Jackson, R. (2002). Providing new access to the general curriculum: Universal design for learning. Teaching Exceptional Children, 35(2), 8–17. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/providing-new-access-general-curriculum/docview/201139970/se-2?accountid=8630", "Rose, D. (2000). Universal design for learning. Journal of Special Education Technology, 15(3), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/016264340001500307", - "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision." + "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision.", + "Edyburn, D. L. (2010). Would you recognize universal design for learning if you saw it? Ten propositions for new directions for the second decade of UDL. Learning Disability Quarterly, 33(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/073194871003300103" ], "drafted_by": [ "Charlotte R. Pennington" @@ -31705,7 +31832,7 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Joris Frese" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -31840,10 +31967,33 @@ "title": "WEIRD", "sort_key": "weird", "definition": "Dieses Akronym steht für westliche, gebildete, industrialisierte, reiche und demokratische (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic) Gesellschaften. Die meisten Forschungsarbeiten werden an relativ homogenen Stichproben aus WEIRD-Gesellschaften durchgeführt und von diesen durchgeführt. Dies schränkt die Verallgemeinerbarkeit zahlreicher Forschungsergebnisse ein, zumal WEIRD-Personen oft psychologische Ausreißer sind. Es wurde argumentiert, dass sich die \"WEIRD Psychologie\" kulturell als Ergebnis gesellschaftlicher Veränderungen und religiöser Überzeugungen im Mittelalter in Europa zu entwickeln begann. Kritiker\\*innen dieses Begriffs sind der Meinung, dass er ein binäres Bild der Weltbevölkerung zeichnet und die Unterschiede zwischen und innerhalb von Gesellschaften ausblendet und dass andere Aspekte der Vielfalt nicht erfasst werden.", - "related_terms": [], - "references": [], - "drafted_by": [], - "reviewed_by": [], + "related_terms": [ + "Bias", + "BIZARRE", + "Diversity", + "Generalizability", + "Populations", + "Sampling bias", + "STRANGE" + ], + "references": [ + "Henrich, J. (2020). The weirdest people in the world: How the west became psychologically peculiar and particularly prosperous. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.", + "Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X", + "Muthukrishna, M., Bell, A. V., Henrich, J., Curtin, C. M., Gedranovich, A., McInerney, J., & Thue, B. (2020). Beyond Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) psychology: Measuring and mapping scales of cultural and psychological distance. Psychological Science, 31, 678–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620916782", + "Syed, M., & Kathawalla, U. (2020). Cultural Psychology, Diversity, and Representation in Open Science. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/t7hp2" + ], + "drafted_by": [ + "Mahmoud Elsherif" + ], + "reviewed_by": [ + "Zoe Flack", + "Matt Jaquiery", + "Bettina M. J. Kern", + "Adam Parker", + "Charlotte R. Pennington", + "Robert M. Ross", + "Suzanne L. K. Stewart" + ], "alt_related_terms": [ null ], @@ -31855,7 +32005,7 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Joris Frese ### ###" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -32020,7 +32170,7 @@ "references": [ "Brown, N., Thompson, P., & Leigh, J. S. (2018). Making academia more accessible. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(2), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v6i2.348", "Pollet, I. L., & Bond, A. L. (2021). Evaluation and recommendations for greater accessibility of colour figures in ornithology. Ibis, 163, 292–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12887", - "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161)", + "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161", "World Wide Web Consortium. (2021). Web Accessibility Initiative. https://www.w3.org/WAI/", "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" ], @@ -32047,7 +32197,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/accessibility" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -32373,7 +32523,7 @@ "STRANGE" ], "references": [ - "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., & others. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" + "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., et al. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" ], "drafted_by": [ "Ben Farrar" @@ -32393,7 +32543,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/arrive_guidelines" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -32519,7 +32669,7 @@ "Triple badge" ], "references": [ - "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., & others. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", + "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., et al. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456", "Rowhani-Farid, A., Aldcroft, A., & Barnett, A. G. (2020). Did awarding badges increase data sharing in BMJ Open? A randomized controlled trial. Royal Society Open Science, 7(3), 191818. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191818", "Science, C. (n.d.). Open science badges. https://www.cos.io/initiatives/badges" @@ -32542,7 +32692,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/badges_open_science_" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -32597,7 +32747,7 @@ "Dienes, Z. (2011). Bayesian versus orthodox statistics: Which side are you on? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(3), 274–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611406920", "Dienes, Z. (2014). Using Bayes to get the most out of non-significant results. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00781", "Dienes, Z. (2016). How Bayes factors change scientific practice. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 72, 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2015.10.003", - "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., & others. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", + "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., et al. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", "Kruschke, J. K. (2015). Doing Bayesian data analysis: A tutorial with R, JAGS, and Stan (2nd ed.). Academic Press.", "McElreath, R. (2020). Statistical rethinking: A Bayesian course with examples in R and Stan (2nd ed.). Taylor.", "Wagenmakers, E.-J., Marsman, M., Jamil, T., Ly, A., Verhagen, J., Love, J., Selker, R., Gronau, Q. F., Šmíra, M., Epskamp, S., Matzke, D., Rouder, J. N., & Morey, R. D. (2018). Bayesian inference for psychology. Part I: Theoretical advantages and practical ramifications. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(1), 35–57. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1343-3" @@ -32620,7 +32770,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/bayesian_inference" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -32670,8 +32820,9 @@ "Open Data" ], "references": [ - "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., & others. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", - "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io" + "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., et al. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", + "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io", + "Pernet, C. R., Appelhoff, S., Gorgolewski, K. J., Flandin, G., Phillips, C., Delorme, A., & Oostenveld, R. (2019). EEG-BIDS, an extension to the brain imaging data structure for electroencephalography. Scientific Data, 6(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0104-8" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tina Lonsdorf" @@ -32689,7 +32840,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/bids_data_structure" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -32809,7 +32960,9 @@ "references": [ "Guest, O. [@o_guest]. (2017). Thanks! Hopefully this thread & many other similar discussions & blogs will help make it less Bropen Science and more Open Science. *hides* . Twitter. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/o_guest/status/871675631062458368", "Whitaker, K., & Guest, O. (2020). #bropenscience is broken science. The Psychologist, 33, 34–37.", - "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" + "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255", + "Bahlai, C., Bartlett, L. J., Burgio, K. R., et al. (2019). Open science isn’t always open to all scientists. American Scientist, 107(2), 78.", + "Onie, S. (2020). Redesign open science for Asia, Africa and Latin America. Nature, 587, 35–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03052-3" ], "drafted_by": [ "Zoe Flack" @@ -32832,7 +32985,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/bropenscience" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -33147,7 +33300,7 @@ "Exact replication" ], "references": [ - "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., & others. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" + "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., et al. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" ], "drafted_by": [ "Connor Keating" @@ -33165,7 +33318,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/collaborative_replication_and_education_project_crep_" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -33175,8 +33328,8 @@ "definition": "The Organization for Human Brain Mapping (OHBM) neuroimaging community has developed a guideline for best practices in neuroimaging data acquisition, analysis, reporting, and sharing of both data and analysis code. It contains eight elements that should be included when writing up or submitting a manuscript, and when sharing neuroimages, in order to optimize transparency and reproducibility.", "related_terms": [], "references": [ - "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., & others. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", - "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., & others. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" + "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., et al. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", + "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., et al. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yu-Fang Yang" @@ -33194,7 +33347,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/committee_on_best_practices_in_data_analysis_and_sharing_cobidas_" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -33457,7 +33610,7 @@ "en_title": "Conflict of interest", "title": "Conflict of interest", "sort_key": "conflict of interest", - "definition": "A conflict of interest (COI, also ‘competing interest’) is a financial or non-financial relationship, activity or other interest that might compromise objectivity or professional judgement on the part of an author, reviewer, editor, or editorial staff. The *Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing* by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) states that journals should have policies on publication ethics, including policies on COI (DOAJ, 2018). COIs should be made transparent so that readers can properly evaluate research and assess for potential or actual bias(es). Outside publishing, academic presenters, panel members and educators should also declare COIs. Purposeful failure to disclose a COI may be considered a form of misconduct.", + "definition": "A conflict of interest (COI, also ‘competing interest’) is a financial or non-financial relationship, activity or other interest that might compromise objectivity or professional judgement on the part of an author, reviewer, editor, or editorial staff. The *Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing* by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) states that journals should have policies on publication ethics, including policies on COI (DOAJ, n.d.). COIs should be made transparent so that readers can properly evaluate research and assess for potential or actual bias(es). Outside publishing, academic presenters, panel members and educators should also declare COIs. Purposeful failure to disclose a COI may be considered a form of misconduct.", "related_terms": [ "Objectivity", "Peer review", @@ -33482,7 +33635,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/conflict_of_interest" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -33496,8 +33649,8 @@ ], "references": [ "Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yuki Yamada" @@ -33516,7 +33669,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/consortium_authorship" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -33537,7 +33690,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Busse, C., Kach, A. P., & Wagner, S. M. (2017). Boundary Conditions: What They Are, How to Explore Them, Why We Need Them, and When to Consider Them. Organizational Research Methods, 20(4), 574–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428116641191", - "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., & others. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", + "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., et al. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", "Simons, D. J., Shoda, Y., & Lindsay, D. S. (2017). Constraints on generality (COG): A proposed addition to all empirical papers. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 1123–1128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617708630", "Yarkoni, T. (2020). The generalizability crisis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X20001685" ], @@ -33558,7 +33711,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/constraints_on_generality_cog_" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -33633,6 +33786,43 @@ ], "lastmod": "2026-08-05" }, + { + "type": "glossary", + "en_title": "Contribution", + "title": "Contribution", + "sort_key": "contribution", + "definition": "A formal addition or activity in a research context. Contribution and contributor statements, including acknowledgments sections in journal articles, are attached to research products to better classify and recognize the variety of labor beyond “authorship” that any intellectual pursuit requires. Contribution is an evolving “source of data for understanding the relationship between authorship and knowledge production.” (Lariviere et al., p.430). In open source software development, a contribution may count as changes committed onto a project's software repository following a peer-review (known technically as a pull request). An example of an open-source project accepting contributions is NumPy (Harris et al., 2020).", + "related_terms": [ + "Authorship", + "CRediT", + "Semantometrics" + ], + "references": [ + "Knoth, P., & Herrmannova, D. (2014). Towards semantometrics: A new semantic similarity based measure for assessing a research publication’s contribution. D-Lib Magazine, 20(11), 8. https://doi.org/10.1045/november2014-knoth", + "Larivière, V., Desrochers, N., Macaluso, B., Mongeon, P., Paul-Hus, A., & Sugimoto, C. R. (2016). Contributorship and division of labor in knowledge production. Social Studies of Science, 46(3), 417–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312716650046", + "Holcombe, A. O. (2019). Contributorship, not authorship: Use CRediT to indicate who did what. Publications, 7(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7030048", + "Harris, C. R., Millman, K. J., van der Walt, S. J., Gommers, R., Virtanen, P., Cournapeau, D., Wieser, E., Taylor, J., Berg, S., Smith, N. J., Kern, R., Picus, M., Hoyer, S., van Kerkwijk, M. H., Brett, M., Haldane, A., del Río, J. F., Wiebe, M., Peterson, P., & Gérard-Marchant, P. (2020). Array programming with NumPy. Nature, 585(7825), 357–362. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2" + ], + "drafted_by": [ + "Micah Vandegrift" + ], + "reviewed_by": [ + "Jamie P. Cockcroft", + "Dominik Kiersz", + "Michele C. Lim", + "Leticia Micheli", + "Sam Parsons", + "Gerald Vineyard" + ], + "alt_related_terms": [ + null + ], + "language": "english", + "aliases": [ + "/glossary/contribution" + ], + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" + }, { "type": "glossary", "en_title": "Corrigendum", @@ -33795,8 +33985,8 @@ "Theory" ], "references": [ - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -33816,7 +34006,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/creative_destruction_approach_to_replication" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -33906,7 +34096,7 @@ "Lind, F., Gruber, M., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2017). Content analysis by the crowd: Assessing the usability of crowdsourcing for coding latent constructs. Communication Methods and Measures, 11(3), 191–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1317338", "Moshontz, H., Campbell, L., Ebersole, C. R., IJzerman, H., Urry, H. L., Forscher, P. S., & Chartier, C. R. (2018). The Psychological Science Accelerator: Advancing psychology through a distributed collaborative network. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(4), 501–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918797607", "Peer, E., Brandimarte, L., Samat, S., & Acquisti, A. (2017). Beyond the Turk: Alternative platforms for crowdsourcing behavioral research. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 70, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.01.006", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", "Stewart, N., Chandler, J., & Paolacci, G. (2017). Crowdsourcing samples in cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(10), 736–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.06.007", "Tennant, J., Bielczyk, N. Z., Cheplygina, V., Greshake Tzovaras, B., Hartgerink, C. H. J., Havemann, J., Masuzzo, P., & Steiner, T. (2019). Ten simple rules for researchers collaborating on Massively Open Online Papers (MOOPs). MetaArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/et8ak", "Uhlmann, E. L., Ebersole, C. R., Chartier, C. R., Errington, T. M., Kidwell, M. C., Lai, C. K., McCarthy, R. J., Riegelman, A., Silberzahn, R., & Nosek, B. A. (2019). Scientific utopia III: Crowdsourcing science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(5), 711–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619850561", @@ -33931,7 +34121,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/crowdsourced_research" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -34207,7 +34397,7 @@ "en_title": "DOI (digital object identifier)", "title": "DOI (digital object identifier)", "sort_key": "doi (digital object identifier)", - "definition": "Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) are alpha-numeric strings that can be assigned to any entity, including: publications (including preprints), materials, datasets, and feature films \\- the use of DOIs is not restricted to just scholarly or academic material. There are many different DOI registration agencies that operate DOIs, but the two that researchers would most likely encounter are [Crossref](https://www.crossref.org/) and [Datacite](https://datacite.org/).", + "definition": "Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) are alpha-numeric strings that can be assigned to any entity, including: publications (including preprints), materials, datasets, and feature films \\- the use of DOIs is not restricted to just scholarly or academic material. There are many different DOI registration agencies that operate DOIs, but the two that researchers would most likely encounter are [Crossref](https://www.crossref.org/) and [DataCite](https://datacite.org/).", "related_terms": [ "arXiv and BibTex", "Crossref, Datacite, ISBN, ISO, ORCID", @@ -34235,7 +34425,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/doi_digital_object_identifier_" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -34289,7 +34479,9 @@ "references": [ "Albayrak, N., & Okoroji, C. (2019). Facing the challenges of postgraduate study as a minority student. A Guide for Psychology Postgraduates, 63.", "Du Bois, W. E. B. (1968). The souls of black folk; essays and sketches. Johnson Reprint Corp.", - "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press." + "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press.", + "Rubin, M. (2021). Explaining the association between subjective social status and mental health among university students using an impact ratings approach. SN Social Sciences, 1(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-020-00031-3", + "Rubin, M., Evans, O., & McGuffog, R. (2019). Social class differences in social integration at university: Implications for academic outcomes and mental health. In J. Jetten & K. Peters (Eds.), The social psychology of inequality (pp. 87–102). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28856-3_6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir" @@ -34307,7 +34499,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/double_consciousness" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -34345,7 +34537,7 @@ "en_title": "Direct replication", "title": "Direct replication", "sort_key": "direct replication", - "definition": "As ‘direct replication’ does not have a widely-agreed technical meaning nor there is no clear cut distinction between a direct and conceptual replication, below we list several contributions towards a consensus. Rather than debating the ‘exactness’ of a replication, it is more helpful to discuss the relevant differences between a replication and its target, and their implications for the reliability and generality of the target’s results. Generally, direct replication refers to a new data collection that attempts to replicate original studies’ methods as closely as possible. A replication attempt that “seek(s) to duplicate the necessary elements that produced the original finding.” (Crüwell et al., 2019; p.243). The purpose of a direct replication can be to identify type 1 errors and/or experimenter effects, determine the replicability of an effect using the same or improved practices, or to create more specific estimates of effect size (Hüffmeier et al., 2016). Directness of replication is a continuum between repeating specific observations (data) and observing generalised effects (phenomena). How closely a replication replicates an original study is often a matter for debate, often with differences being cited as hidden moderators of effects. Furthermore, there can be debate over the relevant importance of technical equivalence (i.e., using identical materials) versus psychological equivalence (i.e., realizing the identical psychological conditions) to the original study (Schwarz and Strack, 2014). For example, consider a study on Trust in the US- President conducted in 2018\\. A technical equivalent replication would use Trump as stimulus (he was president in 2018\\) a psychological equivalent study would use Biden (he is the current president).", + "definition": "As ‘direct replication’ does not have a widely-agreed technical meaning nor there is no clear cut distinction between a direct and conceptual replication, below we list several contributions towards a consensus. Rather than debating the ‘exactness’ of a replication, it is more helpful to discuss the relevant differences between a replication and its target, and their implications for the reliability and generality of the target’s results. Generally, direct replication refers to a new data collection that attempts to replicate original studies’ methods as closely as possible. A replication attempt that “seek(s) to duplicate the necessary elements that produced the original finding.” (Crüwell et al., 2019; p.243). The purpose of a direct replication can be to identify type 1 errors and/or experimenter effects, determine the replicability of an effect using the same or improved practices, or to create more specific estimates of effect size (Hüffmeier et al., 2016). Directness of replication is a continuum between repeating specific observations (data) and observing generalised effects (phenomena). How closely a replication replicates an original study is often a matter for debate, often with differences being cited as hidden moderators of effects. Furthermore, there can be debate over the relevant importance of technical equivalence (i.e., using identical materials) versus psychological equivalence (i.e., realizing the identical psychological conditions) to the original study (Schwarz and Strack, 2014). For example, consider a study on Trust in the US- President conducted in 2018\\. A technical equivalent replication would use Trump as stimulus (he was president in 2018\\) a psychological equivalent study conducted in 2023 would use Biden (he was president in 2023).", "related_terms": [ "close replication", "Conceptual replication", @@ -34378,7 +34570,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/direct_replication" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -34624,7 +34816,7 @@ "en_title": "Equivalence Testing", "title": "Equivalence Testing", "sort_key": "equivalence testing", - "definition": "Equivalence tests statistically assess the null hypothesis that a given effect exceeds a minimum criterion to be considered meaningful. Thus, rejection of the null hypothesis provides evidence of a lack of (meaningful) effect. Based upon frequentist statistics, equivalence tests work by specifying equivalence bounds: a lower and upper value that reflect the smallest effect size of interest. Two one-sided *t*\\-tests are then conducted against each of these equivalence bounds to assess whether effects that are deemed meaningful can be *rejected* (see Schuirmann, 1972; Lakens et al., 2018; 2020).", + "definition": "Equivalence tests statistically assess the null hypothesis that a given effect exceeds a minimum criterion to be considered meaningful. Thus, rejection of the null hypothesis provides evidence of a lack of (meaningful) effect. Based upon frequentist statistics, equivalence tests work by specifying equivalence bounds: a lower and upper value that reflect the smallest effect size of interest. Two one-sided *t*\\-tests are then conducted against each of these equivalence bounds to assess whether effects that are deemed meaningful can be *rejected* (see Schuirmann, 1987; Lakens et al., 2018; 2020).", "related_terms": [ "Equivalence bounds", "Falsification", @@ -34657,7 +34849,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/equivalence_testing" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -34858,7 +35050,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", - "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., & others. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", + "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., et al. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", "GO FAIR Initiative. (2025). FAIR Principles. https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -34876,7 +35068,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/fair_principles" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -34948,7 +35140,7 @@ "en_title": "FORRT", "title": "FORRT", "sort_key": "forrt", - "definition": "Framework of Open Reproducible Research and Teaching. It aims to provide a pedagogical infrastructure designed to recognize and support the teaching and mentoring of open and reproducible research in tandem with prototypical subject matters in higher education. FORRT strives to be an effective, evolving, and community-driven organization raising awareness of the pedagogical implications of open and reproducible science and its associated challenges (i.e., curricular reform, epistemological uncertainty, methods of education). FORRT also advocates for the opening of teaching and mentoring materials as a means to facilitate access, discovery, and learning to those who otherwise would be educationally disenfranchised.", + "definition": "Framework for Open and Reproducible Research Training. It aims to provide a pedagogical infrastructure designed to recognize and support the teaching and mentoring of open and reproducible research in tandem with prototypical subject matters in higher education. FORRT strives to be an effective, evolving, and community-driven organization raising awareness of the pedagogical implications of open and reproducible science and its associated challenges (i.e., curricular reform, epistemological uncertainty, methods of education). FORRT also advocates for the opening of teaching and mentoring materials as a means to facilitate access, discovery, and learning to those who otherwise would be educationally disenfranchised.", "related_terms": [ "Integrating open and reproducible science tenets into higher education" ], @@ -34970,7 +35162,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/forrt" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -35085,7 +35277,7 @@ "Specification Curve Analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/" + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf" ], "drafted_by": [ "Flávio Azevedo; Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -35103,7 +35295,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/garden_of_forking_paths" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -36489,7 +36681,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Aczel, B., Szaszi, B., Nilsonne, G., Van den Akker, O., Albers, C. J., van Assen, M. A. L. M., ..., & Wagenmakers, E. (2021). Guidance for Multi-Analyst Studies. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/5ecnh", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" ], "drafted_by": [ "Sam Parsons" @@ -36510,7 +36702,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/multi_analyst_studies" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -36659,7 +36851,7 @@ "Systematic Review Protocol" ], "references": [ - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Asma Assaneea" @@ -36678,7 +36870,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/non_intervention_reproducible_and_open_systematic_reviews_niro_sr_" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -37014,7 +37206,7 @@ "Transparency" ], "references": [ - "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., & others. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", + "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., et al. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -37034,7 +37226,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/open_material" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -37656,6 +37848,7 @@ "Transformative paradigm" ], "references": [ + "Andersson, N. (2018). Participatory research—a modernizing science for primary health care. Journal of General and Family Medicine, 19(5), 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgf2.187", "Cornwall, A., & Jewkes, R. (1995). What is participatory research? Social Science & Medicine, 41(12), 1667–1676. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00127-S", "Fletcher-Watson, S., Adams, J., Brook, K., Charman, T., Crane, L., Cusack, J., Leekam, S., Milton, D., Parr, J. R., & Pellicano, E. (2019). Making the Future Together: Shaping Autism Research Through Meaningful Participation. Autism, 23(4), 943–953.", "Kiernan, C. (1999). Participation in research by people with learning disability: Origins and issues. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27(2), 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.1999.tb00084.x", @@ -37679,7 +37872,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/participatory_research" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -38415,14 +38608,14 @@ "en_title": "Public Trust in Science", "title": "Public Trust in Science", "sort_key": "public trust in science", - "definition": "Trust in the knowledge, guidelines and recommendations that has been produced or provided by scientists to the benefit of civil society (Hendriks et al., 2016). These may also refer to trust in scientific-based recommendations on public health (e.g., universal health-care, stem cell research, federal funds for women’s reproductive rights, preventive measures of contagious diseases, and vaccination), climate change, economic policies (e.g., welfare, inequality- and poverty-control) and their intersections. The trust a member of the public has in science has been shown to be influenced by a vast number of factors such as age (Anderson et al., 2012), gender (Von Roten, 2004), rejection of scientific norms (Lewandowsky & Oberauer, 2021), political ideology (Azevedo & Jost, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2012; Leiserowitz et al., 2010), \tright-wing authoritarianism and social dominance (Kerr & Wilson, 2021), education (Bak, 2001; Hayes & Tariq, 2000), income (Anderson et al., 2012), science knowledge (Evans & Durant, 1995; Nisbet et al., 2002), social media use (Huber et al., 2019), and religiosity (Azevedo, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Liu & Priest, 2009).", + "definition": "Trust in the knowledge, guidelines and recommendations that has been produced or provided by scientists to the benefit of civil society (Hendriks et al., 2016). These may also refer to trust in scientific-based recommendations on public health (e.g., universal health-care, stem cell research, federal funds for women’s reproductive rights, preventive measures of contagious diseases, and vaccination), climate change, economic policies (e.g., welfare, inequality- and poverty-control) and their intersections. The trust a member of the public has in science has been shown to be influenced by a vast number of factors such as age (Anderson et al., 2012), gender (Crettaz von Roten, 2004), rejection of scientific norms (Lewandowsky & Oberauer, 2021), political ideology (Azevedo & Jost, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Leiserowitz et al., 2010), \tright-wing authoritarianism and social dominance (Kerr & Wilson, 2021), education (Bak, 2001; Hayes & Tariq, 2000), income (Anderson et al., 2012), science knowledge (Evans & Durant, 1995; Nisbet et al., 2002), social media use (Huber et al., 2019), and religiosity (Azevedo, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Liu & Priest, 2009).", "related_terms": [ "Credibility of scientific claims", "Epistemic Trust" ], "references": [ "Anderson, M. S., Ronning, E. A., Devries, R., & Martinson, B. C. (2010). Extending the Mertonian norms: Scientists’ subscription to norms of research. Journal of Higher Education, 81(3), 366–393. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0095", - "Azevedo, F. (n.d.). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", + "Azevedo, F. (2021). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", "Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2021). The ideological basis of antiscientific attitudes: Effects of authoritarianism, conservatism, religiosity, social dominance, and system justification. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(4), 518–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430221990104", "Bak, H.-J. (2001). Education and Public Attitudes toward Science: Implications for the ‘Deficit Model’ of Education and Support for Science and Technology. Social Science Quarterly, 82(4), 779–795. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42955760", "Brewer, P. R., & Ley, B. L. (2013). Whose Science Do You Believe? Explaining Trust in Sources of Scientific Information About the Environment. Science Communication, 35(1), 115–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012441691", @@ -38436,7 +38629,8 @@ "Nisbet, M. C., Scheufele, D. A., Shanahan, J., Moy, P., Brossard, D., & Lewenstein, B. V. (2002). Knowledge, Reservations, or Promise?: A Media Effects Model for Public Perceptions of Science and Technology. Communication Research, 29(5), 584–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365002236196", "Schneider, J., Merk, S., & Rosman, T. (2019). (Re)Building Trust? Investigating the effects of open science badges on perceived trustworthiness in journal articles. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VGBRS", "Wingen, T., Berkessel, J. B., & Englich, B. (2020). No Replication, No Trust? How Low Replicability Influences Trust in Psychology. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619877412", - "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032" + "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032", + "Crettaz von Roten, F. (2004). Gender differences in attitudes toward science in Switzerland. Public Understanding of Science, 13(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662504043870" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tobias Wingen; Flávio Azevedo" @@ -38454,7 +38648,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/public_trust_in_science" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -38930,13 +39124,14 @@ "en_title": "Repeatability", "title": "Repeatability", "sort_key": "repeatability", - "definition": "Synonymous with *test-retest* *reliability*. It refers to the agreement between the results of successive measurements of the same measure. Repeatability requires the same experimental tools, the same observer, the same measuring instrument administered under the same conditions, the same location, repetition over a short period of time, and the same objectives (Joint Committee for Guidelines in Metrology, 2008\\)", + "definition": "Synonymous with *test-retest* *reliability*. It refers to the agreement between the results of successive measurements of the same measure. Repeatability requires the same experimental tools, the same observer, the same measuring instrument administered under the same conditions, the same location, repetition over a short period of time, and the same objectives (Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology, 2008\\)", "related_terms": [ "Reliability" ], "references": [ "ISO. (1993). Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (1st ed.). International Organization for Standardization.", - "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code." + "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", + "Working Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology JCGM. (2008). Evaluation of measurement data—Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (pp. 1–120). JCGM. https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/2071204/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdf/cb0ef43f-baa5-11cf-3f85-4dcd86f77bd6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif, Adam Parker" @@ -38954,7 +39149,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/repeatability" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -38972,9 +39167,10 @@ ], "references": [ "Barba, L. A. (2018). Terminologies for reproducible research. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1802.03311.", + "Claerbout, J. F., & Karrenbach, M. (1992). Electronic documents give reproducible research a new meaning. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1992, 601–604. http://sepwww.stanford.edu/doku.php?id=sep:research:reproducible:seg92", "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", "King, G. (1995). Replication, replication. PS: Political Science & Politics, 28(3), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.2307/420301", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", "Nosek, B. A., & Errington, T. M. (2020). What is replication? PLOS Biology, 18(3), e3000691. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000691" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -38997,7 +39193,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/replicability" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -39013,8 +39209,8 @@ ], "references": [ "Liu, Y., Gordon, M., Wang, J., Bishop, M., Chen, Y., Pfeiffer, T., Twardy, C., & Viganola, D. (2020). Replication Markets: Results, Lessons, Challenges and Opportunities in AI Replication. ArXiv:2005.04543 . http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.04543", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060", "Replication Markets. (n.d.). Replication Markets – Reliable research replicates…you can bet on it. Replication Markets. https://www.replicationmarkets.org/", "[www.replicationmarkets.com](http://www.replicationmarkets.com)" ], @@ -39033,7 +39229,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/replication_markets" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -39052,7 +39248,7 @@ "Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials, 11(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-11-32", "Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147(8), 573–577. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.AD", "The EQUATOR Network. (n.d.). What is a reporting guideline? Retrieved 10 July 2021. https://www.equator-network.org/about-us/what-is-a-reporting-guideline/", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Aidan Cashin" @@ -39069,7 +39265,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/reporting_guideline" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -39163,7 +39359,7 @@ "Peng, R. D. (2011). Reproducible Research in Computational Science. Science, 334(6060), 1226–1227. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1213847", "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", "Syed, M. (2019). The Open Science Movement is for all of us. PsyArXiv.", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -39183,7 +39379,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/reproducibility" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -39476,7 +39672,7 @@ "Specification curve analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/", + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf", "Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632", "Wicherts, J. M., Veldkamp, C. L., Augusteijn, H. E., Bakker, M., Van Aert, R., & Van Assen, M. A. (2016). Degrees of freedom in planning, running, analyzing, and reporting psychological studies: A checklist to avoid p-hacking. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1832. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01832" ], @@ -39497,7 +39693,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/researcher_degrees_of_freedom" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -39510,7 +39706,7 @@ "Trustworthiness" ], "references": [ - "Fraser, H., Bush, M., Wintle, B., Mody, F., Smith, E., Hanea, A., & others. (2021). Predicting reliability through structured expert elicitation with repliCATS (Collaborative Assessments for Trustworthy Science).", + "Fraser, H., Bush, M., Wintle, B., Mody, F., Smith, E., Hanea, A., et al. (2021). Predicting reliability through structured expert elicitation with repliCATS (Collaborative Assessments for Trustworthy Science).", "RepliCATS project. (2020). Collaborative Assessment for Trustworthy Science. The University of Melbourne. https://replicats.research.unimelb.edu.au/" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -39530,7 +39726,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/replicats_project" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -40352,7 +40548,7 @@ "Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J., & Welch, V. A. (Eds.). (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons.", "Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097", "Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., & McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. British Medical Journal, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Jade Pickering" @@ -40373,7 +40569,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/systematic_review" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -40880,7 +41076,8 @@ "references": [ "Hitchcock, C., Meyer, A., Rose, D., & Jackson, R. (2002). Providing new access to the general curriculum: Universal design for learning. Teaching Exceptional Children, 35(2), 8–17. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/providing-new-access-general-curriculum/docview/201139970/se-2?accountid=8630", "Rose, D. (2000). Universal design for learning. Journal of Special Education Technology, 15(3), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/016264340001500307", - "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision." + "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision.", + "Edyburn, D. L. (2010). Would you recognize universal design for learning if you saw it? Ten propositions for new directions for the second decade of UDL. Learning Disability Quarterly, 33(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/073194871003300103" ], "drafted_by": [ "Charlotte R. Pennington" @@ -40899,7 +41096,7 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/universal_design_for_learning_udl_" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -41016,6 +41213,48 @@ ], "lastmod": "2026-11-08" }, + { + "type": "glossary", + "en_title": "WEIRD", + "title": "WEIRD", + "sort_key": "weird", + "definition": "This acronym refers to Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic societies. Most research is conducted on, and conducted by, relatively homogeneous samples from WEIRD societies. This limits the generalizability of a large number of research findings, particularly given that WEIRD people are often psychological outliers. It has been argued that “WEIRD psychology” started to evolve culturally as a result of societal changes and religious beliefs in the Middle Ages in Europe. Critics of this term suggest it presents a binary view of the global population and erases variation that exists both between and within societies, and that other aspects of diversity are not captured.", + "related_terms": [ + "Bias", + "BIZARRE", + "Diversity", + "Generalizability", + "Populations", + "Sampling bias", + "STRANGE" + ], + "references": [ + "Henrich, J. (2020). The weirdest people in the world: How the west became psychologically peculiar and particularly prosperous. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.", + "Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X", + "Muthukrishna, M., Bell, A. V., Henrich, J., Curtin, C. M., Gedranovich, A., McInerney, J., & Thue, B. (2020). Beyond Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) psychology: Measuring and mapping scales of cultural and psychological distance. Psychological Science, 31, 678–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620916782", + "Syed, M., & Kathawalla, U. (2020). Cultural Psychology, Diversity, and Representation in Open Science. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/t7hp2" + ], + "drafted_by": [ + "Mahmoud Elsherif" + ], + "reviewed_by": [ + "Zoe Flack", + "Matt Jaquiery", + "Bettina M. J. Kern", + "Adam Parker", + "Charlotte R. Pennington", + "Robert M. Ross", + "Suzanne L. K. Stewart" + ], + "alt_related_terms": [ + null + ], + "language": "english", + "aliases": [ + "/glossary/weird" + ], + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" + }, { "type": "glossary", "en_title": "Z-Curve", @@ -41177,7 +41416,7 @@ "references": [ "Brown, N., Thompson, P., & Leigh, J. S. (2018). Making academia more accessible. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(2), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v6i2.348", "Pollet, I. L., & Bond, A. L. (2021). Evaluation and recommendations for greater accessibility of colour figures in ornithology. Ibis, 163, 292–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12887", - "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161)", + "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161", "World Wide Web Consortium. (2021). Web Accessibility Initiative. https://www.w3.org/WAI/", "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" ], @@ -41207,7 +41446,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -41560,7 +41799,7 @@ "STRANGE" ], "references": [ - "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., & others. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" + "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., et al. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" ], "drafted_by": [ "Ben Farrar" @@ -41583,7 +41822,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -41718,7 +41957,7 @@ "Triple badge" ], "references": [ - "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., & others. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", + "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., et al. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456", "Rowhani-Farid, A., Aldcroft, A., & Barnett, A. G. (2020). Did awarding badges increase data sharing in BMJ Open? A randomized controlled trial. Royal Society Open Science, 7(3), 191818. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191818", "Science, C. (n.d.). Open science badges. https://www.cos.io/initiatives/badges" @@ -41744,7 +41983,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -41802,7 +42041,7 @@ "Dienes, Z. (2011). Bayesian versus orthodox statistics: Which side are you on? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(3), 274–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611406920", "Dienes, Z. (2014). Using Bayes to get the most out of non-significant results. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00781", "Dienes, Z. (2016). How Bayes factors change scientific practice. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 72, 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2015.10.003", - "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., & others. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", + "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., et al. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", "Kruschke, J. K. (2015). Doing Bayesian data analysis: A tutorial with R, JAGS, and Stan (2nd ed.). Academic Press.", "McElreath, R. (2020). Statistical rethinking: A Bayesian course with examples in R and Stan (2nd ed.). Taylor.", "Wagenmakers, E.-J., Marsman, M., Jamil, T., Ly, A., Verhagen, J., Love, J., Selker, R., Gronau, Q. F., Šmíra, M., Epskamp, S., Matzke, D., Rouder, J. N., & Morey, R. D. (2018). Bayesian inference for psychology. Part I: Theoretical advantages and practical ramifications. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(1), 35–57. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1343-3" @@ -41828,7 +42067,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -41881,8 +42120,9 @@ "Open Data" ], "references": [ - "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., & others. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", - "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io" + "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., et al. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", + "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io", + "Pernet, C. R., Appelhoff, S., Gorgolewski, K. J., Flandin, G., Phillips, C., Delorme, A., & Oostenveld, R. (2019). EEG-BIDS, an extension to the brain imaging data structure for electroencephalography. Scientific Data, 6(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0104-8" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tina Lonsdorf" @@ -41903,7 +42143,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -42032,7 +42272,9 @@ "references": [ "Guest, O. [@o_guest]. (2017). Thanks! Hopefully this thread & many other similar discussions & blogs will help make it less Bropen Science and more Open Science. *hides* . Twitter. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/o_guest/status/871675631062458368", "Whitaker, K., & Guest, O. (2020). #bropenscience is broken science. The Psychologist, 33, 34–37.", - "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" + "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255", + "Bahlai, C., Bartlett, L. J., Burgio, K. R., et al. (2019). Open science isn’t always open to all scientists. American Scientist, 107(2), 78.", + "Onie, S. (2020). Redesign open science for Asia, Africa and Latin America. Nature, 587, 35–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03052-3" ], "drafted_by": [ "Zoe Flack" @@ -42058,7 +42300,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -42400,7 +42642,7 @@ "Exact replication" ], "references": [ - "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., & others. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" + "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., et al. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" ], "drafted_by": [ "Connor Keating" @@ -42421,7 +42663,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -42431,8 +42673,8 @@ "definition": "İnsan Beyin Haritalama Örgütü (OHBM; The Organization for Human Brain Mapping) nörogörüntüleme topluluğu, nörogörüntüleme verilerinin toplanması, analizi, raporlanması ve hem verilerin hem de analiz kodunun paylaşımında en iyi uygulamalar için bir kılavuz geliştirmiştir. Bu kılavuz, şeffaflığı ve tekrarlanabilirliği optimize etmek amacıyla raporlama yöntemlerini ve elde edilen nörogörüntüleri iyileştirmek için bir makale yazılırken veya bir dergiye gönderilirken dahil edilmesi gereken sekiz unsuru içermektedir.", "related_terms": [], "references": [ - "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., & others. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", - "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., & others. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" + "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., et al. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", + "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., et al. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yu-Fang Yang" @@ -42453,7 +42695,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -42737,7 +42979,7 @@ "en_title": "Conflict of interest", "title": "Çıkar çatışması [Conflict of interest]", "sort_key": "czizkar czatizszmasiz [conflict of interest]", - "definition": "Çıkar çatışması, bir yazar, hakem, editör veya editör ekibinin tarafsızlığını veya mesleki yargısını tehlikeye atabilecek finansal veya finansal olmayan bir ilişkiyi, faaliyeti veya diğer çıkarları ifade eder. Yayın Etiği Komitesi (COPE), Açık Erişim Dergileri Dizini (DOAJ), Açık Erişim Akademik Yayıncılar Derneği (OASPA) ve Dünya Tıbbi Editörleri Derneği (WAME) tarafından yayımlanan Akademik Yayıncılıkta Şeffaflık ve En İyi Uygulama İlkeleri, dergilerin çıkar çatışması ile ilgili politikalar da dahil olmak üzere yayın etiği ile ilgili politikalara sahip olması gerektiğini belirtmektedir (DOAJ, 2018). Çıkar çatışmaları, okuyucuların araştırmayı doğru bir şekilde değerlendirebilmesi ve potansiyel veya fiili yanlılığı/yanlılıkları değerlendirebilmesi için şeffaf hale getirilmelidir. Yayıncılık dışında, akademik sunum yapanlar, panel üyeleri ve eğitimciler de çıkar çatışmalarını beyan etmelidir. Çıkar çatışmasını kasıtlı olarak açıklamamak bir tür suistimal olarak değerlendirilebilir.", + "definition": "Çıkar çatışması, bir yazar, hakem, editör veya editör ekibinin tarafsızlığını veya mesleki yargısını tehlikeye atabilecek finansal veya finansal olmayan bir ilişkiyi, faaliyeti veya diğer çıkarları ifade eder. Yayın Etiği Komitesi (COPE), Açık Erişim Dergileri Dizini (DOAJ), Açık Erişim Akademik Yayıncılar Derneği (OASPA) ve Dünya Tıbbi Editörleri Derneği (WAME) tarafından yayımlanan Akademik Yayıncılıkta Şeffaflık ve En İyi Uygulama İlkeleri, dergilerin çıkar çatışması ile ilgili politikalar da dahil olmak üzere yayın etiği ile ilgili politikalara sahip olması gerektiğini belirtmektedir (DOAJ, n.d.). Çıkar çatışmaları, okuyucuların araştırmayı doğru bir şekilde değerlendirebilmesi ve potansiyel veya fiili yanlılığı/yanlılıkları değerlendirebilmesi için şeffaf hale getirilmelidir. Yayıncılık dışında, akademik sunum yapanlar, panel üyeleri ve eğitimciler de çıkar çatışmalarını beyan etmelidir. Çıkar çatışmasını kasıtlı olarak açıklamamak bir tür suistimal olarak değerlendirilebilir.", "related_terms": [ "Objectivity", "Peer review", @@ -42765,7 +43007,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -42779,8 +43021,8 @@ ], "references": [ "Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yuki Yamada" @@ -42802,7 +43044,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -42823,7 +43065,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Busse, C., Kach, A. P., & Wagner, S. M. (2017). Boundary Conditions: What They Are, How to Explore Them, Why We Need Them, and When to Consider Them. Organizational Research Methods, 20(4), 574–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428116641191", - "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., & others. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", + "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., et al. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", "Simons, D. J., Shoda, Y., & Lindsay, D. S. (2017). Constraints on generality (COG): A proposed addition to all empirical papers. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 1123–1128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617708630", "Yarkoni, T. (2020). The generalizability crisis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X20001685" ], @@ -42847,7 +43089,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -43102,8 +43344,8 @@ "Theory" ], "references": [ - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -43126,7 +43368,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Ege Emek" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -43222,7 +43464,7 @@ "Lind, F., Gruber, M., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2017). Content analysis by the crowd: Assessing the usability of crowdsourcing for coding latent constructs. Communication Methods and Measures, 11(3), 191–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1317338", "Moshontz, H., Campbell, L., Ebersole, C. R., IJzerman, H., Urry, H. L., Forscher, P. S., & Chartier, C. R. (2018). The Psychological Science Accelerator: Advancing psychology through a distributed collaborative network. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(4), 501–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918797607", "Peer, E., Brandimarte, L., Samat, S., & Acquisti, A. (2017). Beyond the Turk: Alternative platforms for crowdsourcing behavioral research. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 70, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.01.006", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", "Stewart, N., Chandler, J., & Paolacci, G. (2017). Crowdsourcing samples in cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(10), 736–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.06.007", "Tennant, J., Bielczyk, N. Z., Cheplygina, V., Greshake Tzovaras, B., Hartgerink, C. H. J., Havemann, J., Masuzzo, P., & Steiner, T. (2019). Ten simple rules for researchers collaborating on Massively Open Online Papers (MOOPs). MetaArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/et8ak", "Uhlmann, E. L., Ebersole, C. R., Chartier, C. R., Errington, T. M., Kidwell, M. C., Lai, C. K., McCarthy, R. J., Riegelman, A., Silberzahn, R., & Nosek, B. A. (2019). Scientific utopia III: Crowdsourcing science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(5), 711–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619850561", @@ -43250,7 +43492,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Ege Emek" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -43550,7 +43792,7 @@ "en_title": "DOI (digital object identifier)", "title": "DOI (Dijital Nesne Tanımlayıcısı) [DOI (digital object identifier)]", "sort_key": "doi (dijital nesne tanizmlayizcizsiz) [doi (digital object identifier)]", - "definition": "Dijital Nesne Tanımlayıcıları (DOI; Digital Object Identifiers), yayınlar (ön-baskılar dahil), materyaller, veri setleri ve uzun metrajlı filmler gibi her türlü şeye atanabilen alfa-nümerik dizilerdir. DOI kullanımı yalnızca akademik veya bilimsel materyallerle sınırlı değildir. DOI’ler, “dijital ağlar üzerinde yönetilen bilgilerin kalıcı ve eyleme geçirilebilir bir şekilde tanımlanması ve birlikte çalışabilir şekilde paylaşılması için bir sistem sağlar” ([https://doi.org/hb.html](https://doi.org/hb.html)). DOI’leri yöneten birçok farklı kayıt ajansı vardır ancak araştırmacıların en sık karşılaşabileceği iki ajans Crossref and Datacite’tır.", + "definition": "Dijital Nesne Tanımlayıcıları (DOI; Digital Object Identifiers), yayınlar (ön-baskılar dahil), materyaller, veri setleri ve uzun metrajlı filmler gibi her türlü şeye atanabilen alfa-nümerik dizilerdir. DOI kullanımı yalnızca akademik veya bilimsel materyallerle sınırlı değildir. DOI’ler, “dijital ağlar üzerinde yönetilen bilgilerin kalıcı ve eyleme geçirilebilir bir şekilde tanımlanması ve birlikte çalışabilir şekilde paylaşılması için bir sistem sağlar” ([https://doi.org/hb.html](https://doi.org/hb.html)). DOI’leri yöneten birçok farklı kayıt ajansı vardır ancak araştırmacıların en sık karşılaşabileceği iki ajans Crossref ve DataCite’tır.", "related_terms": [ "arXiv and BibTex", "Crossref, Datacite, ISBN, ISO, ORCID", @@ -43581,7 +43823,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Ege Emek" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -43638,7 +43880,9 @@ "references": [ "Albayrak, N., & Okoroji, C. (2019). Facing the challenges of postgraduate study as a minority student. A Guide for Psychology Postgraduates, 63.", "Du Bois, W. E. B. (1968). The souls of black folk; essays and sketches. Johnson Reprint Corp.", - "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press." + "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press.", + "Rubin, M. (2021). Explaining the association between subjective social status and mental health among university students using an impact ratings approach. SN Social Sciences, 1(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-020-00031-3", + "Rubin, M., Evans, O., & McGuffog, R. (2019). Social class differences in social integration at university: Implications for academic outcomes and mental health. In J. Jetten & K. Peters (Eds.), The social psychology of inequality (pp. 87–102). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28856-3_6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir" @@ -43659,7 +43903,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Ege Emek" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -44003,7 +44247,7 @@ "en_title": "Equivalence Testing", "title": "Eşdeğerlik Testi [Equivalence Testing]", "sort_key": "eszdegzerlik testi [equivalence testing]", - "definition": "Eşdeğerlik testleri, belirli bir etkinin anlamlı sayılabilmesi için gerekli olan minimum değeri aştığı yönündeki sıfır hipotezini istatistiksel olarak değerlendirir. Bu nedenle, sıfır hipotezinin reddedilmesi, anlamlı bir etkinin bulunmadığına dair kanıt sağlar. Frekansçı istatistiğe dayanan bu testlerde, öncelikle eşdeğerlik sınırları belirlenir: ilgi duyulan en küçük etki büyüklüğünü yansıtan alt ve üst sınır değerleri. Ardından, bu sınırların her biriyle karşılaştırmak üzere iki tane tek yönlü t-testi yapılır. Bu sayede, etkilerin anlamlı olup olmadıkları değerlendirilebilir (bkz. Schuirmann, 1972; Lakens vd., 2018; 2020).", + "definition": "Eşdeğerlik testleri, belirli bir etkinin anlamlı sayılabilmesi için gerekli olan minimum değeri aştığı yönündeki sıfır hipotezini istatistiksel olarak değerlendirir. Bu nedenle, sıfır hipotezinin reddedilmesi, anlamlı bir etkinin bulunmadığına dair kanıt sağlar. Frekansçı istatistiğe dayanan bu testlerde, öncelikle eşdeğerlik sınırları belirlenir: ilgi duyulan en küçük etki büyüklüğünü yansıtan alt ve üst sınır değerleri. Ardından, bu sınırların her biriyle karşılaştırmak üzere iki tane tek yönlü t-testi yapılır. Bu sayede, etkilerin anlamlı olup olmadıkları değerlendirilebilir (bkz. Schuirmann, 1987; Lakens vd., 2018; 2020).", "related_terms": [ "Equivalence bounds", "Falsification", @@ -44039,7 +44283,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Ege Emek" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -44255,7 +44499,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", - "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., & others. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", + "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., et al. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", "GO FAIR Initiative. (2025). FAIR Principles. https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -44276,7 +44520,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Ege Emek" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -44503,7 +44747,7 @@ "Specification Curve Analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/" + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf" ], "drafted_by": [ "Flávio Azevedo; Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -44524,7 +44768,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Ege Emek" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -45954,7 +46198,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Aczel, B., Szaszi, B., Nilsonne, G., Van den Akker, O., Albers, C. J., van Assen, M. A. L. M., ..., & Wagenmakers, E. (2021). Guidance for Multi-Analyst Studies. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/5ecnh", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" ], "drafted_by": [ "Sam Parsons" @@ -45978,7 +46222,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Merve Öztürk" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -46139,7 +46383,7 @@ "Systematic Review Protocol" ], "references": [ - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Asma Assaneea" @@ -46161,7 +46405,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Merve Öztürk" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -46486,7 +46730,7 @@ "Transparency" ], "references": [ - "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., & others. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", + "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., et al. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -46509,7 +46753,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Merve Öztürk" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -47182,6 +47426,7 @@ "Transformative paradigm" ], "references": [ + "Andersson, N. (2018). Participatory research—a modernizing science for primary health care. Journal of General and Family Medicine, 19(5), 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgf2.187", "Cornwall, A., & Jewkes, R. (1995). What is participatory research? Social Science & Medicine, 41(12), 1667–1676. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00127-S", "Fletcher-Watson, S., Adams, J., Brook, K., Charman, T., Crane, L., Cusack, J., Leekam, S., Milton, D., Parr, J. R., & Pellicano, E. (2019). Making the Future Together: Shaping Autism Research Through Meaningful Participation. Autism, 23(4), 943–953.", "Kiernan, C. (1999). Participation in research by people with learning disability: Origins and issues. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27(2), 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.1999.tb00084.x", @@ -47208,7 +47453,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Nihan Selin Soylu-Konak" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -48007,14 +48252,14 @@ "en_title": "Public Trust in Science", "title": "Bilime Duyulan Toplumsal Güven [Public Trust in Science]", "sort_key": "bilime duyulan toplumsal guzven [public trust in science]", - "definition": "Bilim insanları tarafından üretilen veya sağlanan ve sivil toplumun yararına sunulan bilgiye, rehberliğe ve önerilere duyulan güven (Hendriks vd., 2016). Bunlar aynı zamanda halk sağlığına ilişkin bilim temelli tavsiyelere (örn., evrensel sağlık hizmeti, kök hücre araştırmaları, kadınların üreme hakları için federal fonlar, bulaşıcı hastalıkların önleyici tedbirleri ve aşılama), iklim değişikliğine, ekonomik politikalara (örn., refah, eşitsizlik ve yoksullukla mücadele) ve bunların kesişim noktalarına duyulan güveni de kastedebilir. Bir bireyin bilime duyduğu güvenin; yaş (Anderson vd., 2012), cinsiyet (Von Roten, 2004), bilimsel normların reddi (Lewandowsky ve Oberauer, 2021), politik ideoloji (Azevedo ve Jost, 2021; Brewer ve Ley, 2012; Leiserowitz vd., 2010), sağ eğilimli otoriterlik ve sosyal baskınlık (Kerr ve Wilson, 2021), eğitim (Bak, 2001; Hayes ve Tariq, 2000), gelir (Anderson vd., 2012), bilim bilgisi (Evans ve Durant, 1995; Nisbet vd., 2002), sosyal medya kullanımı (Huber vd., 2019) ve dindarlık (Azevedo, 2021; Brewer ve Ley, 2013; Liu ve Priest, 2009) gibi çok sayıda faktörden etkilendiği gösterilmiştir.", + "definition": "Bilim insanları tarafından üretilen veya sağlanan ve sivil toplumun yararına sunulan bilgiye, rehberliğe ve önerilere duyulan güven (Hendriks vd., 2016). Bunlar aynı zamanda halk sağlığına ilişkin bilim temelli tavsiyelere (örn., evrensel sağlık hizmeti, kök hücre araştırmaları, kadınların üreme hakları için federal fonlar, bulaşıcı hastalıkların önleyici tedbirleri ve aşılama), iklim değişikliğine, ekonomik politikalara (örn., refah, eşitsizlik ve yoksullukla mücadele) ve bunların kesişim noktalarına duyulan güveni de kastedebilir. Bir bireyin bilime duyduğu güvenin; yaş (Anderson vd., 2012), cinsiyet (Crettaz von Roten, 2004), bilimsel normların reddi (Lewandowsky ve Oberauer, 2021), politik ideoloji (Azevedo ve Jost, 2021; Brewer ve Ley, 2013; Leiserowitz vd., 2010), sağ eğilimli otoriterlik ve sosyal baskınlık (Kerr ve Wilson, 2021), eğitim (Bak, 2001; Hayes ve Tariq, 2000), gelir (Anderson vd., 2012), bilim bilgisi (Evans ve Durant, 1995; Nisbet vd., 2002), sosyal medya kullanımı (Huber vd., 2019) ve dindarlık (Azevedo, 2021; Brewer ve Ley, 2013; Liu ve Priest, 2009) gibi çok sayıda faktörden etkilendiği gösterilmiştir.", "related_terms": [ "Credibility of scientific claims", "Epistemic Trust" ], "references": [ "Anderson, M. S., Ronning, E. A., Devries, R., & Martinson, B. C. (2010). Extending the Mertonian norms: Scientists’ subscription to norms of research. Journal of Higher Education, 81(3), 366–393. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0095", - "Azevedo, F. (n.d.). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", + "Azevedo, F. (2021). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", "Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2021). The ideological basis of antiscientific attitudes: Effects of authoritarianism, conservatism, religiosity, social dominance, and system justification. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(4), 518–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430221990104", "Bak, H.-J. (2001). Education and Public Attitudes toward Science: Implications for the ‘Deficit Model’ of Education and Support for Science and Technology. Social Science Quarterly, 82(4), 779–795. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42955760", "Brewer, P. R., & Ley, B. L. (2013). Whose Science Do You Believe? Explaining Trust in Sources of Scientific Information About the Environment. Science Communication, 35(1), 115–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012441691", @@ -48028,7 +48273,8 @@ "Nisbet, M. C., Scheufele, D. A., Shanahan, J., Moy, P., Brossard, D., & Lewenstein, B. V. (2002). Knowledge, Reservations, or Promise?: A Media Effects Model for Public Perceptions of Science and Technology. Communication Research, 29(5), 584–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365002236196", "Schneider, J., Merk, S., & Rosman, T. (2019). (Re)Building Trust? Investigating the effects of open science badges on perceived trustworthiness in journal articles. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VGBRS", "Wingen, T., Berkessel, J. B., & Englich, B. (2020). No Replication, No Trust? How Low Replicability Influences Trust in Psychology. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619877412", - "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032" + "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032", + "Crettaz von Roten, F. (2004). Gender differences in attitudes toward science in Switzerland. Public Understanding of Science, 13(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662504043870" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tobias Wingen; Flávio Azevedo" @@ -48049,7 +48295,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Nihan Selin Soylu-Konak" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -48564,13 +48810,14 @@ "en_title": "Repeatability", "title": "Yinelenebilirlik [Repeatability]", "sort_key": "yinelenebilirlik [repeatability]", - "definition": "Test-tekrar test güvenilirliği (test-retest reliability) ile eş anlamlıdır. Aynı ölçüm aracının ardışık ölçümlerinin sonuçları arasındaki uyumu ifade eder. Yinelenebilirlik, aynı deneysel araçların, aynı gözlemcinin ve aynı ölçüm cihazının, aynı koşullar altında, aynı yerde, kısa bir zaman aralığında tekrarlanacak şekilde ve aynı amaçla kullanılmasını gerektirir (Joint Committee for Guidelines in Metrology, 2008).", + "definition": "Test-tekrar test güvenilirliği (test-retest reliability) ile eş anlamlıdır. Aynı ölçüm aracının ardışık ölçümlerinin sonuçları arasındaki uyumu ifade eder. Yinelenebilirlik, aynı deneysel araçların, aynı gözlemcinin ve aynı ölçüm cihazının, aynı koşullar altında, aynı yerde, kısa bir zaman aralığında tekrarlanacak şekilde ve aynı amaçla kullanılmasını gerektirir (Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology, 2008).", "related_terms": [ "Reliability" ], "references": [ "ISO. (1993). Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (1st ed.). International Organization for Standardization.", - "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code." + "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", + "Working Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology JCGM. (2008). Evaluation of measurement data—Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (pp. 1–120). JCGM. https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/2071204/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdf/cb0ef43f-baa5-11cf-3f85-4dcd86f77bd6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif, Adam Parker" @@ -48591,7 +48838,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Neslihan Özhan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -48609,9 +48856,10 @@ ], "references": [ "Barba, L. A. (2018). Terminologies for reproducible research. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1802.03311.", + "Claerbout, J. F., & Karrenbach, M. (1992). Electronic documents give reproducible research a new meaning. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1992, 601–604. http://sepwww.stanford.edu/doku.php?id=sep:research:reproducible:seg92", "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", "King, G. (1995). Replication, replication. PS: Political Science & Politics, 28(3), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.2307/420301", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", "Nosek, B. A., & Errington, T. M. (2020). What is replication? PLOS Biology, 18(3), e3000691. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000691" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -48637,7 +48885,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Neslihan Özhan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -48656,7 +48904,7 @@ "Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials, 11(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-11-32", "Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147(8), 573–577. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.AD", "The EQUATOR Network. (n.d.). What is a reporting guideline? Retrieved 10 July 2021. https://www.equator-network.org/about-us/what-is-a-reporting-guideline/", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Aidan Cashin" @@ -48676,7 +48924,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Neslihan Özhan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -48776,7 +49024,7 @@ "Peng, R. D. (2011). Reproducible Research in Computational Science. Science, 334(6060), 1226–1227. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1213847", "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", "Syed, M. (2019). The Open Science Movement is for all of us. PsyArXiv.", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -48799,7 +49047,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Neslihan Özhan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -49116,7 +49364,7 @@ "Specification curve analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/", + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf", "Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632", "Wicherts, J. M., Veldkamp, C. L., Augusteijn, H. E., Bakker, M., Van Aert, R., & Van Assen, M. A. (2016). Degrees of freedom in planning, running, analyzing, and reporting psychological studies: A checklist to avoid p-hacking. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1832. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01832" ], @@ -49140,7 +49388,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Neslihan Özhan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -49994,7 +50242,7 @@ "Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J., & Welch, V. A. (Eds.). (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons.", "Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097", "Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., & McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. British Medical Journal, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Jade Pickering" @@ -50018,7 +50266,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Neslihan Özhan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", @@ -50532,7 +50780,8 @@ "references": [ "Hitchcock, C., Meyer, A., Rose, D., & Jackson, R. (2002). Providing new access to the general curriculum: Universal design for learning. Teaching Exceptional Children, 35(2), 8–17. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/providing-new-access-general-curriculum/docview/201139970/se-2?accountid=8630", "Rose, D. (2000). Universal design for learning. Journal of Special Education Technology, 15(3), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/016264340001500307", - "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision." + "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision.", + "Edyburn, D. L. (2010). Would you recognize universal design for learning if you saw it? Ten propositions for new directions for the second decade of UDL. Learning Disability Quarterly, 33(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/073194871003300103" ], "drafted_by": [ "Charlotte R. Pennington" @@ -50554,7 +50803,7 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Neslihan Özhan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" }, { "type": "glossary", diff --git a/content/glossary/_renamed_terms.json b/content/glossary/_renamed_terms.json index 31ca51d8835..38554d50813 100644 --- a/content/glossary/_renamed_terms.json +++ b/content/glossary/_renamed_terms.json @@ -1,4 +1,12 @@ { + "german": { + "Model (computational)": [ + "computational_rechenmodell" + ], + "Model (statistical)": [ + "statistical_statistisches_modell" + ] + }, "arabic": { "Adversarial (collaborative) commentary": [ "collaborative_commentary_الت_عليق_الت_عاوني_العدايي" diff --git a/content/glossary/apa_lookup.json b/content/glossary/apa_lookup.json index c2507bdc7b7..55892679720 100644 --- a/content/glossary/apa_lookup.json +++ b/content/glossary/apa_lookup.json @@ -46,10 +46,10 @@ "AspersCorte2019": "Aspers, P., & Corte, U. (2019). What is qualitative in qualitative research. Qualitative Sociology, 42(2), 139–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-019-9413-7", "AusRNND": "AusRN. (n.d.). Australian Reproducibility Network. Retrieved from https://www.aus-rn.org/", "BMJ_Authorship": "Authorship & Contributorship | The BMJ. (n.d.). The British Medical Journal. https://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/resources-authors/article-submission/authorship-contributorship", - "Azevedo_Ideology": "Azevedo, F. (n.d.). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", + "Azevedo_Ideology": "Azevedo, F. (2021). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", "Azevedo2021": "Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2021). 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Ten simple rules for the computational modeling of behavioral data. eLife, 8, e49547. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.49547", diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/cobidas_\331\204\330\254\331\206\330\251_\330\243\331\201\330\266\331\204_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\205\330\247\330\261\330\263\330\247\330\252_\331\201\331\212_\330\252\330\255\331\204\331\212\331\204_\330\247\331\204\330\250\331\212\330\247\331\206\330\247\330\252_\331\210\331\205\330\264\330\247\330\261\331\203\330\252\331\207\330\247.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/cobidas_\331\204\330\254\331\206\330\251_\330\243\331\201\330\266\331\204_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\205\330\247\330\261\330\263\330\247\330\252_\331\201\331\212_\330\252\330\255\331\204\331\212\331\204_\330\247\331\204\330\250\331\212\330\247\331\206\330\247\330\252_\331\210\331\205\330\264\330\247\330\261\331\203\330\252\331\207\330\247.md" index 2072c4331f0..c805ce3a38f 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/cobidas_\331\204\330\254\331\206\330\251_\330\243\331\201\330\266\331\204_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\205\330\247\330\261\330\263\330\247\330\252_\331\201\331\212_\330\252\330\255\331\204\331\212\331\204_\330\247\331\204\330\250\331\212\330\247\331\206\330\247\330\252_\331\210\331\205\330\264\330\247\330\261\331\203\330\252\331\207\330\247.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/cobidas_\331\204\330\254\331\206\330\251_\330\243\331\201\330\266\331\204_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\205\330\247\330\261\330\263\330\247\330\252_\331\201\331\212_\330\252\330\255\331\204\331\212\331\204_\330\247\331\204\330\250\331\212\330\247\331\206\330\247\330\252_\331\210\331\205\330\264\330\247\330\261\331\203\330\252\331\207\330\247.md" @@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ "definition": "طور مجتمع التَّصوير العصبي التابع لمنظمة رسم خرائط الدِّماغ البشري دليلًا لأفضل الممارسات في جمع بيانات التَّصوير العصبي، وتحليلها وإعداد التَّقارير الخاصّة بها، ومشاركة كلّ من البيانات والنَّص البرمجي للتَّحليل. يتضمن هذا المبدأ ثمانية عناصر يجب استيفاؤها عند كتابة أو تقديم مخطوطة من أجل تحسين طرق إعداد التَّقارير، والصُّور العصبيَّة النَّاتجة لتحقيق أقصى درجات الشَّفافيَّة وإعادة الإنتاج. **تعريف بديل: (إن أمكن)** قائمة مرجعية لتحليل البيانات ومشاركتها.", "related_terms": [], "references": [ - "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., & others. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", - "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., & others. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" + "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., et al. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", + "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., et al. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yu-Fang Yang" @@ -32,5 +32,5 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/cog_\331\202\331\212\331\210\330\257_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\271\331\205\331\212\331\205.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/cog_\331\202\331\212\331\210\330\257_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\271\331\205\331\212\331\205.md" index ccb1e46f006..fa39b64f28b 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/cog_\331\202\331\212\331\210\330\257_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\271\331\205\331\212\331\205.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/cog_\331\202\331\212\331\210\330\257_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\271\331\205\331\212\331\205.md" @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Busse, C., Kach, A. P., & Wagner, S. M. (2017). Boundary Conditions: What They Are, How to Explore Them, Why We Need Them, and When to Consider Them. Organizational Research Methods, 20(4), 574–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428116641191", - "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., & others. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", + "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., et al. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", "Simons, D. J., Shoda, Y., & Lindsay, D. S. (2017). Constraints on generality (COG): A proposed addition to all empirical papers. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 1123–1128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617708630", "Yarkoni, T. (2020). The generalizability crisis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X20001685" ], @@ -45,5 +45,5 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/crep_\331\205\330\264\330\261\331\210\330\271_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261_\331\210\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\271\331\204\331\212\331\205_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\271\330\247\331\210\331\206\331\212.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/crep_\331\205\330\264\330\261\331\210\330\271_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261_\331\210\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\271\331\204\331\212\331\205_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\271\330\247\331\210\331\206\331\212.md" index 99aaaafdd38..4e69cb1fdb6 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/crep_\331\205\330\264\330\261\331\210\330\271_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261_\331\210\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\271\331\204\331\212\331\205_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\271\330\247\331\210\331\206\331\212.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/crep_\331\205\330\264\330\261\331\210\330\271_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261_\331\210\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\271\331\204\331\212\331\205_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\271\330\247\331\210\331\206\331\212.md" @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ "Exact replication" ], "references": [ - "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., & others. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" + "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., et al. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" ], "drafted_by": [ "Connor Keating" @@ -34,5 +34,5 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/niro_sr_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\261\330\247\330\254\330\271\330\247\330\252_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\206\331\207\330\254\331\212_\330\251_\330\272\331\212\330\261_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\257\330\256\331\204\331\212_\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\201\330\252\331\210\330\255\330\251_\331\210\330\247\331\204\331\202\330\247\330\250\331\204\330\251_\331\204\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/niro_sr_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\261\330\247\330\254\330\271\330\247\330\252_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\206\331\207\330\254\331\212_\330\251_\330\272\331\212\330\261_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\257\330\256\331\204\331\212_\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\201\330\252\331\210\330\255\330\251_\331\210\330\247\331\204\331\202\330\247\330\250\331\204\330\251_\331\204\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" index 1a2a26c3d9c..969a273f40c 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/niro_sr_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\261\330\247\330\254\330\271\330\247\330\252_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\206\331\207\330\254\331\212_\330\251_\330\272\331\212\330\261_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\257\330\256\331\204\331\212_\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\201\330\252\331\210\330\255\330\251_\331\210\330\247\331\204\331\202\330\247\330\250\331\204\330\251_\331\204\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/niro_sr_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\261\330\247\330\254\330\271\330\247\330\252_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\206\331\207\330\254\331\212_\330\251_\330\272\331\212\330\261_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\257\330\256\331\204\331\212_\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\201\330\252\331\210\330\255\330\251_\331\210\330\247\331\204\331\202\330\247\330\250\331\204\330\251_\331\204\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ "Systematic Review Protocol" ], "references": [ - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Asma Assaneea" @@ -34,5 +34,5 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/udl_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\265\331\205\331\212\331\205_\330\247\331\204\330\264_\330\247\331\205\331\204_\331\204\331\204\330\252_\330\271\331\204_\331\205.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/udl_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\265\331\205\331\212\331\205_\330\247\331\204\330\264_\330\247\331\205\331\204_\331\204\331\204\330\252_\330\271\331\204_\331\205.md" index 4b0584c9787..94e664029fa 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/udl_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\265\331\205\331\212\331\205_\330\247\331\204\330\264_\330\247\331\205\331\204_\331\204\331\204\330\252_\330\271\331\204_\331\205.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/udl_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\265\331\205\331\212\331\205_\330\247\331\204\330\264_\330\247\331\205\331\204_\331\204\331\204\330\252_\330\271\331\204_\331\205.md" @@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ "references": [ "Hitchcock, C., Meyer, A., Rose, D., & Jackson, R. (2002). Providing new access to the general curriculum: Universal design for learning. Teaching Exceptional Children, 35(2), 8–17. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/providing-new-access-general-curriculum/docview/201139970/se-2?accountid=8630", "Rose, D. (2000). Universal design for learning. Journal of Special Education Technology, 15(3), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/016264340001500307", - "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision." + "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision.", + "Edyburn, D. L. (2010). Would you recognize universal design for learning if you saw it? Ten propositions for new directions for the second decade of UDL. Learning Disability Quarterly, 33(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/073194871003300103" ], "drafted_by": [ "Charlotte R. Pennington" @@ -37,5 +38,5 @@ "Hiba Alomary", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\243\330\263\331\210\330\247\331\202_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\243\330\263\331\210\330\247\331\202_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" index 24ecc6626b2..48d005d460b 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\243\330\263\331\210\330\247\331\202_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\243\330\263\331\210\330\247\331\202_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" @@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ ], "references": [ "Liu, Y., Gordon, M., Wang, J., Bishop, M., Chen, Y., Pfeiffer, T., Twardy, C., & Viganola, D. (2020). Replication Markets: Results, Lessons, Challenges and Opportunities in AI Replication. ArXiv:2005.04543 . http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.04543", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060", "Replication Markets. (n.d.). Replication Markets – Reliable research replicates…you can bet on it. Replication Markets. https://www.replicationmarkets.org/", "[www.replicationmarkets.com](http://www.replicationmarkets.com)" ], @@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ "Hiba Alomary", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\245\330\261\330\264\330\247\330\257\330\247\330\252_\330\243\330\261\330\247\331\212\331\201.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\245\330\261\330\264\330\247\330\257\330\247\330\252_\330\243\330\261\330\247\331\212\331\201.md" index f8b356e2876..8e908295d8d 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\245\330\261\330\264\330\247\330\257\330\247\330\252_\330\243\330\261\330\247\331\212\331\201.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\245\330\261\330\264\330\247\330\257\330\247\330\252_\330\243\330\261\330\247\331\212\331\201.md" @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ "STRANGE" ], "references": [ - "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., & others. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" + "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., et al. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" ], "drafted_by": [ "Ben Farrar" @@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ "Hala Alghamdi", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\245\331\205\331\203\330\247\331\206\331\212_\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\210\330\265\331\210\331\204.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\245\331\205\331\203\330\247\331\206\331\212_\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\210\330\265\331\210\331\204.md" index abd709e0709..f04d3bb9793 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\245\331\205\331\203\330\247\331\206\331\212_\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\210\330\265\331\210\331\204.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\245\331\205\331\203\330\247\331\206\331\212_\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\210\330\265\331\210\331\204.md" @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "references": [ "Brown, N., Thompson, P., & Leigh, J. S. (2018). Making academia more accessible. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(2), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v6i2.348", "Pollet, I. L., & Bond, A. L. (2021). Evaluation and recommendations for greater accessibility of colour figures in ornithology. Ibis, 163, 292–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12887", - "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161)", + "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161", "World Wide Web Consortium. (2021). Web Accessibility Initiative. https://www.w3.org/WAI/", "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" ], @@ -49,5 +49,5 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\330\256\330\252\330\250\330\247\330\261_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\247\331\201\330\244.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\330\256\330\252\330\250\330\247\330\261_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\247\331\201\330\244.md" index d8a6092ba01..ea0679fa75d 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\330\256\330\252\330\250\330\247\330\261_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\247\331\201\330\244.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\330\256\330\252\330\250\330\247\330\261_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\247\331\201\330\244.md" @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ "en_title": "Equivalence Testing", "title": "اختبار التَّكافؤ [Equivalence Testing]", "sort_key": "اختبار التَّكافؤ [equivalence testing]", - "definition": "تقوم اختبارات التَّكافؤ بتقييم الفرضيَّة الصِّفريَّة إحصائيًا، وهل لها تأثير معين يتجاوز الحد الأدنى من المعايير التي تعدُّ ذات معنى، وبالتَّالي فإنَّ رفض الفرضيَّة الصِّفرية يعدُّ دليلًا على عدم وجود تأثير (ذي معنى). بناءً على الإحصائيات المتكرِّرة. تعمل اختبارات التَّكافؤ عبر تحديد حدود التكافؤ، قيمة دنيا وعليا تعكس أصغر حجم تأثير محل الاهتمام. يتم بعد ذلك إجراء اختبارين \"تي\" أحادي الجانب مقابل كل من حدود التَّكافؤ هذه؛ لتقييم ما إذا كان من الممكن رفض التَّأثيرات التي تعدُّ ذات معنى (Schuirmann, 1972; Lakens et al., 2018; 2020). **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** حدود التَّكافؤ، التَّزوير، التَّحليلات المتكرِّرة، الاستدلال بفترات الثِّقة، اختبار دلالةالفرضيَّة الصِّفريَّة، أصغر حجم تأثير موضع اهتمام (SESOI)، (TOSTER)، إجراء TOST.", + "definition": "تقوم اختبارات التَّكافؤ بتقييم الفرضيَّة الصِّفريَّة إحصائيًا، وهل لها تأثير معين يتجاوز الحد الأدنى من المعايير التي تعدُّ ذات معنى، وبالتَّالي فإنَّ رفض الفرضيَّة الصِّفرية يعدُّ دليلًا على عدم وجود تأثير (ذي معنى). بناءً على الإحصائيات المتكرِّرة. تعمل اختبارات التَّكافؤ عبر تحديد حدود التكافؤ، قيمة دنيا وعليا تعكس أصغر حجم تأثير محل الاهتمام. يتم بعد ذلك إجراء اختبارين \"تي\" أحادي الجانب مقابل كل من حدود التَّكافؤ هذه؛ لتقييم ما إذا كان من الممكن رفض التَّأثيرات التي تعدُّ ذات معنى (Schuirmann, 1987; Lakens et al., 2018; 2020). **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** حدود التَّكافؤ، التَّزوير، التَّحليلات المتكرِّرة، الاستدلال بفترات الثِّقة، اختبار دلالةالفرضيَّة الصِّفريَّة، أصغر حجم تأثير موضع اهتمام (SESOI)، (TOSTER)، إجراء TOST.", "related_terms": [ "Equivalence bounds", "Falsification", @@ -42,5 +42,5 @@ "Ahlam Ahmed", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\245\330\263\331\207\330\247\331\205.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\245\330\263\331\207\330\247\331\205.md" index 9a8a9a0fafc..b3309e9c08b 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\245\330\263\331\207\330\247\331\205.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\245\330\263\331\207\330\247\331\205.md" @@ -5,14 +5,15 @@ "sort_key": "الإسهام [contribution]", "definition": "هو إضافة رسميَّة، أو نشاط في سياق البحث. يتم إرفاق بيانات المساهمين، بما في ذلك أقسام الشُّكر في مقالات المجلات، بمنتجات البحث؛ لتصنيفها بشكل أفضل، والاعتراف بتنوع العمل الذي يتجاوز \"التَّأليف\" الذي يتطلبه أي عمل، أو إنتاج فكري. إن المساهمة تتطوَّر باعتبارها \"مصدر بيانات لفهم العلاقة بين التَّأليف، والإنتاج المعرفي\" (Lariviere et al., p.430). يُمكن اعتبار المساهمة في مجال تطوير البرمجيات مفتوحة المصدر بمثابة تغييرات يتم إدراجها في مخزن برامج المشروع بعد مراجعة الأقران المعروف تقنيًا باسم \"طلب السَّحب\". يعتبر NumPy مثالًا على مشروع مفتوح المصدر يقبل المساهمات (Harris et al., 2020). **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** التَّأليف، تصنيف أدوار المؤلفين، القياسات الدِّلالية.", "related_terms": [ - "authorship", + "Authorship", "CRediT", "Semantometrics" ], "references": [ "Knoth, P., & Herrmannova, D. (2014). Towards semantometrics: A new semantic similarity based measure for assessing a research publication’s contribution. D-Lib Magazine, 20(11), 8. https://doi.org/10.1045/november2014-knoth", "Larivière, V., Desrochers, N., Macaluso, B., Mongeon, P., Paul-Hus, A., & Sugimoto, C. R. (2016). Contributorship and division of labor in knowledge production. Social Studies of Science, 46(3), 417–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312716650046", - "Holcombe, A. O. (2019). Contributorship, not authorship: Use CRediT to indicate who did what. Publications, 7(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7030048" + "Holcombe, A. O. (2019). Contributorship, not authorship: Use CRediT to indicate who did what. Publications, 7(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7030048", + "Harris, C. R., Millman, K. J., van der Walt, S. J., Gommers, R., Virtanen, P., Cournapeau, D., Wieser, E., Taylor, J., Berg, S., Smith, N. J., Kern, R., Picus, M., Hoyer, S., van Kerkwijk, M. H., Brett, M., Haldane, A., del Río, J. F., Wiebe, M., Peterson, P., & Gérard-Marchant, P. (2020). Array programming with NumPy. Nature, 585(7825), 357–362. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2" ], "drafted_by": [ "Micah Vandegrift" @@ -38,5 +39,5 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\247\330\263\330\252\330\257\331\204\330\247\331\204_\330\247\331\204\330\250\330\247\331\212\330\262\331\212.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\247\330\263\330\252\330\257\331\204\330\247\331\204_\330\247\331\204\330\250\330\247\331\212\330\262\331\212.md" index 6930831443d..d9c2df72a71 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\247\330\263\330\252\330\257\331\204\330\247\331\204_\330\247\331\204\330\250\330\247\331\212\330\262\331\212.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\247\330\263\330\252\330\257\331\204\330\247\331\204_\330\247\331\204\330\250\330\247\331\212\330\262\331\212.md" @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ "Dienes, Z. (2011). Bayesian versus orthodox statistics: Which side are you on? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(3), 274–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611406920", "Dienes, Z. (2014). Using Bayes to get the most out of non-significant results. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00781", "Dienes, Z. (2016). How Bayes factors change scientific practice. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 72, 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2015.10.003", - "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., & others. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", + "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., et al. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", "Kruschke, J. K. (2015). Doing Bayesian data analysis: A tutorial with R, JAGS, and Stan (2nd ed.). Academic Press.", "McElreath, R. (2020). Statistical rethinking: A Bayesian course with examples in R and Stan (2nd ed.). Taylor.", "Wagenmakers, E.-J., Marsman, M., Jamil, T., Ly, A., Verhagen, J., Love, J., Selker, R., Gronau, Q. F., Šmíra, M., Epskamp, S., Matzke, D., Rouder, J. N., & Morey, R. D. (2018). Bayesian inference for psychology. Part I: Theoretical advantages and practical ramifications. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(1), 35–57. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1343-3" @@ -42,5 +42,5 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\250\330\255\330\253_\330\247\331\204\330\254\331\205\330\247\330\271\331\212.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\250\330\255\330\253_\330\247\331\204\330\254\331\205\330\247\330\271\331\212.md" index 8219185031c..d352757ee4b 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\250\330\255\330\253_\330\247\331\204\330\254\331\205\330\247\330\271\331\212.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\250\330\255\330\253_\330\247\331\204\330\254\331\205\330\247\330\271\331\212.md" @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ "Lind, F., Gruber, M., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2017). Content analysis by the crowd: Assessing the usability of crowdsourcing for coding latent constructs. Communication Methods and Measures, 11(3), 191–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1317338", "Moshontz, H., Campbell, L., Ebersole, C. R., IJzerman, H., Urry, H. L., Forscher, P. S., & Chartier, C. R. (2018). The Psychological Science Accelerator: Advancing psychology through a distributed collaborative network. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(4), 501–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918797607", "Peer, E., Brandimarte, L., Samat, S., & Acquisti, A. (2017). Beyond the Turk: Alternative platforms for crowdsourcing behavioral research. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 70, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.01.006", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", "Stewart, N., Chandler, J., & Paolacci, G. (2017). Crowdsourcing samples in cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(10), 736–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.06.007", "Tennant, J., Bielczyk, N. Z., Cheplygina, V., Greshake Tzovaras, B., Hartgerink, C. H. J., Havemann, J., Masuzzo, P., & Steiner, T. (2019). Ten simple rules for researchers collaborating on Massively Open Online Papers (MOOPs). MetaArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/et8ak", "Uhlmann, E. L., Ebersole, C. R., Chartier, C. R., Errington, T. M., Kidwell, M. C., Lai, C. K., McCarthy, R. J., Riegelman, A., Silberzahn, R., & Nosek, B. A. (2019). Scientific utopia III: Crowdsourcing science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(5), 711–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619850561", @@ -50,5 +50,5 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\250\330\255\331\210\330\253_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\264\330\247\330\261\331\203\331\212_\330\251.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\250\330\255\331\210\330\253_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\264\330\247\330\261\331\203\331\212_\330\251.md" index dbf368c0d2a..38d4dabd550 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\250\330\255\331\210\330\253_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\264\330\247\330\261\331\203\331\212_\330\251.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\250\330\255\331\210\330\253_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\264\330\247\330\261\331\203\331\212_\330\251.md" @@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ "Transformative paradigm" ], "references": [ + "Andersson, N. (2018). Participatory research—a modernizing science for primary health care. Journal of General and Family Medicine, 19(5), 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgf2.187", "Cornwall, A., & Jewkes, R. (1995). What is participatory research? Social Science & Medicine, 41(12), 1667–1676. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00127-S", "Fletcher-Watson, S., Adams, J., Brook, K., Charman, T., Crane, L., Cusack, J., Leekam, S., Milton, D., Parr, J. R., & Pellicano, E. (2019). Making the Future Together: Shaping Autism Research Through Meaningful Participation. Autism, 23(4), 943–953.", "Kiernan, C. (1999). Participation in research by people with learning disability: Origins and issues. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27(2), 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.1999.tb00084.x", @@ -41,5 +42,5 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\243\331\204\331\212\331\201_\330\247\331\204\331\205_\331\207\330\257\331\211_\330\243\331\210_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\244\331\204\331\201_\330\247\331\204\330\266_\331\212\331\201.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\243\331\204\331\212\331\201_\330\247\331\204\331\205_\331\207\330\257\331\211_\330\243\331\210_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\244\331\204\331\201_\330\247\331\204\330\266_\331\212\331\201.md" index fbf35b78cb0..47a7be112c8 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\243\331\204\331\212\331\201_\330\247\331\204\331\205_\331\207\330\257\331\211_\330\243\331\210_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\244\331\204\331\201_\330\247\331\204\330\266_\331\212\331\201.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\243\331\204\331\212\331\201_\330\247\331\204\331\205_\331\207\330\257\331\211_\330\243\331\210_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\244\331\204\331\201_\330\247\331\204\330\266_\331\212\331\201.md" @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ "en_title": "Gift (or Guest) Authorship", "title": "التَّأليف المُهدى أو المؤلف الضّيف [Gift (or Guest) Authorship]", "sort_key": "التَّأليف المُهدى أو المؤلف الضّيف [gift (or guest) authorship]", - "definition": "هي حزمة برامج لتتبع التَّغييرات في مجموعة محليَّة من الملفات (التَّحكُّم في الإصدار المحليّ)، طورها في البداية لينوس تورفالدس. وبشكل عام يستخدمه المبرمجون لتتبع وتطوير النُّصوص البرمجيَّة داخل دليل، أو مجلَّد، أو نظام ملفات. يمكن للمتتبِّع الدُّولي العالميّ الوصول (Git) إلى خدمات استضافة المستودعات عن بُعد (مثل GitHub) للتّحكم في الإصدار عن بُعد الذي يتيح تطوير البرامج التَّعاونيَّة عن طريق تحميل المساهمات من نظام محلي. وجدت هذه العمليَّة طريقها إلى العمليَّة العلميَّة لتمكين البيانات المفتوحة، والنُّصوص البرمجيَّة المفتوحة، والتَّحليلات القابلة للتِّكرار. **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** Github،مستودع البيانات، التحكم في الإصدار.", + "definition": "إضافة أفراد كمؤلفين لمقالة وهم لا يستوفون معايير التَّأليف؛ نظرًا لأنَّ التَّأليف يرتبط بمزايا كتقدير الأقران، ومكافآت ماليَّة، فهناك حوافز للإدراج كمؤلف في البحوث المنشورة. قد يهدف إهداء التَّأليف إلى فرد لا يستحق هذا الاعتراف لمساعدة متلقي الهديّة، أو رد لجميل (بما في ذلك الإهداء المتبادل للتَّأليف)، أو الحفاظ على العلاقات الشَّخصيَّة، والمهنيَّة، أو تعزيز فرص النَّشر. يعد إهداء التَّأليف ممارسة غير أخلاقيَّة على نطاق واسع. **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** التَّأليف، تصنيف أدوار المؤلفين.", "related_terms": [ "Authorship", "CRediT" @@ -27,17 +27,17 @@ ], "language": "arabic", "translated_by": [ - "Asma Alzahrani" + "Mahdi Aben Ahmed" ], "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Alaa M. Saleh", - "Hiba Alomary", "Ahlam Ahmed", + "Hala Alghamdi", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], "aliases": [ "/glossary/arabic/or_guest_authorship_الت_اليف_الم_هدى_او_المولف_الض_يف" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\255\330\247\331\204\331\201_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\243\331\204\331\212\331\201\331\212.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\255\330\247\331\204\331\201_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\243\331\204\331\212\331\201\331\212.md" index 741148cb9ea..1e0fdd0325e 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\255\330\247\331\204\331\201_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\243\331\204\331\212\331\201\331\212.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\255\330\247\331\204\331\201_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\243\331\204\331\212\331\201\331\212.md" @@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ ], "references": [ "Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yuki Yamada" @@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" index 23b3d600efd..745a7ce2f11 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" @@ -3,13 +3,14 @@ "en_title": "Repeatability", "title": "التِّكرار [Repeatability]", "sort_key": "التِّكرار [repeatability]", - "definition": "مرادف لثبات إعادة الاختبار، ويشير إلى الاتِّفاق بين نتائج القياسات المتتالية لنفس المقياس، يتطلّب التِّكرار نفس الأدوات التَّجريبيَّة، ونفس المراقب، ونفس أداة القياس التي تدار في ظل نفس الظُّروف، ونفس الموقع، والتِّكرار على مدى فترة زمنيَّة قصيرة، ونفس الأهداف (Joint Committee for Guidelines in Metrology, 2008). **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** الثَّبات", + "definition": "مرادف لثبات إعادة الاختبار، ويشير إلى الاتِّفاق بين نتائج القياسات المتتالية لنفس المقياس، يتطلّب التِّكرار نفس الأدوات التَّجريبيَّة، ونفس المراقب، ونفس أداة القياس التي تدار في ظل نفس الظُّروف، ونفس الموقع، والتِّكرار على مدى فترة زمنيَّة قصيرة، ونفس الأهداف (Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology, 2008). **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** الثَّبات", "related_terms": [ "Reliability" ], "references": [ "ISO. (1993). Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (1st ed.). International Organization for Standardization.", - "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code." + "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", + "Working Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology JCGM. (2008). Evaluation of measurement data—Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (pp. 1–120). JCGM. https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/2071204/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdf/cb0ef43f-baa5-11cf-3f85-4dcd86f77bd6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif, Adam Parker" @@ -33,5 +34,5 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\257_\330\261\330\247\330\263\330\247\330\252_\331\205\330\252\330\271\330\257_\330\257\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\255\331\204_\331\204\331\212\331\206.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\257_\330\261\330\247\330\263\330\247\330\252_\331\205\330\252\330\271\330\257_\330\257\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\255\331\204_\331\204\331\212\331\206.md" index 333d9c4dba0..218365e99fc 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\257_\330\261\330\247\330\263\330\247\330\252_\331\205\330\252\330\271\330\257_\330\257\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\255\331\204_\331\204\331\212\331\206.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\257_\330\261\330\247\330\263\330\247\330\252_\331\205\330\252\330\271\330\257_\330\257\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\255\331\204_\331\204\331\212\331\206.md" @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Aczel, B., Szaszi, B., Nilsonne, G., Van den Akker, O., Albers, C. J., van Assen, M. A. L. M., ..., & Wagenmakers, E. (2021). Guidance for Multi-Analyst Studies. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/5ecnh", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" ], "drafted_by": [ "Sam Parsons" @@ -41,5 +41,5 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\264_\330\247\330\261\330\247\330\252_\330\247\331\204\330\271\331\204\331\205_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\201\330\252\331\210\330\255.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\264_\330\247\330\261\330\247\330\252_\330\247\331\204\330\271\331\204\331\205_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\201\330\252\331\210\330\255.md" index 18d6f81399d..27bbc684c61 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\264_\330\247\330\261\330\247\330\252_\330\247\331\204\330\271\331\204\331\205_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\201\330\252\331\210\330\255.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\330\264_\330\247\330\261\330\247\330\252_\330\247\331\204\330\271\331\204\331\205_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\201\330\252\331\210\330\255.md" @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ "Triple badge" ], "references": [ - "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., & others. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", + "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., et al. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456", "Rowhani-Farid, A., Aldcroft, A., & Barnett, A. G. (2020). Did awarding badges increase data sharing in BMJ Open? A randomized controlled trial. Royal Society Open Science, 7(3), 191818. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191818", "Science, C. (n.d.). Open science badges. https://www.cos.io/initiatives/badges" @@ -44,5 +44,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/arabic/open_science_الش_ارات_العلم_المفتوح" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\252\330\252\330\250\330\271_\330\247\331\204\330\257_\331\210\331\204\331\212_\330\247\331\204\330\271\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\212_.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\252\330\252\330\250\330\271_\330\247\331\204\330\257_\331\210\331\204\331\212_\330\247\331\204\330\271\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\212_.md" new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f47655d5110 --- /dev/null +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\252\330\252\330\250\330\271_\330\247\331\204\330\257_\331\210\331\204\331\212_\330\247\331\204\330\271\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\212_.md" @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +{ + "type": "glossary", + "en_title": "Git", + "title": "المتتبع الدُّولي العالميّ [Git]", + "sort_key": "المتتبع الدُّولي العالميّ [git]", + "definition": "هي حزمة برامج لتتبع التَّغييرات في مجموعة محليَّة من الملفات (التَّحكُّم في الإصدار المحليّ)، طورها في البداية لينوس تورفالدس. وبشكل عام يستخدمه المبرمجون لتتبع وتطوير النُّصوص البرمجيَّة داخل دليل، أو مجلَّد، أو نظام ملفات. يمكن للمتتبِّع الدُّولي العالميّ الوصول (Git) إلى خدمات استضافة المستودعات عن بُعد (مثل GitHub) للتّحكم في الإصدار عن بُعد الذي يتيح تطوير البرامج التَّعاونيَّة عن طريق تحميل المساهمات من نظام محلي. وجدت هذه العمليَّة طريقها إلى العمليَّة العلميَّة لتمكين البيانات المفتوحة، والنُّصوص البرمجيَّة المفتوحة، والتَّحليلات القابلة للتِّكرار. **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** GitHub، مستودع البيانات، التحكم في الإصدار.", + "related_terms": [ + "GitHub", + "Repository", + "Version control" + ], + "references": [ + "Kalliamvakou, E., Gousios, G., Blincoe, K., Singer, L., German, D. M., & Damian, D. (2014). The promises and perils of mining github. Proceedings of the 11th Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories, 92–101.", + "Scopatz, A. M., & Huff, K. D. (2015). Effective Computation in Physics: Field Guide to Research with Python (1st ed.). O’Reilly Media. http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920033424.do", + "Vuorre, M., & Curley, J. P. (2018). Curating research assets: A tutorial on the Git version control system. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(2), 219–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918754826", + "git/git. (n.d.). Initial revision of ‘git’, the information manager from hell. GitHub. https://github.com/git/git/commit/e83c5163316f89bfbde7d9ab23ca2e25604af290" + ], + "drafted_by": [ + "Emma Norris" + ], + "reviewed_by": [ + "Adrien Fillon", + "Bettina M.J. Kern", + "Dominik Kiersz", + "Robert M. Ross" + ], + "alt_related_terms": [ + null + ], + "language": "arabic", + "translated_by": [ + "Asma Alzahrani" + ], + "translation_reviewed_by": [ + "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", + "Alaa M. Saleh", + "Hiba Alomary", + "Ahlam Ahmed", + "Mohammed Mohsen" + ], + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\261\330\247\330\254\330\271\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\206\331\207\330\254\331\212_\330\251.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\261\330\247\330\254\330\271\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\206\331\207\330\254\331\212_\330\251.md" index 95d9b9227cb..cba300e3f7a 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\261\330\247\330\254\330\271\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\206\331\207\330\254\331\212_\330\251.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\261\330\247\330\254\330\271\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\206\331\207\330\254\331\212_\330\251.md" @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ "Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J., & Welch, V. A. (Eds.). (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons.", "Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097", "Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., & McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. British Medical Journal, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Jade Pickering" @@ -41,5 +41,5 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\210\330\247\330\257_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\201\330\252\331\210\330\255\330\251.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\210\330\247\330\257_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\201\330\252\331\210\330\255\330\251.md" index a86744186a8..4803f97b776 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\210\330\247\330\257_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\201\330\252\331\210\330\255\330\251.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\210\330\247\330\257_\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\201\330\252\331\210\330\255\330\251.md" @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "Transparency" ], "references": [ - "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., & others. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", + "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., et al. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -41,5 +41,5 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\331\210\330\271\331\212_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\262\330\257\331\210\330\254.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\331\210\330\271\331\212_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\262\330\257\331\210\330\254.md" index 86285b4e4dc..6da5ebfe7d6 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\331\210\330\271\331\212_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\262\330\257\331\210\330\254.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\247\331\204\331\210\330\271\331\212_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\262\330\257\331\210\330\254.md" @@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ "references": [ "Albayrak, N., & Okoroji, C. (2019). Facing the challenges of postgraduate study as a minority student. A Guide for Psychology Postgraduates, 63.", "Du Bois, W. E. B. (1968). The souls of black folk; essays and sketches. Johnson Reprint Corp.", - "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press." + "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press.", + "Rubin, M. (2021). Explaining the association between subjective social status and mental health among university students using an impact ratings approach. SN Social Sciences, 1(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-020-00031-3", + "Rubin, M., Evans, O., & McGuffog, R. (2019). Social class differences in social integration at university: Implications for academic outcomes and mental health. In J. Jetten & K. Peters (Eds.), The social psychology of inequality (pp. 87–102). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28856-3_6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir" @@ -35,5 +37,5 @@ "Ahlam Ahmed", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\250\330\261\331\210\330\250\331\206\330\263\330\247\331\212\331\206\330\263.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\250\330\261\331\210\330\250\331\206\330\263\330\247\331\212\331\206\330\263.md" index 10f23c0c600..89095a32f8c 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\250\330\261\331\210\330\250\331\206\330\263\330\247\331\212\331\206\330\263.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\250\330\261\331\210\330\250\331\206\330\263\330\247\331\212\331\206\330\263.md" @@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ "references": [ "Guest, O. [@o_guest]. (2017). Thanks! Hopefully this thread & many other similar discussions & blogs will help make it less Bropen Science and more Open Science. *hides* . Twitter. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/o_guest/status/871675631062458368", "Whitaker, K., & Guest, O. (2020). #bropenscience is broken science. The Psychologist, 33, 34–37.", - "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" + "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255", + "Bahlai, C., Bartlett, L. J., Burgio, K. R., et al. (2019). Open science isn’t always open to all scientists. American Scientist, 107(2), 78.", + "Onie, S. (2020). Redesign open science for Asia, Africa and Latin America. Nature, 587, 35–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03052-3" ], "drafted_by": [ "Zoe Flack" @@ -41,5 +43,5 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\250\331\206\331\212\330\251_\330\250\331\212\330\247\331\206\330\247\330\252_\330\252\330\265\331\210\331\212\330\261_\330\247\331\204\330\257_\331\205\330\247\330\272.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\250\331\206\331\212\330\251_\330\250\331\212\330\247\331\206\330\247\330\252_\330\252\330\265\331\210\331\212\330\261_\330\247\331\204\330\257_\331\205\330\247\330\272.md" index 9ba6a8212ec..3ca451cb88f 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\250\331\206\331\212\330\251_\330\250\331\212\330\247\331\206\330\247\330\252_\330\252\330\265\331\210\331\212\330\261_\330\247\331\204\330\257_\331\205\330\247\330\272.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\250\331\206\331\212\330\251_\330\250\331\212\330\247\331\206\330\247\330\252_\330\252\330\265\331\210\331\212\330\261_\330\247\331\204\330\257_\331\205\330\247\330\272.md" @@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ "Open Data" ], "references": [ - "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., & others. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", - "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io" + "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., et al. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", + "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io", + "Pernet, C. R., Appelhoff, S., Gorgolewski, K. J., Flandin, G., Phillips, C., Delorme, A., & Oostenveld, R. (2019). EEG-BIDS, an extension to the brain imaging data structure for electroencephalography. Scientific Data, 6(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0104-8" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tina Lonsdorf" @@ -34,5 +35,5 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\252\330\271\330\247\330\261\330\266_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\265\330\247\331\204\330\255.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\252\330\271\330\247\330\261\330\266_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\265\330\247\331\204\330\255.md" index 12afdd83168..c1657a36269 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\252\330\271\330\247\330\261\330\266_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\265\330\247\331\204\330\255.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\252\330\271\330\247\330\261\330\266_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\265\330\247\331\204\330\255.md" @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ "en_title": "Conflict of interest", "title": "تعارض المصالح [Conflict of interest]", "sort_key": "تعارض المصالح [conflict of interest]", - "definition": "تعارض المصالح ويطلق عليه أيضًا \"المصالح المتنافسة\": هو علاقة ماليَّة، أو غير ماليَّة أو نشاط، أو مصلحة أخرى قد تضعف الموضوعية أو الحكم المهني من جانب المؤلِّف، أو المراجع، أو المحرِّر، أو فريق التَّحرير. تنصُّ مبادئ الشَّفافيَّة \\_وأفضل الممارسات في النَّشر العلميّ التي وضعتها لجنة أخلاقيَّات النَّشر، ودليل المجلَّات المفتوحة، وجمعيَّة النَّاشرين الأكاديميين بالوصول المفتوح، وجمعيَّة محرِّري الطِّب العالميَّة\\_ على أنَّ الدَّوريّات يجب أنْ تتبنَّى سياسات حول أخلاقيَّات النَّشر، بما في ذلك سياسات حول تعارض المصالح (DOA, 2018). يجب أن يتم الإفصاح عن تعارضات المصالح بشفافية حتى يتمكَّن القراء من تقييم البحث بشكل صحيح، وتقييم الانحياز المحتمل أو الفعلي، بالإضافة إلى النَّشر، يجب أيضًا على مقدمي العروض الأكاديميَّة وأعضاء اللِّجان والمعلِّمين أن يعلنوا عن تعارضات المصالح. يمكن اعتبار عدم الكشف عن تعارض المصالح عمدًا شكلًا من أشكال سوء السُّلوك. **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة**: الموضوعية، تحكيم الأقران، ثقة الجمهور في العلوم، أخلاقيَّات النَّشر، الشَّفافية", + "definition": "تعارض المصالح ويطلق عليه أيضًا \"المصالح المتنافسة\": هو علاقة ماليَّة، أو غير ماليَّة أو نشاط، أو مصلحة أخرى قد تضعف الموضوعية أو الحكم المهني من جانب المؤلِّف، أو المراجع، أو المحرِّر، أو فريق التَّحرير. تنصُّ مبادئ الشَّفافيَّة \\_وأفضل الممارسات في النَّشر العلميّ التي وضعتها لجنة أخلاقيَّات النَّشر، ودليل المجلَّات المفتوحة، وجمعيَّة النَّاشرين الأكاديميين بالوصول المفتوح، وجمعيَّة محرِّري الطِّب العالميَّة\\_ على أنَّ الدَّوريّات يجب أنْ تتبنَّى سياسات حول أخلاقيَّات النَّشر، بما في ذلك سياسات حول تعارض المصالح (DOAJ, n.d.). يجب أن يتم الإفصاح عن تعارضات المصالح بشفافية حتى يتمكَّن القراء من تقييم البحث بشكل صحيح، وتقييم الانحياز المحتمل أو الفعلي، بالإضافة إلى النَّشر، يجب أيضًا على مقدمي العروض الأكاديميَّة وأعضاء اللِّجان والمعلِّمين أن يعلنوا عن تعارضات المصالح. يمكن اعتبار عدم الكشف عن تعارض المصالح عمدًا شكلًا من أشكال سوء السُّلوك. **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة**: الموضوعية، تحكيم الأقران، ثقة الجمهور في العلوم، أخلاقيَّات النَّشر، الشَّفافية", "related_terms": [ "Objectivity", "Peer review", @@ -34,5 +34,5 @@ "Hala Alghamdi", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\253\331\202\330\251_\330\247\331\204\330\254\331\205\331\207\331\210\330\261_\331\201\331\212_\330\247\331\204\330\271\331\204\331\210\331\205.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\253\331\202\330\251_\330\247\331\204\330\254\331\205\331\207\331\210\330\261_\331\201\331\212_\330\247\331\204\330\271\331\204\331\210\331\205.md" index 03df988d7a7..4bda308677f 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\253\331\202\330\251_\330\247\331\204\330\254\331\205\331\207\331\210\330\261_\331\201\331\212_\330\247\331\204\330\271\331\204\331\210\331\205.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\253\331\202\330\251_\330\247\331\204\330\254\331\205\331\207\331\210\330\261_\331\201\331\212_\330\247\331\204\330\271\331\204\331\210\331\205.md" @@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ "en_title": "Public Trust in Science", "title": "ثقة الجمهور في العلوم [Public Trust in Science]", "sort_key": "ثقة الجمهور في العلوم [public trust in science]", - "definition": "الثِّقة في المعرفة والمبادئ التَّوجيهيَّة، والتَّوصيات التي أنتجها العلماء، أو قدَّموها للمجتمع المدني (Hendriks et al., 2016). وقد تشير أيضًا إلى الثِّقة في التَّوصيات القائمة على أساس علمي بشأن الصِّحة العامّة (كالرِّعاية الصِّحيَّة الشَّاملة، وبحوث الخلايا الجذعيَّة، والصَّناديق الفيدراليَّة المخصَّصة للحقوق الإنجابيَّة للمرأة، والتَّدابير الوقائيَّة للأمراض المعدية، والتَّطعيم)، وتغيُّر المناخ، والسِّياسات الاقتصاديَّة ( مثل الرَّفاهيَّة، وعدم المساواة، ومكافحة الفقر) وتقاطعاتها. ولقد تبيّن أن ثقة الجمهور في العلم تتأثَّر بعدد كبير من العوامل مثل العمر (Anderson et al., 2012\\) ، والجنس (Von Roten, 2004\\) ، ورفض المعايير العلميَّة (Lewandowsky & Oberauer, 2021\\) ، والأيديولوجيَّة السِّياسيَّة (Azevedo & Jost, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2012; Leiserowitz et al., 2010\\) ، والاستبداد اليميني والهيمنة الاجتماعيَّة (Kerr & Wilson, 2021\\) ، والتَّعليم (Bak, 2001; Hayes & Tariq, 2000\\) والدَّخل (Anderson et al., 2012\\) والمعرفة العلميَّة (Evans & Durant, 1995; Nisbet et al., 2002\\) واستخدام وسائل التَّواصل الاجتماعي (Huber et al., 2019\\) والتدين (Azevedo, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Liu & Priest, 2009). **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** مصداقية الادِّعاءات العلميَّة، الثِّقة المعرفيَّة", + "definition": "الثِّقة في المعرفة والمبادئ التَّوجيهيَّة، والتَّوصيات التي أنتجها العلماء، أو قدَّموها للمجتمع المدني (Hendriks et al., 2016). وقد تشير أيضًا إلى الثِّقة في التَّوصيات القائمة على أساس علمي بشأن الصِّحة العامّة (كالرِّعاية الصِّحيَّة الشَّاملة، وبحوث الخلايا الجذعيَّة، والصَّناديق الفيدراليَّة المخصَّصة للحقوق الإنجابيَّة للمرأة، والتَّدابير الوقائيَّة للأمراض المعدية، والتَّطعيم)، وتغيُّر المناخ، والسِّياسات الاقتصاديَّة ( مثل الرَّفاهيَّة، وعدم المساواة، ومكافحة الفقر) وتقاطعاتها. ولقد تبيّن أن ثقة الجمهور في العلم تتأثَّر بعدد كبير من العوامل مثل العمر (Anderson et al., 2012\\) ، والجنس (Crettaz von Roten, 2004\\) ، ورفض المعايير العلميَّة (Lewandowsky & Oberauer, 2021\\) ، والأيديولوجيَّة السِّياسيَّة (Azevedo & Jost, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Leiserowitz et al., 2010\\) ، والاستبداد اليميني والهيمنة الاجتماعيَّة (Kerr & Wilson, 2021\\) ، والتَّعليم (Bak, 2001; Hayes & Tariq, 2000\\) والدَّخل (Anderson et al., 2012\\) والمعرفة العلميَّة (Evans & Durant, 1995; Nisbet et al., 2002\\) واستخدام وسائل التَّواصل الاجتماعي (Huber et al., 2019\\) والتدين (Azevedo, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Liu & Priest, 2009). **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** مصداقية الادِّعاءات العلميَّة، الثِّقة المعرفيَّة", "related_terms": [ "Credibility of scientific claims", "Epistemic Trust" ], "references": [ "Anderson, M. S., Ronning, E. A., Devries, R., & Martinson, B. C. (2010). Extending the Mertonian norms: Scientists’ subscription to norms of research. Journal of Higher Education, 81(3), 366–393. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0095", - "Azevedo, F. (n.d.). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", + "Azevedo, F. (2021). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", "Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2021). The ideological basis of antiscientific attitudes: Effects of authoritarianism, conservatism, religiosity, social dominance, and system justification. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(4), 518–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430221990104", "Bak, H.-J. (2001). Education and Public Attitudes toward Science: Implications for the ‘Deficit Model’ of Education and Support for Science and Technology. Social Science Quarterly, 82(4), 779–795. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42955760", "Brewer, P. R., & Ley, B. L. (2013). Whose Science Do You Believe? Explaining Trust in Sources of Scientific Information About the Environment. Science Communication, 35(1), 115–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012441691", @@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ "Nisbet, M. C., Scheufele, D. A., Shanahan, J., Moy, P., Brossard, D., & Lewenstein, B. V. (2002). Knowledge, Reservations, or Promise?: A Media Effects Model for Public Perceptions of Science and Technology. Communication Research, 29(5), 584–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365002236196", "Schneider, J., Merk, S., & Rosman, T. (2019). (Re)Building Trust? Investigating the effects of open science badges on perceived trustworthiness in journal articles. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VGBRS", "Wingen, T., Berkessel, J. B., & Englich, B. (2020). No Replication, No Trust? How Low Replicability Influences Trust in Psychology. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619877412", - "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032" + "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032", + "Crettaz von Roten, F. (2004). Gender differences in attitudes toward science in Switzerland. Public Understanding of Science, 13(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662504043870" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tobias Wingen; Flávio Azevedo" @@ -48,5 +49,5 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\255\330\257\331\212\331\202\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\263\330\247\330\261\330\247\330\252_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\252\330\264\330\271\330\250\330\251.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\255\330\257\331\212\331\202\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\263\330\247\330\261\330\247\330\252_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\252\330\264\330\271\330\250\330\251.md" index f97b679e8ca..f7e5252a6d7 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\255\330\257\331\212\331\202\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\263\330\247\330\261\330\247\330\252_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\252\330\264\330\271\330\250\330\251.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\255\330\257\331\212\331\202\330\251_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\263\330\247\330\261\330\247\330\252_\330\247\331\204\331\205\330\252\330\264\330\271\330\250\330\251.md" @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ "Specification Curve Analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/" + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf" ], "drafted_by": [ "Flávio Azevedo; Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ "Hala Alghamdi", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\257\330\261\330\254\330\247\330\252_\330\255\330\261_\331\212_\330\251_\330\247\331\204\330\250\330\247\330\255\330\253.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\257\330\261\330\254\330\247\330\252_\330\255\330\261_\331\212_\330\251_\330\247\331\204\330\250\330\247\330\255\330\253.md" index bb9fc30db12..3d0d5afb4b7 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\257\330\261\330\254\330\247\330\252_\330\255\330\261_\331\212_\330\251_\330\247\331\204\330\250\330\247\330\255\330\253.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\257\330\261\330\254\330\247\330\252_\330\255\330\261_\331\212_\330\251_\330\247\331\204\330\250\330\247\330\255\330\253.md" @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ "Specification curve analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/", + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf", "Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632", "Wicherts, J. M., Veldkamp, C. L., Augusteijn, H. E., Bakker, M., Van Aert, R., & Van Assen, M. A. (2016). Degrees of freedom in planning, running, analyzing, and reporting psychological studies: A checklist to avoid p-hacking. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1832. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01832" ], @@ -40,5 +40,5 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\257\331\204\331\212\331\204_\330\245\330\271\330\257\330\247\330\257_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\202\330\247\330\261\331\212\330\261.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\257\331\204\331\212\331\204_\330\245\330\271\330\257\330\247\330\257_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\202\330\247\330\261\331\212\330\261.md" index b4523b89ae3..3e9df5a8f7a 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\330\257\331\204\331\212\331\204_\330\245\330\271\330\257\330\247\330\257_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\202\330\247\330\261\331\212\330\261.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\330\257\331\204\331\212\331\204_\330\245\330\271\330\257\330\247\330\257_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\202\330\247\330\261\331\212\330\261.md" @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials, 11(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-11-32", "Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147(8), 573–577. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.AD", "The EQUATOR Network. (n.d.). What is a reporting guideline? Retrieved 10 July 2021. https://www.equator-network.org/about-us/what-is-a-reporting-guideline/", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Aidan Cashin" @@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\331\202\330\247\330\250\331\204\331\212_\330\251_\330\245\330\271\330\247\330\257\330\251_\330\247\331\204\330\245\331\206\330\252\330\247\330\254.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\331\202\330\247\330\250\331\204\331\212_\330\251_\330\245\330\271\330\247\330\257\330\251_\330\247\331\204\330\245\331\206\330\252\330\247\330\254.md" index 4b5373480ef..fa6391d3801 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\331\202\330\247\330\250\331\204\331\212_\330\251_\330\245\330\271\330\247\330\257\330\251_\330\247\331\204\330\245\331\206\330\252\330\247\330\254.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\331\202\330\247\330\250\331\204\331\212_\330\251_\330\245\330\271\330\247\330\257\330\251_\330\247\331\204\330\245\331\206\330\252\330\247\330\254.md" @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "Peng, R. D. (2011). Reproducible Research in Computational Science. Science, 334(6060), 1226–1227. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1213847", "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", "Syed, M. (2019). The Open Science Movement is for all of us. PsyArXiv.", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -41,5 +41,5 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\331\202\330\247\330\250\331\204\331\212_\330\251_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\331\202\330\247\330\250\331\204\331\212_\330\251_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" index 3b8de8149dc..1c546f30899 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\331\202\330\247\330\250\331\204\331\212_\330\251_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\331\202\330\247\330\250\331\204\331\212_\330\251_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" @@ -14,9 +14,10 @@ ], "references": [ "Barba, L. A. (2018). Terminologies for reproducible research. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1802.03311.", + "Claerbout, J. F., & Karrenbach, M. (1992). Electronic documents give reproducible research a new meaning. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1992, 601–604. http://sepwww.stanford.edu/doku.php?id=sep:research:reproducible:seg92", "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", "King, G. (1995). Replication, replication. PS: Political Science & Politics, 28(3), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.2307/420301", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", "Nosek, B. A., & Errington, T. M. (2020). What is replication? PLOS Biology, 18(3), e3000691. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000691" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -45,5 +46,5 @@ "Hiba Alomary", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\331\205\330\250\330\247\330\257\330\246_\331\201\331\212\330\261.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\331\205\330\250\330\247\330\257\330\246_\331\201\331\212\330\261.md" index 4009731eb26..5932d69e337 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\331\205\330\250\330\247\330\257\330\246_\331\201\331\212\330\261.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\331\205\330\250\330\247\330\257\330\246_\331\201\331\212\330\261.md" @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", - "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., & others. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", + "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., et al. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", "GO FAIR Initiative. (2025). FAIR Principles. https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ "Asma Alzahrani", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\331\205\330\264\330\261\331\210\330\271_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\331\205\330\264\330\261\331\210\330\271_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" index 437a036cc99..3722d8bf0e2 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\331\205\330\264\330\261\331\210\330\271_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\331\205\330\264\330\261\331\210\330\271_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ "Trustworthiness" ], "references": [ - "Fraser, H., Bush, M., Wintle, B., Mody, F., Smith, E., Hanea, A., & others. (2021). Predicting reliability through structured expert elicitation with repliCATS (Collaborative Assessments for Trustworthy Science).", + "Fraser, H., Bush, M., Wintle, B., Mody, F., Smith, E., Hanea, A., et al. (2021). Predicting reliability through structured expert elicitation with repliCATS (Collaborative Assessments for Trustworthy Science).", "RepliCATS project. (2020). Collaborative Assessment for Trustworthy Science. The University of Melbourne. https://replicats.research.unimelb.edu.au/" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -34,5 +34,5 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\331\206\331\207\330\254_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\257\331\205\331\212\330\261_\330\247\331\204\330\245\330\250\330\257\330\247\330\271\331\212_\331\204\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\331\206\331\207\330\254_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\257\331\205\331\212\330\261_\330\247\331\204\330\245\330\250\330\257\330\247\330\271\331\212_\331\204\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" index 0a0333f00ef..edc6a630fe6 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\331\206\331\207\330\254_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\257\331\205\331\212\330\261_\330\247\331\204\330\245\330\250\330\257\330\247\330\271\331\212_\331\204\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\331\206\331\207\330\254_\330\247\331\204\330\252_\330\257\331\205\331\212\330\261_\330\247\331\204\330\245\330\250\330\257\330\247\330\271\331\212_\331\204\331\204\330\252_\331\203\330\261\330\247\330\261.md" @@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ "Theory" ], "references": [ - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ "Ali H. Al-Hoorie", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/arabic/\331\210_\331\212\330\261\330\257.md" "b/content/glossary/arabic/\331\210_\331\212\330\261\330\257.md" index 6b9e7327cdb..9b77f47542a 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/arabic/\331\210_\331\212\330\261\330\257.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/arabic/\331\210_\331\212\330\261\330\257.md" @@ -4,10 +4,33 @@ "title": "وِيرد [WEIRD]", "sort_key": "وِيرد [weird]", "definition": "التَّعريف: يشير هذا الاختصار إلى المجتمعات الغربيَّة، والمتعلِّمة، والصِّناعيَّة، والغنيَّة، والدِّيمقراطية. يتم إجراء معظم البحوث على، وبواسطة، عيِّنات متجانسة نسبيًا من مجتمعات ويرد، وهذا ما يحد من قابليَّة تعميم عدد كبير من نتائج البحوث، لا سيما بالنَّظر إلى أنَّ الأشخاص الغريبين غالبًا ما يكونون متطرِّفين نفسيًا. لقد قيل أنَّ \"علم نفس ويرد\" بدأ في التَّطور ثقافيًا نتيجة للتَّغيُّرات المجتمعيَّة، والمعتقدات الدِّينيَّة في العصور الوسطى في أوروبا. يقترح نقّاد هذا المصطلح أنَّه يقدِّم وجهة نظر ثنائيَّة لسكان العالم، ويمحو التَّباين الموجود بين وداخل المجتمعات .وأنَّ الجوانب الأخرى للتَّنوُّع لا يتم التقاطها.\nالمصطلحات ذات الصِّلة: التَّحيُّز، بيزار، التَّنوع، القابليَّة للتَّعميم، السُّكان، تحيُّز أخذ العيِّنات، سترينج: الخلفية الاجتماعيَّة والقابليَّة للتَّتبُّع والاختيار الذَّاتي وتاريخ التَّربية، والتَّأقلم، والتَّعود.", - "related_terms": [], - "references": [], - "drafted_by": [], - "reviewed_by": [], + "related_terms": [ + "Bias", + "BIZARRE", + "Diversity", + "Generalizability", + "Populations", + "Sampling bias", + "STRANGE" + ], + "references": [ + "Henrich, J. (2020). The weirdest people in the world: How the west became psychologically peculiar and particularly prosperous. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.", + "Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X", + "Muthukrishna, M., Bell, A. V., Henrich, J., Curtin, C. M., Gedranovich, A., McInerney, J., & Thue, B. (2020). Beyond Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) psychology: Measuring and mapping scales of cultural and psychological distance. Psychological Science, 31, 678–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620916782", + "Syed, M., & Kathawalla, U. (2020). Cultural Psychology, Diversity, and Representation in Open Science. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/t7hp2" + ], + "drafted_by": [ + "Mahmoud Elsherif" + ], + "reviewed_by": [ + "Zoe Flack", + "Matt Jaquiery", + "Bettina M. J. Kern", + "Adam Parker", + "Charlotte R. Pennington", + "Robert M. Ross", + "Suzanne L. K. Stewart" + ], "alt_related_terms": [ null ], @@ -21,5 +44,5 @@ "Alaa M. Saleh", "Mohammed Mohsen" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/_\345\205\204\345\274\237_\345\274\217\345\274\200\346\224\276\347\247\221\345\255\246.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/_\345\205\204\345\274\237_\345\274\217\345\274\200\346\224\276\347\247\221\345\255\246.md" index 913e9b0ad0a..a1de3b34b9f 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/_\345\205\204\345\274\237_\345\274\217\345\274\200\346\224\276\347\247\221\345\255\246.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/_\345\205\204\345\274\237_\345\274\217\345\274\200\346\224\276\347\247\221\345\255\246.md" @@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ "references": [ "Guest, O. [@o_guest]. (2017). Thanks! Hopefully this thread & many other similar discussions & blogs will help make it less Bropen Science and more Open Science. *hides* . Twitter. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/o_guest/status/871675631062458368", "Whitaker, K., & Guest, O. (2020). #bropenscience is broken science. The Psychologist, 33, 34–37.", - "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" + "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255", + "Bahlai, C., Bartlett, L. J., Burgio, K. R., et al. (2019). Open science isn’t always open to all scientists. American Scientist, 107(2), 78.", + "Onie, S. (2020). Redesign open science for Asia, Africa and Latin America. Nature, 587, 35–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03052-3" ], "drafted_by": [ "Zoe Flack" @@ -42,5 +44,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/arrive\346\214\207\345\215\227.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/arrive\346\214\207\345\215\227.md" index 545d5de14dd..884e2d109b0 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/arrive\346\214\207\345\215\227.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/arrive\346\214\207\345\215\227.md" @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ "STRANGE" ], "references": [ - "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., & others. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" + "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., et al. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" ], "drafted_by": [ "Ben Farrar" @@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/fair\345\216\237\345\210\231.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/fair\345\216\237\345\210\231.md" index 7e3a1dba8f3..7939c311892 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/fair\345\216\237\345\210\231.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/fair\345\216\237\345\210\231.md" @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", - "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., & others. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", + "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., et al. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", "GO FAIR Initiative. (2025). FAIR Principles. https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/replicats\351\241\271\347\233\256.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/replicats\351\241\271\347\233\256.md" index e4d8f92a3ff..dd451b95ef7 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/replicats\351\241\271\347\233\256.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/replicats\351\241\271\347\233\256.md" @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ "Trustworthiness" ], "references": [ - "Fraser, H., Bush, M., Wintle, B., Mody, F., Smith, E., Hanea, A., & others. (2021). Predicting reliability through structured expert elicitation with repliCATS (Collaborative Assessments for Trustworthy Science).", + "Fraser, H., Bush, M., Wintle, B., Mody, F., Smith, E., Hanea, A., et al. (2021). Predicting reliability through structured expert elicitation with repliCATS (Collaborative Assessments for Trustworthy Science).", "RepliCATS project. (2020). Collaborative Assessment for Trustworthy Science. The University of Melbourne. https://replicats.research.unimelb.edu.au/" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -35,5 +35,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\344\274\227\345\214\205\347\240\224\347\251\266.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\344\274\227\345\214\205\347\240\224\347\251\266.md" index 61ee1d72e92..a2408a799db 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\344\274\227\345\214\205\347\240\224\347\251\266.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\344\274\227\345\214\205\347\240\224\347\251\266.md" @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ "Lind, F., Gruber, M., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2017). Content analysis by the crowd: Assessing the usability of crowdsourcing for coding latent constructs. Communication Methods and Measures, 11(3), 191–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1317338", "Moshontz, H., Campbell, L., Ebersole, C. R., IJzerman, H., Urry, H. L., Forscher, P. S., & Chartier, C. R. (2018). The Psychological Science Accelerator: Advancing psychology through a distributed collaborative network. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(4), 501–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918797607", "Peer, E., Brandimarte, L., Samat, S., & Acquisti, A. (2017). Beyond the Turk: Alternative platforms for crowdsourcing behavioral research. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 70, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.01.006", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", "Stewart, N., Chandler, J., & Paolacci, G. (2017). Crowdsourcing samples in cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(10), 736–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.06.007", "Tennant, J., Bielczyk, N. Z., Cheplygina, V., Greshake Tzovaras, B., Hartgerink, C. H. J., Havemann, J., Masuzzo, P., & Steiner, T. (2019). Ten simple rules for researchers collaborating on Massively Open Online Papers (MOOPs). MetaArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/et8ak", "Uhlmann, E. L., Ebersole, C. R., Chartier, C. R., Errington, T. M., Kidwell, M. C., Lai, C. K., McCarthy, R. J., Riegelman, A., Silberzahn, R., & Nosek, B. A. (2019). Scientific utopia III: Crowdsourcing science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(5), 711–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619850561", @@ -50,5 +50,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\205\254\344\274\227\345\257\271\347\247\221\345\255\246\347\232\204\344\277\241\344\273\273.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\205\254\344\274\227\345\257\271\347\247\221\345\255\246\347\232\204\344\277\241\344\273\273.md" index 2075812ba6b..0c5806975c8 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\205\254\344\274\227\345\257\271\347\247\221\345\255\246\347\232\204\344\277\241\344\273\273.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\205\254\344\274\227\345\257\271\347\247\221\345\255\246\347\232\204\344\277\241\344\273\273.md" @@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ "en_title": "Public Trust in Science", "title": "公众对科学的信任 [Public Trust in Science]", "sort_key": "gongzhongduikexuedexinren", - "definition": "公众对科学的信任是指，公众对科学家为公民社会利益所创造的知识、指南与建议的信任（Hendriks et al., 2016）。这还涵盖公众对基于科学的公共卫生（例如，全民医疗、干细胞研究、联邦资助的妇女生殖权利、传染病预防、疫苗接种）、气候变化、经济政策（例如，福利、不平等和贫困控制）及其交叉领域的建议的信任。研究表明，公众对科学的信任受多种因素影响，如年龄（Anderson et al., 2012）、性别（Von Roten, 2004）、科学规范排斥（Lewandowsky & Oberauer, 2021）、政治意识形态（Azevedo & Jost, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2012; Leiserowitz et al., 2010）、右翼威权主义和社会支配倾向（Kerr & Wilson, 2021）、教育（Bak, 2001; Hayes & Tariq, 2000）、收入（Anderson et al., 2012）、科学知识（Evans & Durant, 1995; Nisbet et al., 2002）、社交媒体使用（Huber et al., 2019）及宗教信仰（Azevedo, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Liu & Priest, 2009）。", + "definition": "公众对科学的信任是指，公众对科学家为公民社会利益所创造的知识、指南与建议的信任（Hendriks et al., 2016）。这还涵盖公众对基于科学的公共卫生（例如，全民医疗、干细胞研究、联邦资助的妇女生殖权利、传染病预防、疫苗接种）、气候变化、经济政策（例如，福利、不平等和贫困控制）及其交叉领域的建议的信任。研究表明，公众对科学的信任受多种因素影响，如年龄（Anderson et al., 2012）、性别（Crettaz von Roten, 2004）、科学规范排斥（Lewandowsky & Oberauer, 2021）、政治意识形态（Azevedo & Jost, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Leiserowitz et al., 2010）、右翼威权主义和社会支配倾向（Kerr & Wilson, 2021）、教育（Bak, 2001; Hayes & Tariq, 2000）、收入（Anderson et al., 2012）、科学知识（Evans & Durant, 1995; Nisbet et al., 2002）、社交媒体使用（Huber et al., 2019）及宗教信仰（Azevedo, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Liu & Priest, 2009）。", "related_terms": [ "Credibility of scientific claims", "Epistemic Trust" ], "references": [ "Anderson, M. S., Ronning, E. A., Devries, R., & Martinson, B. C. (2010). Extending the Mertonian norms: Scientists’ subscription to norms of research. Journal of Higher Education, 81(3), 366–393. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0095", - "Azevedo, F. (n.d.). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", + "Azevedo, F. (2021). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", "Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2021). The ideological basis of antiscientific attitudes: Effects of authoritarianism, conservatism, religiosity, social dominance, and system justification. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(4), 518–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430221990104", "Bak, H.-J. (2001). Education and Public Attitudes toward Science: Implications for the ‘Deficit Model’ of Education and Support for Science and Technology. Social Science Quarterly, 82(4), 779–795. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42955760", "Brewer, P. R., & Ley, B. L. (2013). Whose Science Do You Believe? Explaining Trust in Sources of Scientific Information About the Environment. Science Communication, 35(1), 115–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012441691", @@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ "Nisbet, M. C., Scheufele, D. A., Shanahan, J., Moy, P., Brossard, D., & Lewenstein, B. V. (2002). Knowledge, Reservations, or Promise?: A Media Effects Model for Public Perceptions of Science and Technology. Communication Research, 29(5), 584–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365002236196", "Schneider, J., Merk, S., & Rosman, T. (2019). (Re)Building Trust? Investigating the effects of open science badges on perceived trustworthiness in journal articles. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VGBRS", "Wingen, T., Berkessel, J. B., & Englich, B. (2020). No Replication, No Trust? How Low Replicability Influences Trust in Psychology. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619877412", - "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032" + "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032", + "Crettaz von Roten, F. (2004). Gender differences in attitudes toward science in Switzerland. Public Understanding of Science, 13(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662504043870" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tobias Wingen; Flávio Azevedo" @@ -48,5 +49,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\210\233\351\200\240\346\200\247\347\240\264\345\235\217\345\274\217\347\232\204\345\244\215\347\216\260\346\226\271\346\263\225.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\210\233\351\200\240\346\200\247\347\240\264\345\235\217\345\274\217\347\232\204\345\244\215\347\216\260\346\226\271\346\263\225.md" index e71ed2ee559..b7ee28a6bdc 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\210\233\351\200\240\346\200\247\347\240\264\345\235\217\345\274\217\347\232\204\345\244\215\347\216\260\346\226\271\346\263\225.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\210\233\351\200\240\346\200\247\347\240\264\345\235\217\345\274\217\347\232\204\345\244\215\347\216\260\346\226\271\346\263\225.md" @@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ "Theory" ], "references": [ - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\210\251\347\233\212\345\206\262\347\252\201.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\210\251\347\233\212\345\206\262\347\252\201.md" index 80ff38e6aad..76af87f6894 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\210\251\347\233\212\345\206\262\347\252\201.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\210\251\347\233\212\345\206\262\347\252\201.md" @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ "en_title": "Conflict of interest", "title": "利益冲突 [Conflict of interest]", "sort_key": "liyichongtu", - "definition": "利益冲突（conflict of interest，简称COI，或“竞争性利益”）是指可能影响作者、审稿人、编辑或编辑部成员客观性或专业判断的财务或非财务关系、活动或其他关联利益。出版伦理委员会、开放获取期刊目录、开放获取学术出版商协会和世界医学编辑协会联合发布的《学术出版透明度和最佳实践准则》指出，期刊应制定包含COI的出版伦理政策（DOAJ, 2018）。COI应透明化，以便读者能正确评估研究及潜在或实际的偏见。除了出版领域外，学术报告人、评审委员会成员和教育工作者也应声明COI。故意不披露COI可能被视为不当行为。", + "definition": "利益冲突（conflict of interest，简称COI，或“竞争性利益”）是指可能影响作者、审稿人、编辑或编辑部成员客观性或专业判断的财务或非财务关系、活动或其他关联利益。出版伦理委员会、开放获取期刊目录、开放获取学术出版商协会和世界医学编辑协会联合发布的《学术出版透明度和最佳实践准则》指出，期刊应制定包含COI的出版伦理政策（DOAJ, n.d.）。COI应透明化，以便读者能正确评估研究及潜在或实际的偏见。除了出版领域外，学术报告人、评审委员会成员和教育工作者也应声明COI。故意不披露COI可能被视为不当行为。", "related_terms": [ "Objectivity", "Peer review", @@ -34,5 +34,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\215\217\344\275\234\345\274\217\345\244\215\347\216\260\344\270\216\346\225\231\350\202\262\351\241\271\347\233\256.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\215\217\344\275\234\345\274\217\345\244\215\347\216\260\344\270\216\346\225\231\350\202\262\351\241\271\347\233\256.md" index fe535426184..0c8a4405467 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\215\217\344\275\234\345\274\217\345\244\215\347\216\260\344\270\216\346\225\231\350\202\262\351\241\271\347\233\256.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\215\217\344\275\234\345\274\217\345\244\215\347\216\260\344\270\216\346\225\231\350\202\262\351\241\271\347\233\256.md" @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ "Exact replication" ], "references": [ - "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., & others. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" + "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., et al. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" ], "drafted_by": [ "Connor Keating" @@ -33,5 +33,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\202\344\270\216\345\274\217\347\240\224\347\251\266.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\202\344\270\216\345\274\217\347\240\224\347\251\266.md" index 936af23a1e9..e222b053dad 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\202\344\270\216\345\274\217\347\240\224\347\251\266.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\202\344\270\216\345\274\217\347\240\224\347\251\266.md" @@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ "Transformative paradigm" ], "references": [ + "Andersson, N. (2018). Participatory research—a modernizing science for primary health care. Journal of General and Family Medicine, 19(5), 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgf2.187", "Cornwall, A., & Jewkes, R. (1995). What is participatory research? Social Science & Medicine, 41(12), 1667–1676. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00127-S", "Fletcher-Watson, S., Adams, J., Brook, K., Charman, T., Crane, L., Cusack, J., Leekam, S., Milton, D., Parr, J. R., & Pellicano, E. (2019). Making the Future Together: Shaping Autism Research Through Meaningful Participation. Autism, 23(4), 943–953.", "Kiernan, C. (1999). Participation in research by people with learning disability: Origins and issues. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27(2), 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.1999.tb00084.x", @@ -41,5 +42,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\214\351\207\215\346\204\217\350\257\206.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\214\351\207\215\346\204\217\350\257\206.md" index 294cf80ed36..ebb684ff5db 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\214\351\207\215\346\204\217\350\257\206.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\214\351\207\215\346\204\217\350\257\206.md" @@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ "references": [ "Albayrak, N., & Okoroji, C. (2019). Facing the challenges of postgraduate study as a minority student. A Guide for Psychology Postgraduates, 63.", "Du Bois, W. E. B. (1968). The souls of black folk; essays and sketches. Johnson Reprint Corp.", - "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press." + "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press.", + "Rubin, M. (2021). Explaining the association between subjective social status and mental health among university students using an impact ratings approach. SN Social Sciences, 1(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-020-00031-3", + "Rubin, M., Evans, O., & McGuffog, R. (2019). Social class differences in social integration at university: Implications for academic outcomes and mental health. In J. Jetten & K. Peters (Eds.), The social psychology of inequality (pp. 87–102). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28856-3_6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir" @@ -35,5 +37,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\257\345\244\215\347\216\260\346\200\247.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\257\345\244\215\347\216\260\346\200\247.md" index 19a70fb1ae6..a0b3961d6e3 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\257\345\244\215\347\216\260\346\200\247.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\257\345\244\215\347\216\260\346\200\247.md" @@ -14,9 +14,10 @@ ], "references": [ "Barba, L. A. (2018). Terminologies for reproducible research. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1802.03311.", + "Claerbout, J. F., & Karrenbach, M. (1992). Electronic documents give reproducible research a new meaning. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1992, 601–604. http://sepwww.stanford.edu/doku.php?id=sep:research:reproducible:seg92", "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", "King, G. (1995). Replication, replication. PS: Political Science & Politics, 28(3), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.2307/420301", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", "Nosek, B. A., & Errington, T. M. (2020). What is replication? PLOS Biology, 18(3), e3000691. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000691" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -45,5 +46,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\257\350\256\277\351\227\256\346\200\247.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\257\350\256\277\351\227\256\346\200\247.md" index 1bc6f11f3d6..956dfde1ea1 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\257\350\256\277\351\227\256\346\200\247.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\257\350\256\277\351\227\256\346\200\247.md" @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "references": [ "Brown, N., Thompson, P., & Leigh, J. S. (2018). Making academia more accessible. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(2), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v6i2.348", "Pollet, I. L., & Bond, A. L. (2021). Evaluation and recommendations for greater accessibility of colour figures in ornithology. Ibis, 163, 292–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12887", - "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161)", + "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161", "World Wide Web Consortium. (2021). Web Accessibility Initiative. https://www.w3.org/WAI/", "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" ], @@ -48,5 +48,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\257\351\207\215\345\244\215\346\200\247.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\257\351\207\215\345\244\215\346\200\247.md" index 082ad50014a..6fc427e7945 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\257\351\207\215\345\244\215\346\200\247.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\217\257\351\207\215\345\244\215\346\200\247.md" @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "Peng, R. D. (2011). Reproducible Research in Computational Science. Science, 334(6060), 1226–1227. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1213847", "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", "Syed, M. (2019). The Open Science Movement is for all of us. PsyArXiv.", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -41,5 +41,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\244\215\347\216\260\345\270\202\345\234\272.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\244\215\347\216\260\345\270\202\345\234\272.md" index e529c9837ce..191ab69606d 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\244\215\347\216\260\345\270\202\345\234\272.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\244\215\347\216\260\345\270\202\345\234\272.md" @@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ ], "references": [ "Liu, Y., Gordon, M., Wang, J., Bishop, M., Chen, Y., Pfeiffer, T., Twardy, C., & Viganola, D. (2020). Replication Markets: Results, Lessons, Challenges and Opportunities in AI Replication. ArXiv:2005.04543 . http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.04543", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060", "Replication Markets. (n.d.). Replication Markets – Reliable research replicates…you can bet on it. Replication Markets. https://www.replicationmarkets.org/", "[www.replicationmarkets.com](http://www.replicationmarkets.com)" ], @@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\244\232\345\210\206\346\236\220\350\200\205\347\240\224\347\251\266.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\244\232\345\210\206\346\236\220\350\200\205\347\240\224\347\251\266.md" index 5a80d46d144..179858f951a 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\244\232\345\210\206\346\236\220\350\200\205\347\240\224\347\251\266.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\244\232\345\210\206\346\236\220\350\200\205\347\240\224\347\251\266.md" @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Aczel, B., Szaszi, B., Nilsonne, G., Van den Akker, O., Albers, C. J., van Assen, M. A. L. M., ..., & Wagenmakers, E. (2021). Guidance for Multi-Analyst Studies. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/5ecnh", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" ], "drafted_by": [ "Sam Parsons" @@ -42,5 +42,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\274\200\346\224\276\346\235\220\346\226\231.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\274\200\346\224\276\346\235\220\346\226\231.md" index ddb7bd8e1cf..6429e0f2525 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\274\200\346\224\276\346\235\220\346\226\231.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\274\200\346\224\276\346\235\220\346\226\231.md" @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "Transparency" ], "references": [ - "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., & others. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", + "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., et al. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -41,5 +41,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\276\275\347\253\240_\345\274\200\346\224\276\347\247\221\345\255\246_.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\276\275\347\253\240_\345\274\200\346\224\276\347\247\221\345\255\246_.md" index f1cba0233c3..211b5aa7f10 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\345\276\275\347\253\240_\345\274\200\346\224\276\347\247\221\345\255\246_.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\345\276\275\347\253\240_\345\274\200\346\224\276\347\247\221\345\255\246_.md" @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ "Triple badge" ], "references": [ - "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., & others. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", + "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., et al. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456", "Rowhani-Farid, A., Aldcroft, A., & Barnett, A. G. (2020). Did awarding badges increase data sharing in BMJ Open? A randomized controlled trial. Royal Society Open Science, 7(3), 191818. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191818", "Science, C. (n.d.). Open science badges. https://www.cos.io/initiatives/badges" @@ -40,5 +40,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\346\212\245\345\221\212\346\214\207\345\215\227.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\346\212\245\345\221\212\346\214\207\345\215\227.md" index cbf269f8ec9..2968587da7d 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\346\212\245\345\221\212\346\214\207\345\215\227.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\346\212\245\345\221\212\346\214\207\345\215\227.md" @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials, 11(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-11-32", "Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147(8), 573–577. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.AD", "The EQUATOR Network. (n.d.). What is a reporting guideline? Retrieved 10 July 2021. https://www.equator-network.org/about-us/what-is-a-reporting-guideline/", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Aidan Cashin" @@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\346\225\260\346\215\256\345\210\206\346\236\220\344\270\216\345\205\261\344\272\253\346\234\200\344\275\263\345\256\236\350\267\265\345\247\224\345\221\230\344\274\232.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\346\225\260\346\215\256\345\210\206\346\236\220\344\270\216\345\205\261\344\272\253\346\234\200\344\275\263\345\256\236\350\267\265\345\247\224\345\221\230\344\274\232.md" index e8bcd5bd84e..0dc996cffdf 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\346\225\260\346\215\256\345\210\206\346\236\220\344\270\216\345\205\261\344\272\253\346\234\200\344\275\263\345\256\236\350\267\265\345\247\224\345\221\230\344\274\232.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\346\225\260\346\215\256\345\210\206\346\236\220\344\270\216\345\205\261\344\272\253\346\234\200\344\275\263\345\256\236\350\267\265\345\247\224\345\221\230\344\274\232.md" @@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ "definition": "人类脑成像组织（Organization for Human Brain Mapping，简称OHBM）的神经影像学社区制定了一份关于神经影像数据采集、分析、报告以及数据与分析代码共享的最佳实践指南。该指南包含八个在撰写或提交论文时应该包含的关键要素，旨在提升报告方法和神经影像结果的透明度和可重复性。", "related_terms": [], "references": [ - "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., & others. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", - "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., & others. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" + "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., et al. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", + "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., et al. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yu-Fang Yang" @@ -31,5 +31,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\346\231\256\351\201\215\346\200\247\351\231\220\345\210\266.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\346\231\256\351\201\215\346\200\247\351\231\220\345\210\266.md" index 11a51073524..944967961d2 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\346\231\256\351\201\215\346\200\247\351\231\220\345\210\266.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\346\231\256\351\201\215\346\200\247\351\231\220\345\210\266.md" @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Busse, C., Kach, A. P., & Wagner, S. M. (2017). Boundary Conditions: What They Are, How to Explore Them, Why We Need Them, and When to Consider Them. Organizational Research Methods, 20(4), 574–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428116641191", - "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., & others. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", + "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., et al. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", "Simons, D. J., Shoda, Y., & Lindsay, D. S. (2017). Constraints on generality (COG): A proposed addition to all empirical papers. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 1123–1128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617708630", "Yarkoni, T. (2020). The generalizability crisis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X20001685" ], @@ -44,5 +44,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\346\255\247\350\267\257\350\212\261\345\233\255.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\346\255\247\350\267\257\350\212\261\345\233\255.md" index 56fa4f9190b..05342433a47 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\346\255\247\350\267\257\350\212\261\345\233\255.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\346\255\247\350\267\257\350\212\261\345\233\255.md" @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ "Specification Curve Analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/" + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf" ], "drafted_by": [ "Flávio Azevedo; Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -37,5 +37,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\347\240\224\347\251\266\344\272\272\345\221\230\350\207\252\347\224\261\345\272\246.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\347\240\224\347\251\266\344\272\272\345\221\230\350\207\252\347\224\261\345\272\246.md" index ad48e013815..c0c8fa7ed64 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\347\240\224\347\251\266\344\272\272\345\221\230\350\207\252\347\224\261\345\272\246.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\347\240\224\347\251\266\344\272\272\345\221\230\350\207\252\347\224\261\345\272\246.md" @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ "Specification curve analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/", + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf", "Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632", "Wicherts, J. M., Veldkamp, C. L., Augusteijn, H. E., Bakker, M., Van Aert, R., & Van Assen, M. A. (2016). Degrees of freedom in planning, running, analyzing, and reporting psychological studies: A checklist to avoid p-hacking. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1832. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01832" ], @@ -41,5 +41,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\347\255\211\346\225\210\346\200\247\346\243\200\351\252\214.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\347\255\211\346\225\210\346\200\247\346\243\200\351\252\214.md" index 57b5c39f663..8a454fc0be7 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\347\255\211\346\225\210\346\200\247\346\243\200\351\252\214.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\347\255\211\346\225\210\346\200\247\346\243\200\351\252\214.md" @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ "en_title": "Equivalence Testing", "title": "等效性检验 [Equivalence Testing]", "sort_key": "dengxiaoxingjianyan", - "definition": "等效性检验通过统计学方法评估一个零假设，即给定效应量超过了被视为有意义的最小标准值。因而，拒绝零假设则表明缺乏（有实际意义的）效应。等效性检验基于频率学派，设定等效界限，即研究者感兴趣的最小效应量的上下限，并通过两次单侧 t 检验评估是否能拒绝那些被认为具有实际意义的效应（Schuirmann, 1972; Lakens et al., 2018; 2020）。", + "definition": "等效性检验通过统计学方法评估一个零假设，即给定效应量超过了被视为有意义的最小标准值。因而，拒绝零假设则表明缺乏（有实际意义的）效应。等效性检验基于频率学派，设定等效界限，即研究者感兴趣的最小效应量的上下限，并通过两次单侧 t 检验评估是否能拒绝那些被认为具有实际意义的效应（Schuirmann, 1987; Lakens et al., 2018; 2020）。", "related_terms": [ "Equivalence bounds", "Falsification", @@ -42,5 +42,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\347\263\273\347\273\237\347\273\274\350\277\260.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\347\263\273\347\273\237\347\273\274\350\277\260.md" index 0566f1299ac..3b312fac69b 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\347\263\273\347\273\237\347\273\274\350\277\260.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\347\263\273\347\273\237\347\273\274\350\277\260.md" @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ "Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J., & Welch, V. A. (Eds.). (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons.", "Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097", "Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., & McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. British Medical Journal, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Jade Pickering" @@ -42,5 +42,5 @@ "Xiujuan Wen", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\350\201\224\345\220\210\344\275\234\350\200\205\347\275\262\345\220\215.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\350\201\224\345\220\210\344\275\234\350\200\205\347\275\262\345\220\215.md" index e9de86af22c..0fee97a1e9e 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\350\201\224\345\220\210\344\275\234\350\200\205\347\275\262\345\220\215.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\350\201\224\345\220\210\344\275\234\350\200\205\347\275\262\345\220\215.md" @@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ ], "references": [ "Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yuki Yamada" @@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\350\204\221\346\210\220\345\203\217\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\273\223\346\236\204.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\350\204\221\346\210\220\345\203\217\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\273\223\346\236\204.md" index 3e1219f0eb1..d15cf98e041 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\350\204\221\346\210\220\345\203\217\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\273\223\346\236\204.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\350\204\221\346\210\220\345\203\217\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\273\223\346\236\204.md" @@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ "Open Data" ], "references": [ - "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., & others. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", - "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io" + "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., et al. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", + "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io", + "Pernet, C. R., Appelhoff, S., Gorgolewski, K. J., Flandin, G., Phillips, C., Delorme, A., & Oostenveld, R. (2019). EEG-BIDS, an extension to the brain imaging data structure for electroencephalography. Scientific Data, 6(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0104-8" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tina Lonsdorf" @@ -33,5 +34,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\350\245\277\346\226\271\347\232\204_\345\217\227\350\277\207\346\225\231\350\202\262\347\232\204_\345\267\245\344\270\232\345\214\226\347\232\204_\345\257\214\350\243\225\347\232\204_\346\260\221\344\270\273\347\232\204\347\244\276\344\274\232.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\350\245\277\346\226\271\347\232\204_\345\217\227\350\277\207\346\225\231\350\202\262\347\232\204_\345\267\245\344\270\232\345\214\226\347\232\204_\345\257\214\350\243\225\347\232\204_\346\260\221\344\270\273\347\232\204\347\244\276\344\274\232.md" index 1af2d119bee..375e0ea5797 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\350\245\277\346\226\271\347\232\204_\345\217\227\350\277\207\346\225\231\350\202\262\347\232\204_\345\267\245\344\270\232\345\214\226\347\232\204_\345\257\214\350\243\225\347\232\204_\346\260\221\344\270\273\347\232\204\347\244\276\344\274\232.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\350\245\277\346\226\271\347\232\204_\345\217\227\350\277\207\346\225\231\350\202\262\347\232\204_\345\267\245\344\270\232\345\214\226\347\232\204_\345\257\214\350\243\225\347\232\204_\346\260\221\344\270\273\347\232\204\347\244\276\344\274\232.md" @@ -4,10 +4,33 @@ "title": "西方的、受过教育的、工业化的、富裕的、民主的社会 [WEIRD]", "sort_key": "xifangde、shouguojiaoyude、gongyehuade、fuyude、minzhudeshehui", "definition": "WEIRD 这个缩写词指的是西方的（Western）、受过教育的（Educated）、工业化的（Industrialized）、富裕的（Rich）和民主的（Democratic）的社会。大多数研究都是在WEIRD社会中进行的，研究对象也往往是这些社会中相对同质化的群体样本。这极大地限制了大量研究结果的普适性，尤其是考虑到WEIRD群体在心理上常常属于“离群值”。有观点认为，“WEIRD 心理学”是欧洲中世纪社会变革和宗教信仰影响下逐渐演化形成的文化产物。对该术语的批评者指出，它将全球人口简单二元对立，忽略了社会之间和社会内部存在的差异，同时也未能涵盖多样性的其他维度。", - "related_terms": [], - "references": [], - "drafted_by": [], - "reviewed_by": [], + "related_terms": [ + "Bias", + "BIZARRE", + "Diversity", + "Generalizability", + "Populations", + "Sampling bias", + "STRANGE" + ], + "references": [ + "Henrich, J. (2020). The weirdest people in the world: How the west became psychologically peculiar and particularly prosperous. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.", + "Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X", + "Muthukrishna, M., Bell, A. V., Henrich, J., Curtin, C. M., Gedranovich, A., McInerney, J., & Thue, B. (2020). Beyond Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) psychology: Measuring and mapping scales of cultural and psychological distance. Psychological Science, 31, 678–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620916782", + "Syed, M., & Kathawalla, U. (2020). Cultural Psychology, Diversity, and Representation in Open Science. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/t7hp2" + ], + "drafted_by": [ + "Mahmoud Elsherif" + ], + "reviewed_by": [ + "Zoe Flack", + "Matt Jaquiery", + "Bettina M. J. Kern", + "Adam Parker", + "Charlotte R. Pennington", + "Robert M. Ross", + "Suzanne L. K. Stewart" + ], "alt_related_terms": [ null ], @@ -22,5 +45,5 @@ "Xiujuan Wen", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\350\264\235\345\217\266\346\226\257\346\216\250\346\226\255.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\350\264\235\345\217\266\346\226\257\346\216\250\346\226\255.md" index 07744839126..e8fbd91da6d 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\350\264\235\345\217\266\346\226\257\346\216\250\346\226\255.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\350\264\235\345\217\266\346\226\257\346\216\250\346\226\255.md" @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ "Dienes, Z. (2011). Bayesian versus orthodox statistics: Which side are you on? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(3), 274–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611406920", "Dienes, Z. (2014). Using Bayes to get the most out of non-significant results. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00781", "Dienes, Z. (2016). How Bayes factors change scientific practice. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 72, 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2015.10.003", - "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., & others. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", + "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., et al. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", "Kruschke, J. K. (2015). Doing Bayesian data analysis: A tutorial with R, JAGS, and Stan (2nd ed.). Academic Press.", "McElreath, R. (2020). Statistical rethinking: A Bayesian course with examples in R and Stan (2nd ed.). Taylor.", "Wagenmakers, E.-J., Marsman, M., Jamil, T., Ly, A., Verhagen, J., Love, J., Selker, R., Gronau, Q. F., Šmíra, M., Epskamp, S., Matzke, D., Rouder, J. N., & Morey, R. D. (2018). Bayesian inference for psychology. Part I: Theoretical advantages and practical ramifications. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(1), 35–57. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1343-3" @@ -42,5 +42,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\350\264\241\347\214\256.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\350\264\241\347\214\256.md" index d8dd7e53b9b..b3e9f2fb56e 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\350\264\241\347\214\256.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\350\264\241\347\214\256.md" @@ -5,14 +5,15 @@ "sort_key": "gongxian", "definition": "在研究语境下，贡献是指对研究产出的正式补充或参与活动。贡献与贡献者声明（包括期刊论文中的致谢部分等）被附加在研究工作中，旨在更好地分类和认可超越传统“作者身份”范畴的各类智力劳动。贡献是一种不断发展的“用于理解作者身份与知识生产之间关系的数据来源”（Lariviere et al., p.430）。在开源软件开发中，贡献可能体现为通过同行评审（技术上称为“拉取请求”）后提交至项目软件仓库的更改，例如，NumPy（Harris et al., 2020）就是接受这类贡献的典型代表。", "related_terms": [ - "authorship", + "Authorship", "CRediT", "Semantometrics" ], "references": [ "Knoth, P., & Herrmannova, D. (2014). Towards semantometrics: A new semantic similarity based measure for assessing a research publication’s contribution. D-Lib Magazine, 20(11), 8. https://doi.org/10.1045/november2014-knoth", "Larivière, V., Desrochers, N., Macaluso, B., Mongeon, P., Paul-Hus, A., & Sugimoto, C. R. (2016). Contributorship and division of labor in knowledge production. Social Studies of Science, 46(3), 417–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312716650046", - "Holcombe, A. O. (2019). Contributorship, not authorship: Use CRediT to indicate who did what. Publications, 7(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7030048" + "Holcombe, A. O. (2019). Contributorship, not authorship: Use CRediT to indicate who did what. Publications, 7(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7030048", + "Harris, C. R., Millman, K. J., van der Walt, S. J., Gommers, R., Virtanen, P., Cournapeau, D., Wieser, E., Taylor, J., Berg, S., Smith, N. J., Kern, R., Picus, M., Hoyer, S., van Kerkwijk, M. H., Brett, M., Haldane, A., del Río, J. F., Wiebe, M., Peterson, P., & Gérard-Marchant, P. (2020). Array programming with NumPy. Nature, 585(7825), 357–362. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2" ], "drafted_by": [ "Micah Vandegrift" @@ -38,5 +39,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\351\200\232\347\224\250\345\255\246\344\271\240\350\256\276\350\256\241.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\351\200\232\347\224\250\345\255\246\344\271\240\350\256\276\350\256\241.md" index 7ddc033c817..27c87563304 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\351\200\232\347\224\250\345\255\246\344\271\240\350\256\276\350\256\241.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\351\200\232\347\224\250\345\255\246\344\271\240\350\256\276\350\256\241.md" @@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ "references": [ "Hitchcock, C., Meyer, A., Rose, D., & Jackson, R. (2002). Providing new access to the general curriculum: Universal design for learning. Teaching Exceptional Children, 35(2), 8–17. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/providing-new-access-general-curriculum/docview/201139970/se-2?accountid=8630", "Rose, D. (2000). Universal design for learning. Journal of Special Education Technology, 15(3), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/016264340001500307", - "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision." + "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision.", + "Edyburn, D. L. (2010). Would you recognize universal design for learning if you saw it? Ten propositions for new directions for the second decade of UDL. Learning Disability Quarterly, 33(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/073194871003300103" ], "drafted_by": [ "Charlotte R. Pennington" @@ -39,5 +40,5 @@ "Xiujuan Wen", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\351\207\215\345\244\215\346\200\247.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\351\207\215\345\244\215\346\200\247.md" index 66c06a9fea8..0c2a0aadb8c 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\351\207\215\345\244\215\346\200\247.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\351\207\215\345\244\215\346\200\247.md" @@ -3,13 +3,14 @@ "en_title": "Repeatability", "title": "重复性 [Repeatability]", "sort_key": "chongfuxing", - "definition": "重复性与重测信度同义，指对同一测量指标进行连续多次测量所得结果之间的一致性程度。实现重复性需满足以下条件：使用相同的实验工具、由同一观察者操作、在相同条件下运行同一测量仪器、于同一地点实施、在短期内对相同目标进行重复测量（Joint Committee for Guidelines in Metrology, 2008）。", + "definition": "重复性与重测信度同义，指对同一测量指标进行连续多次测量所得结果之间的一致性程度。实现重复性需满足以下条件：使用相同的实验工具、由同一观察者操作、在相同条件下运行同一测量仪器、于同一地点实施、在短期内对相同目标进行重复测量（Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology, 2008）。", "related_terms": [ "Reliability" ], "references": [ "ISO. (1993). Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (1st ed.). International Organization for Standardization.", - "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code." + "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", + "Working Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology JCGM. (2008). Evaluation of measurement data—Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (pp. 1–120). JCGM. https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/2071204/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdf/cb0ef43f-baa5-11cf-3f85-4dcd86f77bd6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif, Adam Parker" @@ -33,5 +34,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/chinese/\351\235\236\345\271\262\351\242\204_\345\217\257\351\207\215\345\244\215_\345\274\200\346\224\276\347\232\204\347\263\273\347\273\237\347\273\274\350\277\260.md" "b/content/glossary/chinese/\351\235\236\345\271\262\351\242\204_\345\217\257\351\207\215\345\244\215_\345\274\200\346\224\276\347\232\204\347\263\273\347\273\237\347\273\274\350\277\260.md" index ca403bdd5bd..c4ca27748ac 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/chinese/\351\235\236\345\271\262\351\242\204_\345\217\257\351\207\215\345\244\215_\345\274\200\346\224\276\347\232\204\347\263\273\347\273\237\347\273\274\350\277\260.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/chinese/\351\235\236\345\271\262\351\242\204_\345\217\257\351\207\215\345\244\215_\345\274\200\346\224\276\347\232\204\347\263\273\347\273\237\347\273\274\350\277\260.md" @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ "Systematic Review Protocol" ], "references": [ - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Asma Assaneea" @@ -35,5 +35,5 @@ "Ruoting Liu", "Shuxian Jin" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/accessibility.md b/content/glossary/english/accessibility.md index eb3c2956dcb..03115ffc3a8 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/accessibility.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/accessibility.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "references": [ "Brown, N., Thompson, P., & Leigh, J. S. (2018). Making academia more accessible. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(2), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v6i2.348", "Pollet, I. L., & Bond, A. L. (2021). Evaluation and recommendations for greater accessibility of colour figures in ornithology. Ibis, 163, 292–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12887", - "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161)", + "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161", "World Wide Web Consortium. (2021). Web Accessibility Initiative. https://www.w3.org/WAI/", "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" ], @@ -42,5 +42,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/accessibility" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/arrive_guidelines.md b/content/glossary/english/arrive_guidelines.md index cf4718e67a0..bb72a092c3f 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/arrive_guidelines.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/arrive_guidelines.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ "STRANGE" ], "references": [ - "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., & others. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" + "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., et al. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" ], "drafted_by": [ "Ben Farrar" @@ -30,5 +30,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/arrive_guidelines" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/badges_open_science_.md b/content/glossary/english/badges_open_science_.md index aa8abd1c981..693fd6c0b63 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/badges_open_science_.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/badges_open_science_.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ "Triple badge" ], "references": [ - "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., & others. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", + "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., et al. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456", "Rowhani-Farid, A., Aldcroft, A., & Barnett, A. G. (2020). Did awarding badges increase data sharing in BMJ Open? A randomized controlled trial. Royal Society Open Science, 7(3), 191818. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191818", "Science, C. (n.d.). Open science badges. https://www.cos.io/initiatives/badges" @@ -34,5 +34,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/badges_open_science_" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/bayesian_inference.md b/content/glossary/english/bayesian_inference.md index 9ecb3b0fccf..b7c1776ad93 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/bayesian_inference.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/bayesian_inference.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ "Dienes, Z. (2011). Bayesian versus orthodox statistics: Which side are you on? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(3), 274–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611406920", "Dienes, Z. (2014). Using Bayes to get the most out of non-significant results. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00781", "Dienes, Z. (2016). How Bayes factors change scientific practice. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 72, 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2015.10.003", - "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., & others. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", + "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., et al. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", "Kruschke, J. K. (2015). Doing Bayesian data analysis: A tutorial with R, JAGS, and Stan (2nd ed.). Academic Press.", "McElreath, R. (2020). Statistical rethinking: A Bayesian course with examples in R and Stan (2nd ed.). Taylor.", "Wagenmakers, E.-J., Marsman, M., Jamil, T., Ly, A., Verhagen, J., Love, J., Selker, R., Gronau, Q. F., Šmíra, M., Epskamp, S., Matzke, D., Rouder, J. N., & Morey, R. D. (2018). Bayesian inference for psychology. Part I: Theoretical advantages and practical ramifications. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(1), 35–57. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1343-3" @@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/bayesian_inference" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/bids_data_structure.md b/content/glossary/english/bids_data_structure.md index 8384dee2b3f..0e91411f162 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/bids_data_structure.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/bids_data_structure.md @@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ "Open Data" ], "references": [ - "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., & others. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", - "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io" + "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., et al. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", + "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io", + "Pernet, C. R., Appelhoff, S., Gorgolewski, K. J., Flandin, G., Phillips, C., Delorme, A., & Oostenveld, R. (2019). EEG-BIDS, an extension to the brain imaging data structure for electroencephalography. Scientific Data, 6(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0104-8" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tina Lonsdorf" @@ -27,5 +28,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/bids_data_structure" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/bropenscience.md b/content/glossary/english/bropenscience.md index ffabf1e15ad..008d4935f0f 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/bropenscience.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/bropenscience.md @@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ "references": [ "Guest, O. [@o_guest]. (2017). Thanks! Hopefully this thread & many other similar discussions & blogs will help make it less Bropen Science and more Open Science. *hides* . Twitter. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/o_guest/status/871675631062458368", "Whitaker, K., & Guest, O. (2020). #bropenscience is broken science. The Psychologist, 33, 34–37.", - "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" + "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255", + "Bahlai, C., Bartlett, L. J., Burgio, K. R., et al. (2019). Open science isn’t always open to all scientists. American Scientist, 107(2), 78.", + "Onie, S. (2020). Redesign open science for Asia, Africa and Latin America. Nature, 587, 35–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03052-3" ], "drafted_by": [ "Zoe Flack" @@ -36,5 +38,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/bropenscience" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/collaborative_replication_and_education_project_crep_.md b/content/glossary/english/collaborative_replication_and_education_project_crep_.md index 65d258ea3c8..0e0b51b8c9d 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/collaborative_replication_and_education_project_crep_.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/collaborative_replication_and_education_project_crep_.md @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ "Exact replication" ], "references": [ - "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., & others. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" + "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., et al. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" ], "drafted_by": [ "Connor Keating" @@ -27,5 +27,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/collaborative_replication_and_education_project_crep_" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/committee_on_best_practices_in_data_analysis_and_sharing_cobidas_.md b/content/glossary/english/committee_on_best_practices_in_data_analysis_and_sharing_cobidas_.md index f2404483282..79a8a7c113e 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/committee_on_best_practices_in_data_analysis_and_sharing_cobidas_.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/committee_on_best_practices_in_data_analysis_and_sharing_cobidas_.md @@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ "definition": "The Organization for Human Brain Mapping (OHBM) neuroimaging community has developed a guideline for best practices in neuroimaging data acquisition, analysis, reporting, and sharing of both data and analysis code. It contains eight elements that should be included when writing up or submitting a manuscript, and when sharing neuroimages, in order to optimize transparency and reproducibility.", "related_terms": [], "references": [ - "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., & others. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", - "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., & others. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" + "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., et al. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", + "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., et al. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yu-Fang Yang" @@ -25,5 +25,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/committee_on_best_practices_in_data_analysis_and_sharing_cobidas_" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/conflict_of_interest.md b/content/glossary/english/conflict_of_interest.md index 0f11994df53..98e2f61eff5 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/conflict_of_interest.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/conflict_of_interest.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ "en_title": "Conflict of interest", "title": "Conflict of interest", "sort_key": "conflict of interest", - "definition": "A conflict of interest (COI, also ‘competing interest’) is a financial or non-financial relationship, activity or other interest that might compromise objectivity or professional judgement on the part of an author, reviewer, editor, or editorial staff. The *Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing* by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) states that journals should have policies on publication ethics, including policies on COI (DOAJ, 2018). COIs should be made transparent so that readers can properly evaluate research and assess for potential or actual bias(es). Outside publishing, academic presenters, panel members and educators should also declare COIs. Purposeful failure to disclose a COI may be considered a form of misconduct.", + "definition": "A conflict of interest (COI, also ‘competing interest’) is a financial or non-financial relationship, activity or other interest that might compromise objectivity or professional judgement on the part of an author, reviewer, editor, or editorial staff. The *Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing* by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) states that journals should have policies on publication ethics, including policies on COI (DOAJ, n.d.). COIs should be made transparent so that readers can properly evaluate research and assess for potential or actual bias(es). Outside publishing, academic presenters, panel members and educators should also declare COIs. Purposeful failure to disclose a COI may be considered a form of misconduct.", "related_terms": [ "Objectivity", "Peer review", @@ -28,5 +28,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/conflict_of_interest" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/consortium_authorship.md b/content/glossary/english/consortium_authorship.md index 95d36c3e6f7..e825d9de8e9 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/consortium_authorship.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/consortium_authorship.md @@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ ], "references": [ "Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yuki Yamada" @@ -30,5 +30,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/consortium_authorship" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/constraints_on_generality_cog_.md b/content/glossary/english/constraints_on_generality_cog_.md index 6374aaaec2b..dd181c79019 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/constraints_on_generality_cog_.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/constraints_on_generality_cog_.md @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Busse, C., Kach, A. P., & Wagner, S. M. (2017). Boundary Conditions: What They Are, How to Explore Them, Why We Need Them, and When to Consider Them. Organizational Research Methods, 20(4), 574–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428116641191", - "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., & others. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", + "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., et al. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", "Simons, D. J., Shoda, Y., & Lindsay, D. S. (2017). Constraints on generality (COG): A proposed addition to all empirical papers. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 1123–1128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617708630", "Yarkoni, T. (2020). The generalizability crisis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X20001685" ], @@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/constraints_on_generality_cog_" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/contribution.md b/content/glossary/english/contribution.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b910cce6895 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/glossary/english/contribution.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +{ + "type": "glossary", + "en_title": "Contribution", + "title": "Contribution", + "sort_key": "contribution", + "definition": "A formal addition or activity in a research context. Contribution and contributor statements, including acknowledgments sections in journal articles, are attached to research products to better classify and recognize the variety of labor beyond “authorship” that any intellectual pursuit requires. Contribution is an evolving “source of data for understanding the relationship between authorship and knowledge production.” (Lariviere et al., p.430). In open source software development, a contribution may count as changes committed onto a project's software repository following a peer-review (known technically as a pull request). An example of an open-source project accepting contributions is NumPy (Harris et al., 2020).", + "related_terms": [ + "Authorship", + "CRediT", + "Semantometrics" + ], + "references": [ + "Knoth, P., & Herrmannova, D. (2014). Towards semantometrics: A new semantic similarity based measure for assessing a research publication’s contribution. D-Lib Magazine, 20(11), 8. https://doi.org/10.1045/november2014-knoth", + "Larivière, V., Desrochers, N., Macaluso, B., Mongeon, P., Paul-Hus, A., & Sugimoto, C. R. (2016). Contributorship and division of labor in knowledge production. Social Studies of Science, 46(3), 417–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312716650046", + "Holcombe, A. O. (2019). Contributorship, not authorship: Use CRediT to indicate who did what. Publications, 7(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7030048", + "Harris, C. R., Millman, K. J., van der Walt, S. J., Gommers, R., Virtanen, P., Cournapeau, D., Wieser, E., Taylor, J., Berg, S., Smith, N. J., Kern, R., Picus, M., Hoyer, S., van Kerkwijk, M. H., Brett, M., Haldane, A., del Río, J. F., Wiebe, M., Peterson, P., & Gérard-Marchant, P. (2020). Array programming with NumPy. Nature, 585(7825), 357–362. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2" + ], + "drafted_by": [ + "Micah Vandegrift" + ], + "reviewed_by": [ + "Jamie P. Cockcroft", + "Dominik Kiersz", + "Michele C. Lim", + "Leticia Micheli", + "Sam Parsons", + "Gerald Vineyard" + ], + "alt_related_terms": [ + null + ], + "language": "english", + "aliases": [ + "/glossary/contribution" + ], + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/creative_destruction_approach_to_replication.md b/content/glossary/english/creative_destruction_approach_to_replication.md index fbded0ede41..82197a05c68 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/creative_destruction_approach_to_replication.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/creative_destruction_approach_to_replication.md @@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ "Theory" ], "references": [ - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -32,5 +32,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/creative_destruction_approach_to_replication" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/crowdsourced_research.md b/content/glossary/english/crowdsourced_research.md index 14764c642da..5418b9e1eb8 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/crowdsourced_research.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/crowdsourced_research.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ "Lind, F., Gruber, M., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2017). Content analysis by the crowd: Assessing the usability of crowdsourcing for coding latent constructs. Communication Methods and Measures, 11(3), 191–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1317338", "Moshontz, H., Campbell, L., Ebersole, C. R., IJzerman, H., Urry, H. L., Forscher, P. S., & Chartier, C. R. (2018). The Psychological Science Accelerator: Advancing psychology through a distributed collaborative network. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(4), 501–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918797607", "Peer, E., Brandimarte, L., Samat, S., & Acquisti, A. (2017). Beyond the Turk: Alternative platforms for crowdsourcing behavioral research. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 70, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.01.006", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", "Stewart, N., Chandler, J., & Paolacci, G. (2017). Crowdsourcing samples in cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(10), 736–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.06.007", "Tennant, J., Bielczyk, N. Z., Cheplygina, V., Greshake Tzovaras, B., Hartgerink, C. H. J., Havemann, J., Masuzzo, P., & Steiner, T. (2019). Ten simple rules for researchers collaborating on Massively Open Online Papers (MOOPs). MetaArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/et8ak", "Uhlmann, E. L., Ebersole, C. R., Chartier, C. R., Errington, T. M., Kidwell, M. C., Lai, C. K., McCarthy, R. J., Riegelman, A., Silberzahn, R., & Nosek, B. A. (2019). Scientific utopia III: Crowdsourcing science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(5), 711–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619850561", @@ -44,5 +44,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/crowdsourced_research" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/direct_replication.md b/content/glossary/english/direct_replication.md index 85fcd672e44..e26e42af7e6 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/direct_replication.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/direct_replication.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ "en_title": "Direct replication", "title": "Direct replication", "sort_key": "direct replication", - "definition": "As ‘direct replication’ does not have a widely-agreed technical meaning nor there is no clear cut distinction between a direct and conceptual replication, below we list several contributions towards a consensus. Rather than debating the ‘exactness’ of a replication, it is more helpful to discuss the relevant differences between a replication and its target, and their implications for the reliability and generality of the target’s results. Generally, direct replication refers to a new data collection that attempts to replicate original studies’ methods as closely as possible. A replication attempt that “seek(s) to duplicate the necessary elements that produced the original finding.” (Crüwell et al., 2019; p.243). The purpose of a direct replication can be to identify type 1 errors and/or experimenter effects, determine the replicability of an effect using the same or improved practices, or to create more specific estimates of effect size (Hüffmeier et al., 2016). Directness of replication is a continuum between repeating specific observations (data) and observing generalised effects (phenomena). How closely a replication replicates an original study is often a matter for debate, often with differences being cited as hidden moderators of effects. Furthermore, there can be debate over the relevant importance of technical equivalence (i.e., using identical materials) versus psychological equivalence (i.e., realizing the identical psychological conditions) to the original study (Schwarz and Strack, 2014). For example, consider a study on Trust in the US- President conducted in 2018\\. A technical equivalent replication would use Trump as stimulus (he was president in 2018\\) a psychological equivalent study would use Biden (he is the current president).", + "definition": "As ‘direct replication’ does not have a widely-agreed technical meaning nor there is no clear cut distinction between a direct and conceptual replication, below we list several contributions towards a consensus. Rather than debating the ‘exactness’ of a replication, it is more helpful to discuss the relevant differences between a replication and its target, and their implications for the reliability and generality of the target’s results. Generally, direct replication refers to a new data collection that attempts to replicate original studies’ methods as closely as possible. A replication attempt that “seek(s) to duplicate the necessary elements that produced the original finding.” (Crüwell et al., 2019; p.243). The purpose of a direct replication can be to identify type 1 errors and/or experimenter effects, determine the replicability of an effect using the same or improved practices, or to create more specific estimates of effect size (Hüffmeier et al., 2016). Directness of replication is a continuum between repeating specific observations (data) and observing generalised effects (phenomena). How closely a replication replicates an original study is often a matter for debate, often with differences being cited as hidden moderators of effects. Furthermore, there can be debate over the relevant importance of technical equivalence (i.e., using identical materials) versus psychological equivalence (i.e., realizing the identical psychological conditions) to the original study (Schwarz and Strack, 2014). For example, consider a study on Trust in the US- President conducted in 2018\\. A technical equivalent replication would use Trump as stimulus (he was president in 2018\\) a psychological equivalent study conducted in 2023 would use Biden (he was president in 2023).", "related_terms": [ "close replication", "Conceptual replication", @@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/direct_replication" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/doi_digital_object_identifier_.md b/content/glossary/english/doi_digital_object_identifier_.md index e36dc16d709..63f8ef7f729 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/doi_digital_object_identifier_.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/doi_digital_object_identifier_.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ "en_title": "DOI (digital object identifier)", "title": "DOI (digital object identifier)", "sort_key": "doi (digital object identifier)", - "definition": "Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) are alpha-numeric strings that can be assigned to any entity, including: publications (including preprints), materials, datasets, and feature films \\- the use of DOIs is not restricted to just scholarly or academic material. There are many different DOI registration agencies that operate DOIs, but the two that researchers would most likely encounter are [Crossref](https://www.crossref.org/) and [Datacite](https://datacite.org/).", + "definition": "Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) are alpha-numeric strings that can be assigned to any entity, including: publications (including preprints), materials, datasets, and feature films \\- the use of DOIs is not restricted to just scholarly or academic material. There are many different DOI registration agencies that operate DOIs, but the two that researchers would most likely encounter are [Crossref](https://www.crossref.org/) and [DataCite](https://datacite.org/).", "related_terms": [ "arXiv and BibTex", "Crossref, Datacite, ISBN, ISO, ORCID", @@ -31,5 +31,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/doi_digital_object_identifier_" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/double_consciousness.md b/content/glossary/english/double_consciousness.md index 70d18fe9792..13f26d954b7 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/double_consciousness.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/double_consciousness.md @@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ "references": [ "Albayrak, N., & Okoroji, C. (2019). Facing the challenges of postgraduate study as a minority student. A Guide for Psychology Postgraduates, 63.", "Du Bois, W. E. B. (1968). The souls of black folk; essays and sketches. Johnson Reprint Corp.", - "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press." + "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press.", + "Rubin, M. (2021). Explaining the association between subjective social status and mental health among university students using an impact ratings approach. SN Social Sciences, 1(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-020-00031-3", + "Rubin, M., Evans, O., & McGuffog, R. (2019). Social class differences in social integration at university: Implications for academic outcomes and mental health. In J. Jetten & K. Peters (Eds.), The social psychology of inequality (pp. 87–102). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28856-3_6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir" @@ -29,5 +31,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/double_consciousness" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/equivalence_testing.md b/content/glossary/english/equivalence_testing.md index 1d0e5408aad..c927b3793e7 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/equivalence_testing.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/equivalence_testing.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ "en_title": "Equivalence Testing", "title": "Equivalence Testing", "sort_key": "equivalence testing", - "definition": "Equivalence tests statistically assess the null hypothesis that a given effect exceeds a minimum criterion to be considered meaningful. Thus, rejection of the null hypothesis provides evidence of a lack of (meaningful) effect. Based upon frequentist statistics, equivalence tests work by specifying equivalence bounds: a lower and upper value that reflect the smallest effect size of interest. Two one-sided *t*\\-tests are then conducted against each of these equivalence bounds to assess whether effects that are deemed meaningful can be *rejected* (see Schuirmann, 1972; Lakens et al., 2018; 2020).", + "definition": "Equivalence tests statistically assess the null hypothesis that a given effect exceeds a minimum criterion to be considered meaningful. Thus, rejection of the null hypothesis provides evidence of a lack of (meaningful) effect. Based upon frequentist statistics, equivalence tests work by specifying equivalence bounds: a lower and upper value that reflect the smallest effect size of interest. Two one-sided *t*\\-tests are then conducted against each of these equivalence bounds to assess whether effects that are deemed meaningful can be *rejected* (see Schuirmann, 1987; Lakens et al., 2018; 2020).", "related_terms": [ "Equivalence bounds", "Falsification", @@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/equivalence_testing" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/fair_principles.md b/content/glossary/english/fair_principles.md index 7dbeffe4cb3..650e33faefb 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/fair_principles.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/fair_principles.md @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", - "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., & others. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", + "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., et al. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", "GO FAIR Initiative. (2025). FAIR Principles. https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -32,5 +32,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/fair_principles" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/forrt.md b/content/glossary/english/forrt.md index 556b12620e0..1f33fcef3cf 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/forrt.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/forrt.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ "en_title": "FORRT", "title": "FORRT", "sort_key": "forrt", - "definition": "Framework of Open Reproducible Research and Teaching. It aims to provide a pedagogical infrastructure designed to recognize and support the teaching and mentoring of open and reproducible research in tandem with prototypical subject matters in higher education. FORRT strives to be an effective, evolving, and community-driven organization raising awareness of the pedagogical implications of open and reproducible science and its associated challenges (i.e., curricular reform, epistemological uncertainty, methods of education). FORRT also advocates for the opening of teaching and mentoring materials as a means to facilitate access, discovery, and learning to those who otherwise would be educationally disenfranchised.", + "definition": "Framework for Open and Reproducible Research Training. It aims to provide a pedagogical infrastructure designed to recognize and support the teaching and mentoring of open and reproducible research in tandem with prototypical subject matters in higher education. FORRT strives to be an effective, evolving, and community-driven organization raising awareness of the pedagogical implications of open and reproducible science and its associated challenges (i.e., curricular reform, epistemological uncertainty, methods of education). FORRT also advocates for the opening of teaching and mentoring materials as a means to facilitate access, discovery, and learning to those who otherwise would be educationally disenfranchised.", "related_terms": [ "Integrating open and reproducible science tenets into higher education" ], @@ -25,5 +25,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/forrt" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/garden_of_forking_paths.md b/content/glossary/english/garden_of_forking_paths.md index 36c9250aaa6..955aab5aec5 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/garden_of_forking_paths.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/garden_of_forking_paths.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ "Specification Curve Analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/" + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf" ], "drafted_by": [ "Flávio Azevedo; Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -31,5 +31,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/garden_of_forking_paths" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/multi_analyst_studies.md b/content/glossary/english/multi_analyst_studies.md index a5786498e52..5013f743207 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/multi_analyst_studies.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/multi_analyst_studies.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Aczel, B., Szaszi, B., Nilsonne, G., Van den Akker, O., Albers, C. J., van Assen, M. A. L. M., ..., & Wagenmakers, E. (2021). Guidance for Multi-Analyst Studies. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/5ecnh", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" ], "drafted_by": [ "Sam Parsons" @@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/multi_analyst_studies" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/non_intervention_reproducible_and_open_systematic_reviews_niro_sr_.md b/content/glossary/english/non_intervention_reproducible_and_open_systematic_reviews_niro_sr_.md index 2bad3e74805..a056c9857ce 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/non_intervention_reproducible_and_open_systematic_reviews_niro_sr_.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/non_intervention_reproducible_and_open_systematic_reviews_niro_sr_.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ "Systematic Review Protocol" ], "references": [ - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Asma Assaneea" @@ -29,5 +29,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/non_intervention_reproducible_and_open_systematic_reviews_niro_sr_" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/open_material.md b/content/glossary/english/open_material.md index 726bed85659..9370c0ba49c 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/open_material.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/open_material.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "Transparency" ], "references": [ - "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., & others. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", + "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., et al. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -35,5 +35,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/open_material" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/participatory_research.md b/content/glossary/english/participatory_research.md index b4b1a6f3427..d0ceeeea7d3 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/participatory_research.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/participatory_research.md @@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ "Transformative paradigm" ], "references": [ + "Andersson, N. (2018). Participatory research—a modernizing science for primary health care. Journal of General and Family Medicine, 19(5), 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgf2.187", "Cornwall, A., & Jewkes, R. (1995). What is participatory research? Social Science & Medicine, 41(12), 1667–1676. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00127-S", "Fletcher-Watson, S., Adams, J., Brook, K., Charman, T., Crane, L., Cusack, J., Leekam, S., Milton, D., Parr, J. R., & Pellicano, E. (2019). Making the Future Together: Shaping Autism Research Through Meaningful Participation. Autism, 23(4), 943–953.", "Kiernan, C. (1999). Participation in research by people with learning disability: Origins and issues. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27(2), 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.1999.tb00084.x", @@ -35,5 +36,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/participatory_research" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/public_trust_in_science.md b/content/glossary/english/public_trust_in_science.md index b2410fdaa98..bff4462e11f 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/public_trust_in_science.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/public_trust_in_science.md @@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ "en_title": "Public Trust in Science", "title": "Public Trust in Science", "sort_key": "public trust in science", - "definition": "Trust in the knowledge, guidelines and recommendations that has been produced or provided by scientists to the benefit of civil society (Hendriks et al., 2016). These may also refer to trust in scientific-based recommendations on public health (e.g., universal health-care, stem cell research, federal funds for women’s reproductive rights, preventive measures of contagious diseases, and vaccination), climate change, economic policies (e.g., welfare, inequality- and poverty-control) and their intersections. The trust a member of the public has in science has been shown to be influenced by a vast number of factors such as age (Anderson et al., 2012), gender (Von Roten, 2004), rejection of scientific norms (Lewandowsky & Oberauer, 2021), political ideology (Azevedo & Jost, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2012; Leiserowitz et al., 2010), \tright-wing authoritarianism and social dominance (Kerr & Wilson, 2021), education (Bak, 2001; Hayes & Tariq, 2000), income (Anderson et al., 2012), science knowledge (Evans & Durant, 1995; Nisbet et al., 2002), social media use (Huber et al., 2019), and religiosity (Azevedo, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Liu & Priest, 2009).", + "definition": "Trust in the knowledge, guidelines and recommendations that has been produced or provided by scientists to the benefit of civil society (Hendriks et al., 2016). These may also refer to trust in scientific-based recommendations on public health (e.g., universal health-care, stem cell research, federal funds for women’s reproductive rights, preventive measures of contagious diseases, and vaccination), climate change, economic policies (e.g., welfare, inequality- and poverty-control) and their intersections. The trust a member of the public has in science has been shown to be influenced by a vast number of factors such as age (Anderson et al., 2012), gender (Crettaz von Roten, 2004), rejection of scientific norms (Lewandowsky & Oberauer, 2021), political ideology (Azevedo & Jost, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Leiserowitz et al., 2010), \tright-wing authoritarianism and social dominance (Kerr & Wilson, 2021), education (Bak, 2001; Hayes & Tariq, 2000), income (Anderson et al., 2012), science knowledge (Evans & Durant, 1995; Nisbet et al., 2002), social media use (Huber et al., 2019), and religiosity (Azevedo, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Liu & Priest, 2009).", "related_terms": [ "Credibility of scientific claims", "Epistemic Trust" ], "references": [ "Anderson, M. S., Ronning, E. A., Devries, R., & Martinson, B. C. (2010). Extending the Mertonian norms: Scientists’ subscription to norms of research. Journal of Higher Education, 81(3), 366–393. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0095", - "Azevedo, F. (n.d.). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", + "Azevedo, F. (2021). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", "Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2021). The ideological basis of antiscientific attitudes: Effects of authoritarianism, conservatism, religiosity, social dominance, and system justification. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(4), 518–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430221990104", "Bak, H.-J. (2001). Education and Public Attitudes toward Science: Implications for the ‘Deficit Model’ of Education and Support for Science and Technology. Social Science Quarterly, 82(4), 779–795. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42955760", "Brewer, P. R., & Ley, B. L. (2013). Whose Science Do You Believe? Explaining Trust in Sources of Scientific Information About the Environment. Science Communication, 35(1), 115–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012441691", @@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ "Nisbet, M. C., Scheufele, D. A., Shanahan, J., Moy, P., Brossard, D., & Lewenstein, B. V. (2002). Knowledge, Reservations, or Promise?: A Media Effects Model for Public Perceptions of Science and Technology. Communication Research, 29(5), 584–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365002236196", "Schneider, J., Merk, S., & Rosman, T. (2019). (Re)Building Trust? Investigating the effects of open science badges on perceived trustworthiness in journal articles. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VGBRS", "Wingen, T., Berkessel, J. B., & Englich, B. (2020). No Replication, No Trust? How Low Replicability Influences Trust in Psychology. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619877412", - "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032" + "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032", + "Crettaz von Roten, F. (2004). Gender differences in attitudes toward science in Switzerland. Public Understanding of Science, 13(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662504043870" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tobias Wingen; Flávio Azevedo" @@ -42,5 +43,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/public_trust_in_science" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/repeatability.md b/content/glossary/english/repeatability.md index f92e74b392f..e67d4b9e823 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/repeatability.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/repeatability.md @@ -3,13 +3,14 @@ "en_title": "Repeatability", "title": "Repeatability", "sort_key": "repeatability", - "definition": "Synonymous with *test-retest* *reliability*. It refers to the agreement between the results of successive measurements of the same measure. Repeatability requires the same experimental tools, the same observer, the same measuring instrument administered under the same conditions, the same location, repetition over a short period of time, and the same objectives (Joint Committee for Guidelines in Metrology, 2008\\)", + "definition": "Synonymous with *test-retest* *reliability*. It refers to the agreement between the results of successive measurements of the same measure. Repeatability requires the same experimental tools, the same observer, the same measuring instrument administered under the same conditions, the same location, repetition over a short period of time, and the same objectives (Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology, 2008\\)", "related_terms": [ "Reliability" ], "references": [ "ISO. (1993). Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (1st ed.). International Organization for Standardization.", - "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code." + "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", + "Working Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology JCGM. (2008). Evaluation of measurement data—Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (pp. 1–120). JCGM. https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/2071204/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdf/cb0ef43f-baa5-11cf-3f85-4dcd86f77bd6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif, Adam Parker" @@ -27,5 +28,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/repeatability" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/replicability.md b/content/glossary/english/replicability.md index 311476e1073..b014950bedc 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/replicability.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/replicability.md @@ -14,9 +14,10 @@ ], "references": [ "Barba, L. A. (2018). Terminologies for reproducible research. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1802.03311.", + "Claerbout, J. F., & Karrenbach, M. (1992). Electronic documents give reproducible research a new meaning. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1992, 601–604. http://sepwww.stanford.edu/doku.php?id=sep:research:reproducible:seg92", "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", "King, G. (1995). Replication, replication. PS: Political Science & Politics, 28(3), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.2307/420301", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", "Nosek, B. A., & Errington, T. M. (2020). What is replication? PLOS Biology, 18(3), e3000691. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000691" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -39,5 +40,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/replicability" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/replication_markets.md b/content/glossary/english/replication_markets.md index c42259b9d38..9d65589e535 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/replication_markets.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/replication_markets.md @@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ ], "references": [ "Liu, Y., Gordon, M., Wang, J., Bishop, M., Chen, Y., Pfeiffer, T., Twardy, C., & Viganola, D. (2020). Replication Markets: Results, Lessons, Challenges and Opportunities in AI Replication. ArXiv:2005.04543 . http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.04543", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060", "Replication Markets. (n.d.). Replication Markets – Reliable research replicates…you can bet on it. Replication Markets. https://www.replicationmarkets.org/", "[www.replicationmarkets.com](http://www.replicationmarkets.com)" ], @@ -32,5 +32,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/replication_markets" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/replicats_project.md b/content/glossary/english/replicats_project.md index 0ce567cddfc..0356689c6dc 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/replicats_project.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/replicats_project.md @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ "Trustworthiness" ], "references": [ - "Fraser, H., Bush, M., Wintle, B., Mody, F., Smith, E., Hanea, A., & others. (2021). Predicting reliability through structured expert elicitation with repliCATS (Collaborative Assessments for Trustworthy Science).", + "Fraser, H., Bush, M., Wintle, B., Mody, F., Smith, E., Hanea, A., et al. (2021). Predicting reliability through structured expert elicitation with repliCATS (Collaborative Assessments for Trustworthy Science).", "RepliCATS project. (2020). Collaborative Assessment for Trustworthy Science. The University of Melbourne. https://replicats.research.unimelb.edu.au/" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -29,5 +29,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/replicats_project" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/reporting_guideline.md b/content/glossary/english/reporting_guideline.md index d7cfef4d350..ff14f499f62 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/reporting_guideline.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/reporting_guideline.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials, 11(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-11-32", "Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147(8), 573–577. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.AD", "The EQUATOR Network. (n.d.). What is a reporting guideline? Retrieved 10 July 2021. https://www.equator-network.org/about-us/what-is-a-reporting-guideline/", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Aidan Cashin" @@ -32,5 +32,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/reporting_guideline" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/reproducibility.md b/content/glossary/english/reproducibility.md index 63417e0c754..973c85a7f21 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/reproducibility.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/reproducibility.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "Peng, R. D. (2011). Reproducible Research in Computational Science. Science, 334(6060), 1226–1227. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1213847", "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", "Syed, M. (2019). The Open Science Movement is for all of us. PsyArXiv.", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -35,5 +35,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/reproducibility" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/researcher_degrees_of_freedom.md b/content/glossary/english/researcher_degrees_of_freedom.md index 10ab211e722..3b1b1ed55be 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/researcher_degrees_of_freedom.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/researcher_degrees_of_freedom.md @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ "Specification curve analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/", + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf", "Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632", "Wicherts, J. M., Veldkamp, C. L., Augusteijn, H. E., Bakker, M., Van Aert, R., & Van Assen, M. A. (2016). Degrees of freedom in planning, running, analyzing, and reporting psychological studies: A checklist to avoid p-hacking. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1832. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01832" ], @@ -35,5 +35,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/researcher_degrees_of_freedom" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/systematic_review.md b/content/glossary/english/systematic_review.md index 1fef8d0cd2f..5b45e37e63a 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/systematic_review.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/systematic_review.md @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ "Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J., & Welch, V. A. (Eds.). (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons.", "Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097", "Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., & McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. British Medical Journal, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Jade Pickering" @@ -35,5 +35,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/systematic_review" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/universal_design_for_learning_udl_.md b/content/glossary/english/universal_design_for_learning_udl_.md index 1889e116ffa..e15b4def070 100644 --- a/content/glossary/english/universal_design_for_learning_udl_.md +++ b/content/glossary/english/universal_design_for_learning_udl_.md @@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ "references": [ "Hitchcock, C., Meyer, A., Rose, D., & Jackson, R. (2002). Providing new access to the general curriculum: Universal design for learning. Teaching Exceptional Children, 35(2), 8–17. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/providing-new-access-general-curriculum/docview/201139970/se-2?accountid=8630", "Rose, D. (2000). Universal design for learning. Journal of Special Education Technology, 15(3), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/016264340001500307", - "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision." + "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision.", + "Edyburn, D. L. (2010). Would you recognize universal design for learning if you saw it? Ten propositions for new directions for the second decade of UDL. Learning Disability Quarterly, 33(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/073194871003300103" ], "drafted_by": [ "Charlotte R. Pennington" @@ -32,5 +33,5 @@ "aliases": [ "/glossary/universal_design_for_learning_udl_" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/english/weird.md b/content/glossary/english/weird.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a11235d166f --- /dev/null +++ b/content/glossary/english/weird.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +{ + "type": "glossary", + "en_title": "WEIRD", + "title": "WEIRD", + "sort_key": "weird", + "definition": "This acronym refers to Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic societies. Most research is conducted on, and conducted by, relatively homogeneous samples from WEIRD societies. This limits the generalizability of a large number of research findings, particularly given that WEIRD people are often psychological outliers. It has been argued that “WEIRD psychology” started to evolve culturally as a result of societal changes and religious beliefs in the Middle Ages in Europe. Critics of this term suggest it presents a binary view of the global population and erases variation that exists both between and within societies, and that other aspects of diversity are not captured.", + "related_terms": [ + "Bias", + "BIZARRE", + "Diversity", + "Generalizability", + "Populations", + "Sampling bias", + "STRANGE" + ], + "references": [ + "Henrich, J. (2020). The weirdest people in the world: How the west became psychologically peculiar and particularly prosperous. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.", + "Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X", + "Muthukrishna, M., Bell, A. V., Henrich, J., Curtin, C. M., Gedranovich, A., McInerney, J., & Thue, B. (2020). Beyond Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) psychology: Measuring and mapping scales of cultural and psychological distance. Psychological Science, 31, 678–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620916782", + "Syed, M., & Kathawalla, U. (2020). Cultural Psychology, Diversity, and Representation in Open Science. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/t7hp2" + ], + "drafted_by": [ + "Mahmoud Elsherif" + ], + "reviewed_by": [ + "Zoe Flack", + "Matt Jaquiery", + "Bettina M. J. Kern", + "Adam Parker", + "Charlotte R. Pennington", + "Robert M. Ross", + "Suzanne L. K. Stewart" + ], + "alt_related_terms": [ + null + ], + "language": "english", + "aliases": [ + "/glossary/weird" + ], + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/arrive_leitlinien.md b/content/glossary/german/arrive_leitlinien.md index 4ad6f2c9e6b..5049e890b82 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/arrive_leitlinien.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/arrive_leitlinien.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ "STRANGE" ], "references": [ - "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., & others. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" + "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., et al. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" ], "drafted_by": [ "Ben Farrar" @@ -34,5 +34,5 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/barrierefreiheit.md b/content/glossary/german/barrierefreiheit.md index 7c0f53a6a67..9ea854c276c 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/barrierefreiheit.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/barrierefreiheit.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "references": [ "Brown, N., Thompson, P., & Leigh, J. S. (2018). Making academia more accessible. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(2), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v6i2.348", "Pollet, I. L., & Bond, A. L. (2021). Evaluation and recommendations for greater accessibility of colour figures in ornithology. Ibis, 163, 292–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12887", - "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161)", + "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161", "World Wide Web Consortium. (2021). Web Accessibility Initiative. https://www.w3.org/WAI/", "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" ], @@ -46,5 +46,5 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/bayessche_inferenz.md b/content/glossary/german/bayessche_inferenz.md index b0eae858a94..abfb048af53 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/bayessche_inferenz.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/bayessche_inferenz.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ "Dienes, Z. (2011). Bayesian versus orthodox statistics: Which side are you on? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(3), 274–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611406920", "Dienes, Z. (2014). Using Bayes to get the most out of non-significant results. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00781", "Dienes, Z. (2016). How Bayes factors change scientific practice. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 72, 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2015.10.003", - "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., & others. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", + "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., et al. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", "Kruschke, J. K. (2015). Doing Bayesian data analysis: A tutorial with R, JAGS, and Stan (2nd ed.). Academic Press.", "McElreath, R. (2020). Statistical rethinking: A Bayesian course with examples in R and Stan (2nd ed.). Taylor.", "Wagenmakers, E.-J., Marsman, M., Jamil, T., Ly, A., Verhagen, J., Love, J., Selker, R., Gronau, Q. F., Šmíra, M., Epskamp, S., Matzke, D., Rouder, J. N., & Morey, R. D. (2018). Bayesian inference for psychology. Part I: Theoretical advantages and practical ramifications. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(1), 35–57. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1343-3" @@ -40,5 +40,5 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/beitrag.md b/content/glossary/german/beitrag.md index 7ca64bc2bb9..5a201097d8a 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/beitrag.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/beitrag.md @@ -5,14 +5,15 @@ "sort_key": "beitrag [contribution]", "definition": "Eine formale Ergänzung oder Aktivität in einem Forschungskontext. Erklärungen zu Beiträgen und Mitwirkenden, einschließlich der Danksagungen in Zeitschriftenartikeln, werden an Forschungsprodukte angehängt, um die Vielfalt der Arbeit, die über \"Autor:innenschaft\" hinausgeht und die jede intellektuelle Tätigkeit erfordert, besser zu klassifizieren und anzuerkennen. Contributions sind eine sich entwickelnde “source of data for understanding the relationship between authorship and knowledge production.” (dt. Datenquelle für das Verständnis der Beziehung zwischen Autor:innenschaft und Wissensproduktion; Lariviere et al., S.430). Bei der Entwicklung von Open-Source-Software kann ein solcher Beitrag eine Änderung sein, die nach Begutachtung in das Software-Repositorium eines Projekts aufgenommen wird (technisch als Pull-Request bezeichnet). Ein Beispiel für ein Open-Source-Projekt, das Beiträge akzeptiert, ist NumPy (Harris et al., 2020).", "related_terms": [ - "authorship", + "Authorship", "CRediT", "Semantometrics" ], "references": [ "Knoth, P., & Herrmannova, D. (2014). Towards semantometrics: A new semantic similarity based measure for assessing a research publication’s contribution. D-Lib Magazine, 20(11), 8. https://doi.org/10.1045/november2014-knoth", "Larivière, V., Desrochers, N., Macaluso, B., Mongeon, P., Paul-Hus, A., & Sugimoto, C. R. (2016). Contributorship and division of labor in knowledge production. Social Studies of Science, 46(3), 417–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312716650046", - "Holcombe, A. O. (2019). Contributorship, not authorship: Use CRediT to indicate who did what. Publications, 7(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7030048" + "Holcombe, A. O. (2019). Contributorship, not authorship: Use CRediT to indicate who did what. Publications, 7(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7030048", + "Harris, C. R., Millman, K. J., van der Walt, S. J., Gommers, R., Virtanen, P., Cournapeau, D., Wieser, E., Taylor, J., Berg, S., Smith, N. J., Kern, R., Picus, M., Hoyer, S., van Kerkwijk, M. H., Brett, M., Haldane, A., del Río, J. F., Wiebe, M., Peterson, P., & Gérard-Marchant, P. (2020). Array programming with NumPy. Nature, 585(7825), 357–362. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2" ], "drafted_by": [ "Micah Vandegrift" @@ -36,5 +37,5 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/berichtleitlinien.md b/content/glossary/german/berichtleitlinien.md index 05c2a590336..08c50ebf74e 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/berichtleitlinien.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/berichtleitlinien.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials, 11(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-11-32", "Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147(8), 573–577. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.AD", "The EQUATOR Network. (n.d.). What is a reporting guideline? Retrieved 10 July 2021. https://www.equator-network.org/about-us/what-is-a-reporting-guideline/", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Aidan Cashin" @@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/bids_datenstruktur.md b/content/glossary/german/bids_datenstruktur.md index b5f061917c6..b716e366d90 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/bids_datenstruktur.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/bids_datenstruktur.md @@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ "Open Data" ], "references": [ - "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., & others. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", - "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io" + "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., et al. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", + "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io", + "Pernet, C. R., Appelhoff, S., Gorgolewski, K. J., Flandin, G., Phillips, C., Delorme, A., & Oostenveld, R. (2019). EEG-BIDS, an extension to the brain imaging data structure for electroencephalography. Scientific Data, 6(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0104-8" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tina Lonsdorf" @@ -31,5 +32,5 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/bropenscience.md b/content/glossary/german/bropenscience.md index 8a38e3bfee3..81a0d3bb21f 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/bropenscience.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/bropenscience.md @@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ "references": [ "Guest, O. [@o_guest]. (2017). Thanks! Hopefully this thread & many other similar discussions & blogs will help make it less Bropen Science and more Open Science. *hides* . Twitter. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/o_guest/status/871675631062458368", "Whitaker, K., & Guest, O. (2020). #bropenscience is broken science. The Psychologist, 33, 34–37.", - "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" + "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255", + "Bahlai, C., Bartlett, L. J., Burgio, K. R., et al. (2019). Open science isn’t always open to all scientists. American Scientist, 107(2), 78.", + "Onie, S. (2020). Redesign open science for Asia, Africa and Latin America. Nature, 587, 35–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03052-3" ], "drafted_by": [ "Zoe Flack" @@ -40,5 +42,5 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/cobidas.md b/content/glossary/german/cobidas.md index 2d44dda6c28..86b74d4546e 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/cobidas.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/cobidas.md @@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ "definition": "Die Organization for Human Brain Mapping (OHBM; dt. Organisation für menschliche Hirnbildgebung) hat einen Leitfaden für optimale Verfahren (best practices) bei der Erhebung und Analyse von Bildgebungsdaten, der Veröffentlichung und der gemeinsamen Nutzung von Daten und Analysecodes entwickelt. Er enthält acht Elemente, die beim Verfassen oder Einreichen eines Manuskripts berücksichtigt werden sollten, um die Veröffentlichung der Methodik und die daraus resultierenden Bildgebungsdaten zu verbessern und so die Transparenz und Reproduzierbarkeit zu optimieren. **Alternative definition:** (if applicable) Checklist for data analysis and sharing", "related_terms": [], "references": [ - "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., & others. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", - "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., & others. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" + "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., et al. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", + "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., et al. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yu-Fang Yang" @@ -29,5 +29,5 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/german/cog_beschr\303\244nkungen_der_generalisierbarkeit.md" "b/content/glossary/german/cog_beschr\303\244nkungen_der_generalisierbarkeit.md" index 627fd664287..0b65f723df4 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/german/cog_beschr\303\244nkungen_der_generalisierbarkeit.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/german/cog_beschr\303\244nkungen_der_generalisierbarkeit.md" @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Busse, C., Kach, A. P., & Wagner, S. M. (2017). Boundary Conditions: What They Are, How to Explore Them, Why We Need Them, and When to Consider Them. Organizational Research Methods, 20(4), 574–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428116641191", - "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., & others. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", + "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., et al. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", "Simons, D. J., Shoda, Y., & Lindsay, D. S. (2017). Constraints on generality (COG): A proposed addition to all empirical papers. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 1123–1128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617708630", "Yarkoni, T. (2020). The generalizability crisis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X20001685" ], @@ -42,5 +42,5 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/crep.md b/content/glossary/german/crep.md index eba0b52e5a6..abd373a60ff 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/crep.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/crep.md @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ "Exact replication" ], "references": [ - "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., & others. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" + "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., et al. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" ], "drafted_by": [ "Connor Keating" @@ -31,5 +31,5 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/crowdsourcing_forschung.md b/content/glossary/german/crowdsourcing_forschung.md index 71fd079dc30..6c25c67dfeb 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/crowdsourcing_forschung.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/crowdsourcing_forschung.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ "Lind, F., Gruber, M., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2017). Content analysis by the crowd: Assessing the usability of crowdsourcing for coding latent constructs. Communication Methods and Measures, 11(3), 191–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1317338", "Moshontz, H., Campbell, L., Ebersole, C. R., IJzerman, H., Urry, H. L., Forscher, P. S., & Chartier, C. R. (2018). The Psychological Science Accelerator: Advancing psychology through a distributed collaborative network. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(4), 501–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918797607", "Peer, E., Brandimarte, L., Samat, S., & Acquisti, A. (2017). Beyond the Turk: Alternative platforms for crowdsourcing behavioral research. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 70, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.01.006", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", "Stewart, N., Chandler, J., & Paolacci, G. (2017). Crowdsourcing samples in cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(10), 736–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.06.007", "Tennant, J., Bielczyk, N. Z., Cheplygina, V., Greshake Tzovaras, B., Hartgerink, C. H. J., Havemann, J., Masuzzo, P., & Steiner, T. (2019). Ten simple rules for researchers collaborating on Massively Open Online Papers (MOOPs). MetaArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/et8ak", "Uhlmann, E. L., Ebersole, C. R., Chartier, C. R., Errington, T. M., Kidwell, M. C., Lai, C. K., McCarthy, R. J., Riegelman, A., Silberzahn, R., & Nosek, B. A. (2019). Scientific utopia III: Crowdsourcing science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(5), 711–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619850561", @@ -48,5 +48,5 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/doppeltes_bewusstsein.md b/content/glossary/german/doppeltes_bewusstsein.md index 1b525352b55..daeb24af5c4 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/doppeltes_bewusstsein.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/doppeltes_bewusstsein.md @@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ "references": [ "Albayrak, N., & Okoroji, C. (2019). Facing the challenges of postgraduate study as a minority student. A Guide for Psychology Postgraduates, 63.", "Du Bois, W. E. B. (1968). The souls of black folk; essays and sketches. Johnson Reprint Corp.", - "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press." + "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press.", + "Rubin, M. (2021). Explaining the association between subjective social status and mental health among university students using an impact ratings approach. SN Social Sciences, 1(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-020-00031-3", + "Rubin, M., Evans, O., & McGuffog, R. (2019). Social class differences in social integration at university: Implications for academic outcomes and mental health. In J. Jetten & K. Peters (Eds.), The social psychology of inequality (pp. 87–102). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28856-3_6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir" @@ -33,5 +35,5 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/fair_prinzipien.md b/content/glossary/german/fair_prinzipien.md index 223f3747040..af89e062780 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/fair_prinzipien.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/fair_prinzipien.md @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", - "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., & others. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", + "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., et al. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", "GO FAIR Initiative. (2025). FAIR Principles. https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/freiheitsgrade_von_forschenden.md b/content/glossary/german/freiheitsgrade_von_forschenden.md index a164c30a009..2a790348c0c 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/freiheitsgrade_von_forschenden.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/freiheitsgrade_von_forschenden.md @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ "Specification curve analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/", + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf", "Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632", "Wicherts, J. M., Veldkamp, C. L., Augusteijn, H. E., Bakker, M., Van Aert, R., & Van Assen, M. A. (2016). Degrees of freedom in planning, running, analyzing, and reporting psychological studies: A checklist to avoid p-hacking. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1832. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01832" ], @@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/garten_der_weggabelungen.md b/content/glossary/german/garten_der_weggabelungen.md index a88123fdf5c..2f91df6f3e0 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/garten_der_weggabelungen.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/garten_der_weggabelungen.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ "Specification Curve Analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/" + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf" ], "drafted_by": [ "Flávio Azevedo; Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -35,5 +35,5 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/interessenkonflikt.md b/content/glossary/german/interessenkonflikt.md index e65fc6e59ee..cd437fcb01e 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/interessenkonflikt.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/interessenkonflikt.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ "en_title": "Conflict of interest", "title": "Interessenkonflikt [Conflict of interest]", "sort_key": "interessenkonflikt [conflict of interest]", - "definition": "Ein Interessenkonflikt (COI, Conflict of Interest) ist eine finanzielle oder nicht-finanzielle Beziehung, Aktivität oder ein anderes Interesse, das die Objektivität oder das professionelle Urteilsvermögen von Autor:innen, Gutachter:innen, Redakteur:innen oder Redaktionsmitgliedern beeinträchtigen könnte. In den “Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing” des Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), des Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), der Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) und der World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) heißt es, dass Zeitschriften über Richtlinien zur Publikationsethik verfügen sollten, einschließlich Richtlinien zu COI (DOAJ, 2018). COIs sollten transparent offengelegt werden, damit die Lesende die Forschung richtig bewerten und auf potenzielle oder tatsächliche Voreingenommenheit(en) prüfen können. Jenseits von Veröffentlichungen sollten akademische Vortragende, Gremiumsmitglieder und Lehrende ebenfalls COIs angeben. Die absichtliche Nichtoffenlegung eines Interessenkonflikts kann als eine Form des Fehlverhaltens angesehen werden.", + "definition": "Ein Interessenkonflikt (COI, Conflict of Interest) ist eine finanzielle oder nicht-finanzielle Beziehung, Aktivität oder ein anderes Interesse, das die Objektivität oder das professionelle Urteilsvermögen von Autor:innen, Gutachter:innen, Redakteur:innen oder Redaktionsmitgliedern beeinträchtigen könnte. In den “Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing” des Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), des Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), der Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) und der World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) heißt es, dass Zeitschriften über Richtlinien zur Publikationsethik verfügen sollten, einschließlich Richtlinien zu COI (DOAJ, n.d.). COIs sollten transparent offengelegt werden, damit die Lesende die Forschung richtig bewerten und auf potenzielle oder tatsächliche Voreingenommenheit(en) prüfen können. Jenseits von Veröffentlichungen sollten akademische Vortragende, Gremiumsmitglieder und Lehrende ebenfalls COIs angeben. Die absichtliche Nichtoffenlegung eines Interessenkonflikts kann als eine Form des Fehlverhaltens angesehen werden.", "related_terms": [ "Objectivity", "Peer review", @@ -32,5 +32,5 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/konsortium_autor_innenschaft.md b/content/glossary/german/konsortium_autor_innenschaft.md index 81dbd2e84c4..fa8732a1202 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/konsortium_autor_innenschaft.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/konsortium_autor_innenschaft.md @@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ ], "references": [ "Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yuki Yamada" @@ -34,5 +34,5 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/multi_analytiker_innen_studien.md b/content/glossary/german/multi_analytiker_innen_studien.md index 9cd6e2ff488..13216706e81 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/multi_analytiker_innen_studien.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/multi_analytiker_innen_studien.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Aczel, B., Szaszi, B., Nilsonne, G., Van den Akker, O., Albers, C. J., van Assen, M. A. L. M., ..., & Wagenmakers, E. (2021). Guidance for Multi-Analyst Studies. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/5ecnh", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" ], "drafted_by": [ "Sam Parsons" @@ -40,5 +40,5 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/niro_sr.md b/content/glossary/german/niro_sr.md index 91aa1620495..92d51f1cb13 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/niro_sr.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/niro_sr.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ "Systematic Review Protocol" ], "references": [ - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Asma Assaneea" @@ -33,5 +33,5 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/offene_materialien.md b/content/glossary/german/offene_materialien.md index c068e37b7e9..b960c054551 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/offene_materialien.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/offene_materialien.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "Transparency" ], "references": [ - "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., & others. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", + "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., et al. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/open_science_open_science_abzeichen.md b/content/glossary/german/open_science_open_science_abzeichen.md index 2f125d59e9f..b6c4a7971c9 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/open_science_open_science_abzeichen.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/open_science_open_science_abzeichen.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ "Triple badge" ], "references": [ - "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., & others. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", + "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., et al. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456", "Rowhani-Farid, A., Aldcroft, A., & Barnett, A. G. (2020). Did awarding badges increase data sharing in BMJ Open? A randomized controlled trial. Royal Society Open Science, 7(3), 191818. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191818", "Science, C. (n.d.). Open science badges. https://www.cos.io/initiatives/badges" @@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/partizipative_forschung.md b/content/glossary/german/partizipative_forschung.md index 2ede9173aaf..b8204f16b91 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/partizipative_forschung.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/partizipative_forschung.md @@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ "Transformative paradigm" ], "references": [ + "Andersson, N. (2018). Participatory research—a modernizing science for primary health care. Journal of General and Family Medicine, 19(5), 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgf2.187", "Cornwall, A., & Jewkes, R. (1995). What is participatory research? Social Science & Medicine, 41(12), 1667–1676. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00127-S", "Fletcher-Watson, S., Adams, J., Brook, K., Charman, T., Crane, L., Cusack, J., Leekam, S., Milton, D., Parr, J. R., & Pellicano, E. (2019). Making the Future Together: Shaping Autism Research Through Meaningful Participation. Autism, 23(4), 943–953.", "Kiernan, C. (1999). Participation in research by people with learning disability: Origins and issues. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27(2), 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.1999.tb00084.x", @@ -39,5 +40,5 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/computational_rechenmodell.md b/content/glossary/german/rechenmodell.md similarity index 85% rename from content/glossary/german/computational_rechenmodell.md rename to content/glossary/german/rechenmodell.md index c6f8ad00334..df0eef80620 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/computational_rechenmodell.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/rechenmodell.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ { "type": "glossary", "en_title": "Model (computational)", - "title": "computational Rechenmodell [Model (computational)]", - "sort_key": "computational rechenmodell [model (computational)]", + "title": "Rechenmodell [Model (computational)]", + "sort_key": "rechenmodell [model (computational)]", "definition": "Rechenmodelle zielen darauf ab, untersuchte Phänomene mathematisch zu übersetzen, um komplexe Verhaltensweisen besser zu verstehen, zu vermitteln und vorherzusagen.", "related_terms": [ "algorithms", @@ -36,5 +36,8 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "aliases": [ + "/glossary/german/computational_rechenmodell" + ], + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/replicats_project.md b/content/glossary/german/replicats_project.md index 5b42d2716d7..ae7718416c9 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/replicats_project.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/replicats_project.md @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ "Trustworthiness" ], "references": [ - "Fraser, H., Bush, M., Wintle, B., Mody, F., Smith, E., Hanea, A., & others. (2021). Predicting reliability through structured expert elicitation with repliCATS (Collaborative Assessments for Trustworthy Science).", + "Fraser, H., Bush, M., Wintle, B., Mody, F., Smith, E., Hanea, A., et al. (2021). Predicting reliability through structured expert elicitation with repliCATS (Collaborative Assessments for Trustworthy Science).", "RepliCATS project. (2020). Collaborative Assessment for Trustworthy Science. The University of Melbourne. https://replicats.research.unimelb.edu.au/" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -33,5 +33,5 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/german/replikabilit\303\244t.md" "b/content/glossary/german/replikabilit\303\244t.md" index c1e0258d6ef..6d9fd827fab 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/german/replikabilit\303\244t.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/german/replikabilit\303\244t.md" @@ -14,9 +14,10 @@ ], "references": [ "Barba, L. A. (2018). Terminologies for reproducible research. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1802.03311.", + "Claerbout, J. F., & Karrenbach, M. (1992). Electronic documents give reproducible research a new meaning. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1992, 601–604. http://sepwww.stanford.edu/doku.php?id=sep:research:reproducible:seg92", "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", "King, G. (1995). Replication, replication. PS: Political Science & Politics, 28(3), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.2307/420301", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", "Nosek, B. A., & Errington, T. M. (2020). What is replication? PLOS Biology, 18(3), e3000691. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000691" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -43,5 +44,5 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/german/replikationsm\303\244rkte.md" "b/content/glossary/german/replikationsm\303\244rkte.md" index fad8c08e33a..e1370f530e7 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/german/replikationsm\303\244rkte.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/german/replikationsm\303\244rkte.md" @@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ ], "references": [ "Liu, Y., Gordon, M., Wang, J., Bishop, M., Chen, Y., Pfeiffer, T., Twardy, C., & Viganola, D. (2020). Replication Markets: Results, Lessons, Challenges and Opportunities in AI Replication. ArXiv:2005.04543 . http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.04543", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060", "Replication Markets. (n.d.). Replication Markets – Reliable research replicates…you can bet on it. Replication Markets. https://www.replicationmarkets.org/", "[www.replicationmarkets.com](http://www.replicationmarkets.com)" ], @@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/reproduzierbarkeit.md b/content/glossary/german/reproduzierbarkeit.md index 93b12f378e8..dda7b99caea 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/reproduzierbarkeit.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/reproduzierbarkeit.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "Peng, R. D. (2011). Reproducible Research in Computational Science. Science, 334(6060), 1226–1227. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1213847", "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", "Syed, M. (2019). The Open Science Movement is for all of us. PsyArXiv.", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/german/sch\303\266pferische_zerst\303\266rung_als_herangehensweise_an_replikationen.md" "b/content/glossary/german/sch\303\266pferische_zerst\303\266rung_als_herangehensweise_an_replikationen.md" index fa5b68e9950..fdbfcb60edd 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/german/sch\303\266pferische_zerst\303\266rung_als_herangehensweise_an_replikationen.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/german/sch\303\266pferische_zerst\303\266rung_als_herangehensweise_an_replikationen.md" @@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ "Theory" ], "references": [ - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/statistical_statistisches_modell.md b/content/glossary/german/statistisches_modell.md similarity index 85% rename from content/glossary/german/statistical_statistisches_modell.md rename to content/glossary/german/statistisches_modell.md index 8153adbcc85..518b04aba74 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/statistical_statistisches_modell.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/statistisches_modell.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ { "type": "glossary", "en_title": "Model (statistical)", - "title": "statistical statistisches Modell [Model (statistical)]", - "sort_key": "statistical statistisches modell [model (statistical)]", + "title": "statistisches Modell [Model (statistical)]", + "sort_key": "statistisches modell [model (statistical)]", "definition": "Eine mathematische Repräsentation beobachteter Daten, die darauf abzielt, die untersuchte Population widerzuspiegeln, und die ein besseres Verständnis des interessierenden Phänomens, die Identifizierung von Beziehungen zwischen den Variablen und Vorhersagen über zukünftige Fälle ermöglicht. Ein klassisches Beispiel ist die Anwendung von Chi-Quadrat, um den Zusammenhang zwischen Rauchen und Krebs zu verstehen (Doll & Hill, 1954).", "related_terms": [ "Bayesian Inference", @@ -34,5 +34,8 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "aliases": [ + "/glossary/german/statistical_statistisches_modell" + ], + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/systematisches_review.md b/content/glossary/german/systematisches_review.md index 94549fb2097..456eca619e8 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/systematisches_review.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/systematisches_review.md @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ "Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J., & Welch, V. A. (Eds.). (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons.", "Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097", "Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., & McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. British Medical Journal, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Jade Pickering" @@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Joris Frese ###" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/udl.md b/content/glossary/german/udl.md index 981cc632b97..b57d75870ea 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/udl.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/udl.md @@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ "references": [ "Hitchcock, C., Meyer, A., Rose, D., & Jackson, R. (2002). Providing new access to the general curriculum: Universal design for learning. Teaching Exceptional Children, 35(2), 8–17. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/providing-new-access-general-curriculum/docview/201139970/se-2?accountid=8630", "Rose, D. (2000). Universal design for learning. Journal of Special Education Technology, 15(3), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/016264340001500307", - "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision." + "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision.", + "Edyburn, D. L. (2010). Would you recognize universal design for learning if you saw it? Ten propositions for new directions for the second decade of UDL. Learning Disability Quarterly, 33(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/073194871003300103" ], "drafted_by": [ "Charlotte R. Pennington" @@ -36,5 +37,5 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Joris Frese" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/weird.md b/content/glossary/german/weird.md index 03dca3ada5a..cd8faafd996 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/weird.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/weird.md @@ -4,10 +4,33 @@ "title": "WEIRD", "sort_key": "weird", "definition": "Dieses Akronym steht für westliche, gebildete, industrialisierte, reiche und demokratische (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic) Gesellschaften. Die meisten Forschungsarbeiten werden an relativ homogenen Stichproben aus WEIRD-Gesellschaften durchgeführt und von diesen durchgeführt. Dies schränkt die Verallgemeinerbarkeit zahlreicher Forschungsergebnisse ein, zumal WEIRD-Personen oft psychologische Ausreißer sind. Es wurde argumentiert, dass sich die \"WEIRD Psychologie\" kulturell als Ergebnis gesellschaftlicher Veränderungen und religiöser Überzeugungen im Mittelalter in Europa zu entwickeln begann. Kritiker\\*innen dieses Begriffs sind der Meinung, dass er ein binäres Bild der Weltbevölkerung zeichnet und die Unterschiede zwischen und innerhalb von Gesellschaften ausblendet und dass andere Aspekte der Vielfalt nicht erfasst werden.", - "related_terms": [], - "references": [], - "drafted_by": [], - "reviewed_by": [], + "related_terms": [ + "Bias", + "BIZARRE", + "Diversity", + "Generalizability", + "Populations", + "Sampling bias", + "STRANGE" + ], + "references": [ + "Henrich, J. (2020). The weirdest people in the world: How the west became psychologically peculiar and particularly prosperous. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.", + "Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X", + "Muthukrishna, M., Bell, A. V., Henrich, J., Curtin, C. M., Gedranovich, A., McInerney, J., & Thue, B. (2020). Beyond Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) psychology: Measuring and mapping scales of cultural and psychological distance. Psychological Science, 31, 678–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620916782", + "Syed, M., & Kathawalla, U. (2020). Cultural Psychology, Diversity, and Representation in Open Science. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/t7hp2" + ], + "drafted_by": [ + "Mahmoud Elsherif" + ], + "reviewed_by": [ + "Zoe Flack", + "Matt Jaquiery", + "Bettina M. J. Kern", + "Adam Parker", + "Charlotte R. Pennington", + "Robert M. Ross", + "Suzanne L. K. Stewart" + ], "alt_related_terms": [ null ], @@ -19,5 +42,5 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Joris Frese ### ###" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/german/wiederholbarkeit.md b/content/glossary/german/wiederholbarkeit.md index fd0dc572fc3..60eb601d5e8 100644 --- a/content/glossary/german/wiederholbarkeit.md +++ b/content/glossary/german/wiederholbarkeit.md @@ -3,13 +3,14 @@ "en_title": "Repeatability", "title": "Wiederholbarkeit [Repeatability]", "sort_key": "wiederholbarkeit [repeatability]", - "definition": "Synonym für die Test-Retest-Reliabilität. Sie bezieht sich auf die Übereinstimmung zwischen den Ergebnissen aufeinanderfolgender Messungen derselben Maße. Die Wiederholbarkeit erfordert die gleichen Versuchswerkzeuge, die gleichen Beobachtenden, das gleiche Messinstrument unter den gleichen Bedingungen, den gleichen Ort, Wiederholungen über einen kurzen Zeitraum und die gleichen Ziele (Joint Committee for Guidelines in Metrology, 2008\\)", + "definition": "Synonym für die Test-Retest-Reliabilität. Sie bezieht sich auf die Übereinstimmung zwischen den Ergebnissen aufeinanderfolgender Messungen derselben Maße. Die Wiederholbarkeit erfordert die gleichen Versuchswerkzeuge, die gleichen Beobachtenden, das gleiche Messinstrument unter den gleichen Bedingungen, den gleichen Ort, Wiederholungen über einen kurzen Zeitraum und die gleichen Ziele (Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology, 2008\\)", "related_terms": [ "Reliability" ], "references": [ "ISO. (1993). Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (1st ed.). International Organization for Standardization.", - "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code." + "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", + "Working Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology JCGM. (2008). Evaluation of measurement data—Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (pp. 1–120). JCGM. https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/2071204/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdf/cb0ef43f-baa5-11cf-3f85-4dcd86f77bd6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif, Adam Parker" @@ -31,5 +32,5 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/german/\303\244quivalenztesten.md" "b/content/glossary/german/\303\244quivalenztesten.md" index a4e6ec7a119..a5e211b997a 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/german/\303\244quivalenztesten.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/german/\303\244quivalenztesten.md" @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ "en_title": "Equivalence Testing", "title": "Äquivalenztesten [Equivalence Testing]", "sort_key": "äquivalenztesten [equivalence testing]", - "definition": "Äquivalenztests bewerten statistisch die Nullhypothese, dass ein bestimmter Effekt ein Minimalkriterium überschreitet, um als bedeutsam eingestuft zu werden. Die Ablehnung der Nullhypothese ist somit ein Beweis für das Fehlen eines (bedeutsamen) Effekts. Äquivalenztests basieren auf der frequentistischen Statistik und funktionieren durch die Festlegung von Äquivalenzgrenzen: einer unteren und einer oberen Grenze, die die kleinste interessierende Effektgröße widerspiegeln. Anschließend werden zwei einseitige *t*\\-Tests gegen jede dieser Äquivalenzgrenzen durchgeführt, um festzustellen, ob als bedeutsam erachteten Effekte *abgelehnt* werden können (siehe Schuirmann, 1972; Lakens et al., 2018; 2020).", + "definition": "Äquivalenztests bewerten statistisch die Nullhypothese, dass ein bestimmter Effekt ein Minimalkriterium überschreitet, um als bedeutsam eingestuft zu werden. Die Ablehnung der Nullhypothese ist somit ein Beweis für das Fehlen eines (bedeutsamen) Effekts. Äquivalenztests basieren auf der frequentistischen Statistik und funktionieren durch die Festlegung von Äquivalenzgrenzen: einer unteren und einer oberen Grenze, die die kleinste interessierende Effektgröße widerspiegeln. Anschließend werden zwei einseitige *t*\\-Tests gegen jede dieser Äquivalenzgrenzen durchgeführt, um festzustellen, ob als bedeutsam erachteten Effekte *abgelehnt* werden können (siehe Schuirmann, 1987; Lakens et al., 2018; 2020).", "related_terms": [ "Equivalence bounds", "Falsification", @@ -40,5 +40,5 @@ "Helena Hartmann", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/german/\303\266ffentliches_vertrauen_in_die_wissenschaft.md" "b/content/glossary/german/\303\266ffentliches_vertrauen_in_die_wissenschaft.md" index e9768b3e26f..13d4665be66 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/german/\303\266ffentliches_vertrauen_in_die_wissenschaft.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/german/\303\266ffentliches_vertrauen_in_die_wissenschaft.md" @@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ "en_title": "Public Trust in Science", "title": "öffentliches Vertrauen in die Wissenschaft [Public Trust in Science]", "sort_key": "öffentliches vertrauen in die wissenschaft [public trust in science]", - "definition": "Vertrauen in das Wissen, die Leitlinien und Empfehlungen, die von Wissenschaftler:innen zum Nutzen der Zivilgesellschaft erarbeitet oder bereitgestellt wurden (Hendriks et al., 2016). Dies kann sich auch auf das Vertrauen in wissenschaftlich fundierte Empfehlungen zur öffentlichen Gesundheit (z. B. universelle Gesundheitsversorgung, Stammzellenforschung, Bundesmittel für die reproduktiven Rechte von Frauen, Präventivmaßnahmen für ansteckende Krankheiten und Impfungen), zum Klimawandel, zur Wirtschaftspolitik (z. B. Sozial-/Transferleistungen, Bekämpfung von Ungleichheit und Armut) und deren Überschneidungen beziehen. Das Vertrauen der Öffentlichkeit in die Wissenschaft wird nachweislich durch eine Vielzahl von Faktoren beeinflusst, wie Alter (Anderson et al., 2012), Geschlecht (Von Roten, 2004), Ablehnung wissenschaftlicher Normen (Lewandowsky & Oberauer, 2021), politische Ideologie (Azevedo & Jost, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2012; Leiserowitz et al, 2010), Rechtsautoritarismus und soziale Dominanz (Kerr & Wilson, 2021), Bildung (Bak, 2001; Hayes & Tariq, 2000), Einkommen (Anderson et al., 2012), wissenschaftliche Kenntnisse (Evans & Durant, 1995; Nisbet et al., 2002), Nutzung sozialer Medien (Huber et al., 2019\\) und Religiosität (Azevedo, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Liu & Priest, 2009).", + "definition": "Vertrauen in das Wissen, die Leitlinien und Empfehlungen, die von Wissenschaftler:innen zum Nutzen der Zivilgesellschaft erarbeitet oder bereitgestellt wurden (Hendriks et al., 2016). Dies kann sich auch auf das Vertrauen in wissenschaftlich fundierte Empfehlungen zur öffentlichen Gesundheit (z. B. universelle Gesundheitsversorgung, Stammzellenforschung, Bundesmittel für die reproduktiven Rechte von Frauen, Präventivmaßnahmen für ansteckende Krankheiten und Impfungen), zum Klimawandel, zur Wirtschaftspolitik (z. B. Sozial-/Transferleistungen, Bekämpfung von Ungleichheit und Armut) und deren Überschneidungen beziehen. Das Vertrauen der Öffentlichkeit in die Wissenschaft wird nachweislich durch eine Vielzahl von Faktoren beeinflusst, wie Alter (Anderson et al., 2012), Geschlecht (Crettaz von Roten, 2004), Ablehnung wissenschaftlicher Normen (Lewandowsky & Oberauer, 2021), politische Ideologie (Azevedo & Jost, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Leiserowitz et al, 2010), Rechtsautoritarismus und soziale Dominanz (Kerr & Wilson, 2021), Bildung (Bak, 2001; Hayes & Tariq, 2000), Einkommen (Anderson et al., 2012), wissenschaftliche Kenntnisse (Evans & Durant, 1995; Nisbet et al., 2002), Nutzung sozialer Medien (Huber et al., 2019\\) und Religiosität (Azevedo, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Liu & Priest, 2009).", "related_terms": [ "Credibility of scientific claims", "Epistemic Trust" ], "references": [ "Anderson, M. S., Ronning, E. A., Devries, R., & Martinson, B. C. (2010). Extending the Mertonian norms: Scientists’ subscription to norms of research. Journal of Higher Education, 81(3), 366–393. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0095", - "Azevedo, F. (n.d.). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", + "Azevedo, F. (2021). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", "Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2021). The ideological basis of antiscientific attitudes: Effects of authoritarianism, conservatism, religiosity, social dominance, and system justification. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(4), 518–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430221990104", "Bak, H.-J. (2001). Education and Public Attitudes toward Science: Implications for the ‘Deficit Model’ of Education and Support for Science and Technology. Social Science Quarterly, 82(4), 779–795. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42955760", "Brewer, P. R., & Ley, B. L. (2013). Whose Science Do You Believe? Explaining Trust in Sources of Scientific Information About the Environment. Science Communication, 35(1), 115–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012441691", @@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ "Nisbet, M. C., Scheufele, D. A., Shanahan, J., Moy, P., Brossard, D., & Lewenstein, B. V. (2002). Knowledge, Reservations, or Promise?: A Media Effects Model for Public Perceptions of Science and Technology. Communication Research, 29(5), 584–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365002236196", "Schneider, J., Merk, S., & Rosman, T. (2019). (Re)Building Trust? Investigating the effects of open science badges on perceived trustworthiness in journal articles. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VGBRS", "Wingen, T., Berkessel, J. B., & Englich, B. (2020). No Replication, No Trust? How Low Replicability Influences Trust in Psychology. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619877412", - "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032" + "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032", + "Crettaz von Roten, F. (2004). Gender differences in attitudes toward science in Switzerland. Public Understanding of Science, 13(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662504043870" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tobias Wingen; Flávio Azevedo" @@ -46,5 +47,5 @@ "Susanne Vogel", "Jennifer Mattschey" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/references/index.md b/content/glossary/references/index.md index 06e61147c6c..9a0f4e5a30e 100644 --- a/content/glossary/references/index.md +++ b/content/glossary/references/index.md @@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ We are currently working on a better way to display and cross-link the reference
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Azevedo, F. (n.d.). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes
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Azevedo, F. (2021). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes
Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2021). The ideological basis of antiscientific attitudes: Effects of authoritarianism, conservatism, religiosity, social dominance, and system justification. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(4), 518–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430221990104
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Bak, H.-J. (2001). Education and Public Attitudes toward Science: Implications for the ‘Deficit Model’ of Education and Support for Science and Technology. Social Science Quarterly, 82(4), 779–795. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42955760
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Brewer, P. R., & Ley, B. L. (2013). Whose Science Do You Believe? Explaining Trust in Sources of Scientific Information About the Environment. Science Communication, 35(1), 115–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012441691
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diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/aga\303\247\304\261k_bilim.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/aga\303\247\304\261k_bilim.md" index e8eb21e853a..3a242b94668 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/aga\303\247\304\261k_bilim.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/aga\303\247\304\261k_bilim.md" @@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ "references": [ "Guest, O. [@o_guest]. (2017). Thanks! Hopefully this thread & many other similar discussions & blogs will help make it less Bropen Science and more Open Science. *hides* . Twitter. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/o_guest/status/871675631062458368", "Whitaker, K., & Guest, O. (2020). #bropenscience is broken science. The Psychologist, 33, 34–37.", - "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" + "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255", + "Bahlai, C., Bartlett, L. J., Burgio, K. R., et al. (2019). Open science isn’t always open to all scientists. American Scientist, 107(2), 78.", + "Onie, S. (2020). Redesign open science for Asia, Africa and Latin America. Nature, 587, 35–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03052-3" ], "drafted_by": [ "Zoe Flack" @@ -39,5 +41,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/ara\305\237t\304\261rmac\304\261n\304\261n_serbestlik_derecesi.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/ara\305\237t\304\261rmac\304\261n\304\261n_serbestlik_derecesi.md" index 08a3a38df9f..059617e88d9 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/ara\305\237t\304\261rmac\304\261n\304\261n_serbestlik_derecesi.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/ara\305\237t\304\261rmac\304\261n\304\261n_serbestlik_derecesi.md" @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ "Specification curve analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/", + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf", "Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632", "Wicherts, J. M., Veldkamp, C. L., Augusteijn, H. E., Bakker, M., Van Aert, R., & Van Assen, M. A. (2016). Degrees of freedom in planning, running, analyzing, and reporting psychological studies: A checklist to avoid p-hacking. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1832. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01832" ], @@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Neslihan Özhan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-11-08" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/arrive_k\304\261lavuzu.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/arrive_k\304\261lavuzu.md" index dfd049ecd59..9a97ce290fb 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/arrive_k\304\261lavuzu.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/arrive_k\304\261lavuzu.md" @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ "STRANGE" ], "references": [ - "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., & others. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" + "Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., et al. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410" ], "drafted_by": [ "Ben Farrar" @@ -33,5 +33,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/a\303\247\304\261k_materyal.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/a\303\247\304\261k_materyal.md" index 36addbf9174..106eb13fa5f 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/a\303\247\304\261k_materyal.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/a\303\247\304\261k_materyal.md" @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "Transparency" ], "references": [ - "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., & others. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", + "Blohowiak, B. B., Cohoon, J., de Wit, L., Eich, E., Farach, F. J., Hasselman, F., et al. (2020). Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices. Retrieved from https://osf.io/tvyxz", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Merve Öztürk" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/bayesyen_\303\247\304\261kar\304\261m.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/bayesyen_\303\247\304\261kar\304\261m.md" index 639182cc767..7ed11a0b7dd 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/bayesyen_\303\247\304\261kar\304\261m.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/bayesyen_\303\247\304\261kar\304\261m.md" @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ "Dienes, Z. (2011). Bayesian versus orthodox statistics: Which side are you on? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(3), 274–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611406920", "Dienes, Z. (2014). Using Bayes to get the most out of non-significant results. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00781", "Dienes, Z. (2016). How Bayes factors change scientific practice. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 72, 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2015.10.003", - "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., & others. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", + "Etz, A., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., et al. (2018). How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1317-5", "Kruschke, J. K. (2015). Doing Bayesian data analysis: A tutorial with R, JAGS, and Stan (2nd ed.). Academic Press.", "McElreath, R. (2020). Statistical rethinking: A Bayesian course with examples in R and Stan (2nd ed.). Taylor.", "Wagenmakers, E.-J., Marsman, M., Jamil, T., Ly, A., Verhagen, J., Love, J., Selker, R., Gronau, Q. F., Šmíra, M., Epskamp, S., Matzke, D., Rouder, J. N., & Morey, R. D. (2018). Bayesian inference for psychology. Part I: Theoretical advantages and practical ramifications. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(1), 35–57. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1343-3" @@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/bids_veri_yap\304\261s\304\261.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/bids_veri_yap\304\261s\304\261.md" index 13ba7081b1e..ff03fb4ca49 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/bids_veri_yap\304\261s\304\261.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/bids_veri_yap\304\261s\304\261.md" @@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ "Open Data" ], "references": [ - "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., & others. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", - "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io" + "Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V., et al. (2016). The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Scientific Data, 3, 160044. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.44", + "BIDS. (2020). About BIDS. Retrieved from https://bids.neuroimaging.io", + "Pernet, C. R., Appelhoff, S., Gorgolewski, K. J., Flandin, G., Phillips, C., Delorme, A., & Oostenveld, R. (2019). EEG-BIDS, an extension to the brain imaging data structure for electroencephalography. Scientific Data, 6(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0104-8" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tina Lonsdorf" @@ -30,5 +31,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/bilime_duyulan_toplumsal_g\303\274ven.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/bilime_duyulan_toplumsal_g\303\274ven.md" index 6e341b2cf3d..1d0f3e6a39e 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/bilime_duyulan_toplumsal_g\303\274ven.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/bilime_duyulan_toplumsal_g\303\274ven.md" @@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ "en_title": "Public Trust in Science", "title": "Bilime Duyulan Toplumsal Güven [Public Trust in Science]", "sort_key": "bilime duyulan toplumsal guzven [public trust in science]", - "definition": "Bilim insanları tarafından üretilen veya sağlanan ve sivil toplumun yararına sunulan bilgiye, rehberliğe ve önerilere duyulan güven (Hendriks vd., 2016). Bunlar aynı zamanda halk sağlığına ilişkin bilim temelli tavsiyelere (örn., evrensel sağlık hizmeti, kök hücre araştırmaları, kadınların üreme hakları için federal fonlar, bulaşıcı hastalıkların önleyici tedbirleri ve aşılama), iklim değişikliğine, ekonomik politikalara (örn., refah, eşitsizlik ve yoksullukla mücadele) ve bunların kesişim noktalarına duyulan güveni de kastedebilir. Bir bireyin bilime duyduğu güvenin; yaş (Anderson vd., 2012), cinsiyet (Von Roten, 2004), bilimsel normların reddi (Lewandowsky ve Oberauer, 2021), politik ideoloji (Azevedo ve Jost, 2021; Brewer ve Ley, 2012; Leiserowitz vd., 2010), sağ eğilimli otoriterlik ve sosyal baskınlık (Kerr ve Wilson, 2021), eğitim (Bak, 2001; Hayes ve Tariq, 2000), gelir (Anderson vd., 2012), bilim bilgisi (Evans ve Durant, 1995; Nisbet vd., 2002), sosyal medya kullanımı (Huber vd., 2019) ve dindarlık (Azevedo, 2021; Brewer ve Ley, 2013; Liu ve Priest, 2009) gibi çok sayıda faktörden etkilendiği gösterilmiştir.", + "definition": "Bilim insanları tarafından üretilen veya sağlanan ve sivil toplumun yararına sunulan bilgiye, rehberliğe ve önerilere duyulan güven (Hendriks vd., 2016). Bunlar aynı zamanda halk sağlığına ilişkin bilim temelli tavsiyelere (örn., evrensel sağlık hizmeti, kök hücre araştırmaları, kadınların üreme hakları için federal fonlar, bulaşıcı hastalıkların önleyici tedbirleri ve aşılama), iklim değişikliğine, ekonomik politikalara (örn., refah, eşitsizlik ve yoksullukla mücadele) ve bunların kesişim noktalarına duyulan güveni de kastedebilir. Bir bireyin bilime duyduğu güvenin; yaş (Anderson vd., 2012), cinsiyet (Crettaz von Roten, 2004), bilimsel normların reddi (Lewandowsky ve Oberauer, 2021), politik ideoloji (Azevedo ve Jost, 2021; Brewer ve Ley, 2013; Leiserowitz vd., 2010), sağ eğilimli otoriterlik ve sosyal baskınlık (Kerr ve Wilson, 2021), eğitim (Bak, 2001; Hayes ve Tariq, 2000), gelir (Anderson vd., 2012), bilim bilgisi (Evans ve Durant, 1995; Nisbet vd., 2002), sosyal medya kullanımı (Huber vd., 2019) ve dindarlık (Azevedo, 2021; Brewer ve Ley, 2013; Liu ve Priest, 2009) gibi çok sayıda faktörden etkilendiği gösterilmiştir.", "related_terms": [ "Credibility of scientific claims", "Epistemic Trust" ], "references": [ "Anderson, M. S., Ronning, E. A., Devries, R., & Martinson, B. C. (2010). Extending the Mertonian norms: Scientists’ subscription to norms of research. Journal of Higher Education, 81(3), 366–393. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0095", - "Azevedo, F. (n.d.). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", + "Azevedo, F. (2021). Ideology May Help Explain Anti-Scientific Attitudes | Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-justice-pacifists/202107/ideology-may-help-explain-anti-scientific-attitudes", "Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2021). The ideological basis of antiscientific attitudes: Effects of authoritarianism, conservatism, religiosity, social dominance, and system justification. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(4), 518–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430221990104", "Bak, H.-J. (2001). Education and Public Attitudes toward Science: Implications for the ‘Deficit Model’ of Education and Support for Science and Technology. Social Science Quarterly, 82(4), 779–795. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42955760", "Brewer, P. R., & Ley, B. L. (2013). Whose Science Do You Believe? Explaining Trust in Sources of Scientific Information About the Environment. Science Communication, 35(1), 115–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012441691", @@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ "Nisbet, M. C., Scheufele, D. A., Shanahan, J., Moy, P., Brossard, D., & Lewenstein, B. V. (2002). Knowledge, Reservations, or Promise?: A Media Effects Model for Public Perceptions of Science and Technology. Communication Research, 29(5), 584–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365002236196", "Schneider, J., Merk, S., & Rosman, T. (2019). (Re)Building Trust? Investigating the effects of open science badges on perceived trustworthiness in journal articles. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VGBRS", "Wingen, T., Berkessel, J. B., & Englich, B. (2020). No Replication, No Trust? How Low Replicability Influences Trust in Psychology. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619877412", - "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032" + "Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The Role of Media and Deference to Scientific Authority in Cultivating Trust in Sources of Information about Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr032", + "Crettaz von Roten, F. (2004). Gender differences in attitudes toward science in Switzerland. Public Understanding of Science, 13(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662504043870" ], "drafted_by": [ "Tobias Wingen; Flávio Azevedo" @@ -45,5 +46,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Nihan Selin Soylu-Konak" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/doi_dijital_nesne_tan\304\261mlay\304\261c\304\261s\304\261_.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/doi_dijital_nesne_tan\304\261mlay\304\261c\304\261s\304\261_.md" index 622874fb4e8..4f02b8f1159 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/doi_dijital_nesne_tan\304\261mlay\304\261c\304\261s\304\261_.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/doi_dijital_nesne_tan\304\261mlay\304\261c\304\261s\304\261_.md" @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ "en_title": "DOI (digital object identifier)", "title": "DOI (Dijital Nesne Tanımlayıcısı) [DOI (digital object identifier)]", "sort_key": "doi (dijital nesne tanizmlayizcizsiz) [doi (digital object identifier)]", - "definition": "Dijital Nesne Tanımlayıcıları (DOI; Digital Object Identifiers), yayınlar (ön-baskılar dahil), materyaller, veri setleri ve uzun metrajlı filmler gibi her türlü şeye atanabilen alfa-nümerik dizilerdir. DOI kullanımı yalnızca akademik veya bilimsel materyallerle sınırlı değildir. DOI’ler, “dijital ağlar üzerinde yönetilen bilgilerin kalıcı ve eyleme geçirilebilir bir şekilde tanımlanması ve birlikte çalışabilir şekilde paylaşılması için bir sistem sağlar” ([https://doi.org/hb.html](https://doi.org/hb.html)). DOI’leri yöneten birçok farklı kayıt ajansı vardır ancak araştırmacıların en sık karşılaşabileceği iki ajans Crossref and Datacite’tır.", + "definition": "Dijital Nesne Tanımlayıcıları (DOI; Digital Object Identifiers), yayınlar (ön-baskılar dahil), materyaller, veri setleri ve uzun metrajlı filmler gibi her türlü şeye atanabilen alfa-nümerik dizilerdir. DOI kullanımı yalnızca akademik veya bilimsel materyallerle sınırlı değildir. DOI’ler, “dijital ağlar üzerinde yönetilen bilgilerin kalıcı ve eyleme geçirilebilir bir şekilde tanımlanması ve birlikte çalışabilir şekilde paylaşılması için bir sistem sağlar” ([https://doi.org/hb.html](https://doi.org/hb.html)). DOI’leri yöneten birçok farklı kayıt ajansı vardır ancak araştırmacıların en sık karşılaşabileceği iki ajans Crossref ve DataCite’tır.", "related_terms": [ "arXiv and BibTex", "Crossref, Datacite, ISBN, ISO, ORCID", @@ -34,5 +34,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Ege Emek" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/eri\305\237ilebilirlik.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/eri\305\237ilebilirlik.md" index 4e4018f081f..870b19eb220 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/eri\305\237ilebilirlik.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/eri\305\237ilebilirlik.md" @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "references": [ "Brown, N., Thompson, P., & Leigh, J. S. (2018). Making academia more accessible. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(2), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v6i2.348", "Pollet, I. L., & Bond, A. L. (2021). Evaluation and recommendations for greater accessibility of colour figures in ornithology. Ibis, 163, 292–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12887", - "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161)", + "Suber, P. (2004). The primacy of authors in achieving Open Access. In Nature. Retrieved from http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391161", "World Wide Web Consortium. (2021). Web Accessibility Initiative. https://www.w3.org/WAI/", "Pownall, M., Talbot, C. V., Henschel, A., Lautarescu, A., Lloyd, K. E., Hartmann, H., Darda, K. M., Tang, K. T. Y., Carmichael-Murphy, P., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Navigating Open Science as Early Career Feminist Researchers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(4), 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211029255" ], @@ -45,5 +45,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/e\305\237de\304\237erlik_testi.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/e\305\237de\304\237erlik_testi.md" index 24b96607aae..1896e3cceed 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/e\305\237de\304\237erlik_testi.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/e\305\237de\304\237erlik_testi.md" @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ "en_title": "Equivalence Testing", "title": "Eşdeğerlik Testi [Equivalence Testing]", "sort_key": "eszdegzerlik testi [equivalence testing]", - "definition": "Eşdeğerlik testleri, belirli bir etkinin anlamlı sayılabilmesi için gerekli olan minimum değeri aştığı yönündeki sıfır hipotezini istatistiksel olarak değerlendirir. Bu nedenle, sıfır hipotezinin reddedilmesi, anlamlı bir etkinin bulunmadığına dair kanıt sağlar. Frekansçı istatistiğe dayanan bu testlerde, öncelikle eşdeğerlik sınırları belirlenir: ilgi duyulan en küçük etki büyüklüğünü yansıtan alt ve üst sınır değerleri. Ardından, bu sınırların her biriyle karşılaştırmak üzere iki tane tek yönlü t-testi yapılır. Bu sayede, etkilerin anlamlı olup olmadıkları değerlendirilebilir (bkz. Schuirmann, 1972; Lakens vd., 2018; 2020).", + "definition": "Eşdeğerlik testleri, belirli bir etkinin anlamlı sayılabilmesi için gerekli olan minimum değeri aştığı yönündeki sıfır hipotezini istatistiksel olarak değerlendirir. Bu nedenle, sıfır hipotezinin reddedilmesi, anlamlı bir etkinin bulunmadığına dair kanıt sağlar. Frekansçı istatistiğe dayanan bu testlerde, öncelikle eşdeğerlik sınırları belirlenir: ilgi duyulan en küçük etki büyüklüğünü yansıtan alt ve üst sınır değerleri. Ardından, bu sınırların her biriyle karşılaştırmak üzere iki tane tek yönlü t-testi yapılır. Bu sayede, etkilerin anlamlı olup olmadıkları değerlendirilebilir (bkz. Schuirmann, 1987; Lakens vd., 2018; 2020).", "related_terms": [ "Equivalence bounds", "Falsification", @@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Ege Emek" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/fair_i\314\207lkeleri.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/fair_i\314\207lkeleri.md" index 0c5abb7a200..a08d4566138 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/fair_i\314\207lkeleri.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/fair_i\314\207lkeleri.md" @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", - "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., & others. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", + "Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., et al. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", "GO FAIR Initiative. (2025). FAIR Principles. https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -35,5 +35,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Ege Emek" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/genelli\304\237e_i\314\207li\305\237kin_k\304\261s\304\261tlamalar.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/genelli\304\237e_i\314\207li\305\237kin_k\304\261s\304\261tlamalar.md" index d1540c653cd..539803dbddd 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/genelli\304\237e_i\314\207li\305\237kin_k\304\261s\304\261tlamalar.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/genelli\304\237e_i\314\207li\305\237kin_k\304\261s\304\261tlamalar.md" @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Busse, C., Kach, A. P., & Wagner, S. M. (2017). Boundary Conditions: What They Are, How to Explore Them, Why We Need Them, and When to Consider Them. Organizational Research Methods, 20(4), 574–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428116641191", - "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., & others. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", + "Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., et al. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005", "Simons, D. J., Shoda, Y., & Lindsay, D. S. (2017). Constraints on generality (COG): A proposed addition to all empirical papers. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 1123–1128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617708630", "Yarkoni, T. (2020). The generalizability crisis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X20001685" ], @@ -41,5 +41,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/i\314\207\305\237_birli\304\237ine_dayal\304\261_replikasyon_ve_e\304\237itim_projesi_crep_.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/i\314\207\305\237_birli\304\237ine_dayal\304\261_replikasyon_ve_e\304\237itim_projesi_crep_.md" index 4345f426d70..a5795a8cc77 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/i\314\207\305\237_birli\304\237ine_dayal\304\261_replikasyon_ve_e\304\237itim_projesi_crep_.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/i\314\207\305\237_birli\304\237ine_dayal\304\261_replikasyon_ve_e\304\237itim_projesi_crep_.md" @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ "Exact replication" ], "references": [ - "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., & others. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" + "Wagge, J. R., Baciu, C., Banas, K., Nadler, J. T., Schwarz, S., Weisberg, Y., et al. (2019). A demonstration of the collaborative replication and education project: Replication attempts of the red-romance effect. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.177" ], "drafted_by": [ "Connor Keating" @@ -30,5 +30,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/kat\304\261l\304\261ml\304\261_ara\305\237t\304\261rma.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/kat\304\261l\304\261ml\304\261_ara\305\237t\304\261rma.md" index eadd074ffc3..043301cf881 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/kat\304\261l\304\261ml\304\261_ara\305\237t\304\261rma.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/kat\304\261l\304\261ml\304\261_ara\305\237t\304\261rma.md" @@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ "Transformative paradigm" ], "references": [ + "Andersson, N. (2018). Participatory research—a modernizing science for primary health care. Journal of General and Family Medicine, 19(5), 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgf2.187", "Cornwall, A., & Jewkes, R. (1995). What is participatory research? Social Science & Medicine, 41(12), 1667–1676. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00127-S", "Fletcher-Watson, S., Adams, J., Brook, K., Charman, T., Crane, L., Cusack, J., Leekam, S., Milton, D., Parr, J. R., & Pellicano, E. (2019). Making the Future Together: Shaping Autism Research Through Meaningful Participation. Autism, 23(4), 943–953.", "Kiernan, C. (1999). Participation in research by people with learning disability: Origins and issues. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27(2), 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.1999.tb00084.x", @@ -38,5 +39,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Nihan Selin Soylu-Konak" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/kitle_kaynakl\304\261_ara\305\237t\304\261rma.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/kitle_kaynakl\304\261_ara\305\237t\304\261rma.md" index 988501f067a..bf6e562cf65 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/kitle_kaynakl\304\261_ara\305\237t\304\261rma.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/kitle_kaynakl\304\261_ara\305\237t\304\261rma.md" @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ "Lind, F., Gruber, M., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2017). Content analysis by the crowd: Assessing the usability of crowdsourcing for coding latent constructs. Communication Methods and Measures, 11(3), 191–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1317338", "Moshontz, H., Campbell, L., Ebersole, C. R., IJzerman, H., Urry, H. L., Forscher, P. S., & Chartier, C. R. (2018). The Psychological Science Accelerator: Advancing psychology through a distributed collaborative network. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(4), 501–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918797607", "Peer, E., Brandimarte, L., Samat, S., & Acquisti, A. (2017). Beyond the Turk: Alternative platforms for crowdsourcing behavioral research. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 70, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.01.006", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646", "Stewart, N., Chandler, J., & Paolacci, G. (2017). Crowdsourcing samples in cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(10), 736–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.06.007", "Tennant, J., Bielczyk, N. Z., Cheplygina, V., Greshake Tzovaras, B., Hartgerink, C. H. J., Havemann, J., Masuzzo, P., & Steiner, T. (2019). Ten simple rules for researchers collaborating on Massively Open Online Papers (MOOPs). MetaArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/et8ak", "Uhlmann, E. L., Ebersole, C. R., Chartier, C. R., Errington, T. M., Kidwell, M. C., Lai, C. K., McCarthy, R. J., Riegelman, A., Silberzahn, R., & Nosek, B. A. (2019). Scientific utopia III: Crowdsourcing science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(5), 711–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619850561", @@ -47,5 +47,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Ege Emek" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/konsorsiyum_yazarl\304\261\304\237\304\261.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/konsorsiyum_yazarl\304\261\304\237\304\261.md" index 566e0d6e1b3..8fc5d4402ae 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/konsorsiyum_yazarl\304\261\304\237\304\261.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/konsorsiyum_yazarl\304\261\304\237\304\261.md" @@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ ], "references": [ "Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yuki Yamada" @@ -33,5 +33,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/m\303\274dahalesiz_yeniden_\303\274retilebilir_ve_a\303\247\304\261k_sistematik_derlemeler_niro_sr_non_intervention_reproducible_and_open_systematic_reviews_.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/m\303\274dahalesiz_yeniden_\303\274retilebilir_ve_a\303\247\304\261k_sistematik_derlemeler_niro_sr_non_intervention_reproducible_and_open_systematic_reviews_.md" index cbcf6b59c5d..86b0897ab17 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/m\303\274dahalesiz_yeniden_\303\274retilebilir_ve_a\303\247\304\261k_sistematik_derlemeler_niro_sr_non_intervention_reproducible_and_open_systematic_reviews_.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/m\303\274dahalesiz_yeniden_\303\274retilebilir_ve_a\303\247\304\261k_sistematik_derlemeler_niro_sr_non_intervention_reproducible_and_open_systematic_reviews_.md" @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ "Systematic Review Protocol" ], "references": [ - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Asma Assaneea" @@ -32,5 +32,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Merve Öztürk" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/raporlama_k\304\261lavuzu.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/raporlama_k\304\261lavuzu.md" index 0b45448aae9..7291c3576ad 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/raporlama_k\304\261lavuzu.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/raporlama_k\304\261lavuzu.md" @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials, 11(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-11-32", "Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147(8), 573–577. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.AD", "The EQUATOR Network. (n.d.). What is a reporting guideline? Retrieved 10 July 2021. https://www.equator-network.org/about-us/what-is-a-reporting-guideline/", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Aidan Cashin" @@ -35,5 +35,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Neslihan Özhan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/replikasyonda_yarat\304\261c\304\261_y\304\261k\304\261m_yakla\305\237\304\261m\304\261.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/replikasyonda_yarat\304\261c\304\261_y\304\261k\304\261m_yakla\305\237\304\261m\304\261.md" index 3fbf8ffe729..0910fbf22cc 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/replikasyonda_yarat\304\261c\304\261_y\304\261k\304\261m_yakla\305\237\304\261m\304\261.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/replikasyonda_yarat\304\261c\304\261_y\304\261k\304\261m_yakla\305\237\304\261m\304\261.md" @@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ "Theory" ], "references": [ - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., & others. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", - "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., & others. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J. H., Ebersole, C. R., Leavitt, K., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., et al. (2020). Creative destruction in science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.002", + "Tierney, W., Hardy III, J., Ebersole, C. R., Viganola, D., Clemente, E. G., Gordon, M., et al. (2021). A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104060" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -35,5 +35,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Ege Emek" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/rozetler_a\303\247\304\261k_bilim_.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/rozetler_a\303\247\304\261k_bilim_.md" index ba65e77b613..05c1e537462 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/rozetler_a\303\247\304\261k_bilim_.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/rozetler_a\303\247\304\261k_bilim_.md" @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ "Triple badge" ], "references": [ - "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., & others. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", + "Hardwicke, T. E., Bohn, M., MacDonald, K., Hembacher, E., Nuijten, M. B., Peloquin, B. N., et al. (2020). Analytic reproducibility in articles receiving open data badges at the journal Psychological Science: an observational study. Royal Society Open Science, 8(1), 201494. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201494", "Kidwell, M. C., Lazarević, L. B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T. E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L. S., & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), e1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456", "Rowhani-Farid, A., Aldcroft, A., & Barnett, A. G. (2020). Did awarding badges increase data sharing in BMJ Open? A randomized controlled trial. Royal Society Open Science, 7(3), 191818. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191818", "Science, C. (n.d.). Open science badges. https://www.cos.io/initiatives/badges" @@ -37,5 +37,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/turkish/sistematik_derleme.md b/content/glossary/turkish/sistematik_derleme.md index 06f7e51dc89..102a62c18c0 100644 --- a/content/glossary/turkish/sistematik_derleme.md +++ b/content/glossary/turkish/sistematik_derleme.md @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ "Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J., & Welch, V. A. (Eds.). (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons.", "Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097", "Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., & McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. British Medical Journal, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160", - "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., & others. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" + "Topor, M., Pickering, J. S., Barbosa Mendes, A., Bishop, D. V. M., Büttner, F. C., Elsherif, M. M., et al. (2021). An integrative framework for planning and conducting Non-Intervention, Reproducible, and Open Systematic Reviews (NIRO-SR). https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/8gu5z" ], "drafted_by": [ "Jade Pickering" @@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Neslihan Özhan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/turkish/tekrarlanabilirlik.md b/content/glossary/turkish/tekrarlanabilirlik.md index abf8de00373..0051adda043 100644 --- a/content/glossary/turkish/tekrarlanabilirlik.md +++ b/content/glossary/turkish/tekrarlanabilirlik.md @@ -14,9 +14,10 @@ ], "references": [ "Barba, L. A. (2018). Terminologies for reproducible research. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1802.03311.", + "Claerbout, J. F., & Karrenbach, M. (1992). Electronic documents give reproducible research a new meaning. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1992, 601–604. http://sepwww.stanford.edu/doku.php?id=sep:research:reproducible:seg92", "Crüwell, S., van Doorn, J., Etz, A., Makel, M. C., Moshontz, H., Niebaum, J. C., Orben, A., Parsons, S., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2019). Seven Easy Steps to Open Science: An Annotated Reading List. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387", "King, G. (1995). Replication, replication. PS: Political Science & Politics, 28(3), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.2307/420301", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/", "Nosek, B. A., & Errington, T. M. (2020). What is replication? PLOS Biology, 18(3), e3000691. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000691" ], "drafted_by": [ @@ -42,5 +43,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Neslihan Özhan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/veri_analizi_ve_payla\305\237\304\261m\304\261nda_en_i\314\207yi_uygulamalar_komitesi.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/veri_analizi_ve_payla\305\237\304\261m\304\261nda_en_i\314\207yi_uygulamalar_komitesi.md" index 4b6923cc739..b54d1f22121 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/veri_analizi_ve_payla\305\237\304\261m\304\261nda_en_i\314\207yi_uygulamalar_komitesi.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/veri_analizi_ve_payla\305\237\304\261m\304\261nda_en_i\314\207yi_uygulamalar_komitesi.md" @@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ "definition": "İnsan Beyin Haritalama Örgütü (OHBM; The Organization for Human Brain Mapping) nörogörüntüleme topluluğu, nörogörüntüleme verilerinin toplanması, analizi, raporlanması ve hem verilerin hem de analiz kodunun paylaşımında en iyi uygulamalar için bir kılavuz geliştirmiştir. Bu kılavuz, şeffaflığı ve tekrarlanabilirliği optimize etmek amacıyla raporlama yöntemlerini ve elde edilen nörogörüntüleri iyileştirmek için bir makale yazılırken veya bir dergiye gönderilirken dahil edilmesi gereken sekiz unsuru içermektedir.", "related_terms": [], "references": [ - "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., & others. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", - "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., & others. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" + "Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., et al. (2017). Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4500", + "Pernet, C., Garrido, M. I., Gramfort, A., Maurits, N., Michel, C. M., Pang, E., et al. (2020). Issues and recommendations from the OHBM COBIDAS MEEG committee for reproducible EEG and MEG research. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00709-0" ], "drafted_by": [ "Yu-Fang Yang" @@ -28,5 +28,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/yeniden_\303\274retilebilirlik.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/yeniden_\303\274retilebilirlik.md" index 66d22220fa3..9de5f74c552 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/yeniden_\303\274retilebilirlik.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/yeniden_\303\274retilebilirlik.md" @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ "Peng, R. D. (2011). Reproducible Research in Computational Science. Science, 334(6060), 1226–1227. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1213847", "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", "Syed, M. (2019). The Open Science Movement is for all of us. PsyArXiv.", - "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, & others. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" + "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. In Understanding Reproducibility and Replicability [Techreport]. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547546/" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Neslihan Özhan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/glossary/turkish/yinelenebilirlik.md b/content/glossary/turkish/yinelenebilirlik.md index d4c3283c6b5..9d1447f9ce8 100644 --- a/content/glossary/turkish/yinelenebilirlik.md +++ b/content/glossary/turkish/yinelenebilirlik.md @@ -3,13 +3,14 @@ "en_title": "Repeatability", "title": "Yinelenebilirlik [Repeatability]", "sort_key": "yinelenebilirlik [repeatability]", - "definition": "Test-tekrar test güvenilirliği (test-retest reliability) ile eş anlamlıdır. Aynı ölçüm aracının ardışık ölçümlerinin sonuçları arasındaki uyumu ifade eder. Yinelenebilirlik, aynı deneysel araçların, aynı gözlemcinin ve aynı ölçüm cihazının, aynı koşullar altında, aynı yerde, kısa bir zaman aralığında tekrarlanacak şekilde ve aynı amaçla kullanılmasını gerektirir (Joint Committee for Guidelines in Metrology, 2008).", + "definition": "Test-tekrar test güvenilirliği (test-retest reliability) ile eş anlamlıdır. Aynı ölçüm aracının ardışık ölçümlerinin sonuçları arasındaki uyumu ifade eder. Yinelenebilirlik, aynı deneysel araçların, aynı gözlemcinin ve aynı ölçüm cihazının, aynı koşullar altında, aynı yerde, kısa bir zaman aralığında tekrarlanacak şekilde ve aynı amaçla kullanılmasını gerektirir (Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology, 2008).", "related_terms": [ "Reliability" ], "references": [ "ISO. (1993). Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (1st ed.). International Organization for Standardization.", - "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code." + "Stodden, V. C. (2011). Trust your science? Open your data and code.", + "Working Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology JCGM. (2008). Evaluation of measurement data—Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (pp. 1–120). JCGM. https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/2071204/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdf/cb0ef43f-baa5-11cf-3f85-4dcd86f77bd6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Mahmoud Elsherif, Adam Parker" @@ -30,5 +31,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Neslihan Özhan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/yollar\304\261_\303\247atallanan_bah\303\247e.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/yollar\304\261_\303\247atallanan_bah\303\247e.md" index 92dde1b596d..882a54525c6 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/yollar\304\261_\303\247atallanan_bah\303\247e.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/yollar\304\261_\303\247atallanan_bah\303\247e.md" @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ "Specification Curve Analysis" ], "references": [ - "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/" + "Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf" ], "drafted_by": [ "Flávio Azevedo; Mahmoud Elsherif" @@ -34,5 +34,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Ege Emek" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/\303\247ift_bilin\303\247lilik.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/\303\247ift_bilin\303\247lilik.md" index 53458d125ae..7226d0aa0ca 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/\303\247ift_bilin\303\247lilik.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/\303\247ift_bilin\303\247lilik.md" @@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ "references": [ "Albayrak, N., & Okoroji, C. (2019). Facing the challenges of postgraduate study as a minority student. A Guide for Psychology Postgraduates, 63.", "Du Bois, W. E. B. (1968). The souls of black folk; essays and sketches. Johnson Reprint Corp.", - "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press." + "Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press.", + "Rubin, M. (2021). Explaining the association between subjective social status and mental health among university students using an impact ratings approach. SN Social Sciences, 1(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-020-00031-3", + "Rubin, M., Evans, O., & McGuffog, R. (2019). Social class differences in social integration at university: Implications for academic outcomes and mental health. In J. Jetten & K. Peters (Eds.), The social psychology of inequality (pp. 87–102). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28856-3_6" ], "drafted_by": [ "Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir" @@ -32,5 +34,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Ege Emek" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/\303\247oklu_analist_\303\247al\304\261\305\237malar\304\261.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/\303\247oklu_analist_\303\247al\304\261\305\237malar\304\261.md" index 4a72244f67e..b34549c0326 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/\303\247oklu_analist_\303\247al\304\261\305\237malar\304\261.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/\303\247oklu_analist_\303\247al\304\261\305\237malar\304\261.md" @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ ], "references": [ "Aczel, B., Szaszi, B., Nilsonne, G., Van den Akker, O., Albers, C. J., van Assen, M. A. L. M., ..., & Wagenmakers, E. (2021). Guidance for Multi-Analyst Studies. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/5ecnh", - "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., & others. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" + "Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E. L., Martin, D. P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., et al. (2018). Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646" ], "drafted_by": [ "Sam Parsons" @@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Merve Öztürk" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/\303\247\304\261kar_\303\247at\304\261\305\237mas\304\261.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/\303\247\304\261kar_\303\247at\304\261\305\237mas\304\261.md" index 8e808a731e3..a1c145c1d29 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/\303\247\304\261kar_\303\247at\304\261\305\237mas\304\261.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/\303\247\304\261kar_\303\247at\304\261\305\237mas\304\261.md" @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ "en_title": "Conflict of interest", "title": "Çıkar çatışması [Conflict of interest]", "sort_key": "czizkar czatizszmasiz [conflict of interest]", - "definition": "Çıkar çatışması, bir yazar, hakem, editör veya editör ekibinin tarafsızlığını veya mesleki yargısını tehlikeye atabilecek finansal veya finansal olmayan bir ilişkiyi, faaliyeti veya diğer çıkarları ifade eder. Yayın Etiği Komitesi (COPE), Açık Erişim Dergileri Dizini (DOAJ), Açık Erişim Akademik Yayıncılar Derneği (OASPA) ve Dünya Tıbbi Editörleri Derneği (WAME) tarafından yayımlanan Akademik Yayıncılıkta Şeffaflık ve En İyi Uygulama İlkeleri, dergilerin çıkar çatışması ile ilgili politikalar da dahil olmak üzere yayın etiği ile ilgili politikalara sahip olması gerektiğini belirtmektedir (DOAJ, 2018). Çıkar çatışmaları, okuyucuların araştırmayı doğru bir şekilde değerlendirebilmesi ve potansiyel veya fiili yanlılığı/yanlılıkları değerlendirebilmesi için şeffaf hale getirilmelidir. Yayıncılık dışında, akademik sunum yapanlar, panel üyeleri ve eğitimciler de çıkar çatışmalarını beyan etmelidir. Çıkar çatışmasını kasıtlı olarak açıklamamak bir tür suistimal olarak değerlendirilebilir.", + "definition": "Çıkar çatışması, bir yazar, hakem, editör veya editör ekibinin tarafsızlığını veya mesleki yargısını tehlikeye atabilecek finansal veya finansal olmayan bir ilişkiyi, faaliyeti veya diğer çıkarları ifade eder. Yayın Etiği Komitesi (COPE), Açık Erişim Dergileri Dizini (DOAJ), Açık Erişim Akademik Yayıncılar Derneği (OASPA) ve Dünya Tıbbi Editörleri Derneği (WAME) tarafından yayımlanan Akademik Yayıncılıkta Şeffaflık ve En İyi Uygulama İlkeleri, dergilerin çıkar çatışması ile ilgili politikalar da dahil olmak üzere yayın etiği ile ilgili politikalara sahip olması gerektiğini belirtmektedir (DOAJ, n.d.). Çıkar çatışmaları, okuyucuların araştırmayı doğru bir şekilde değerlendirebilmesi ve potansiyel veya fiili yanlılığı/yanlılıkları değerlendirebilmesi için şeffaf hale getirilmelidir. Yayıncılık dışında, akademik sunum yapanlar, panel üyeleri ve eğitimciler de çıkar çatışmalarını beyan etmelidir. Çıkar çatışmasını kasıtlı olarak açıklamamak bir tür suistimal olarak değerlendirilebilir.", "related_terms": [ "Objectivity", "Peer review", @@ -31,5 +31,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Elif Baştan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/content/glossary/turkish/\303\266\304\237renmede_evrensel_tasar\304\261m_\303\266et_.md" "b/content/glossary/turkish/\303\266\304\237renmede_evrensel_tasar\304\261m_\303\266et_.md" index 1cda3c0c674..bd97b5a20d1 100644 --- "a/content/glossary/turkish/\303\266\304\237renmede_evrensel_tasar\304\261m_\303\266et_.md" +++ "b/content/glossary/turkish/\303\266\304\237renmede_evrensel_tasar\304\261m_\303\266et_.md" @@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ "references": [ "Hitchcock, C., Meyer, A., Rose, D., & Jackson, R. (2002). Providing new access to the general curriculum: Universal design for learning. Teaching Exceptional Children, 35(2), 8–17. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/providing-new-access-general-curriculum/docview/201139970/se-2?accountid=8630", "Rose, D. (2000). Universal design for learning. Journal of Special Education Technology, 15(3), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/016264340001500307", - "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision." + "Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Association for Supervision.", + "Edyburn, D. L. (2010). Would you recognize universal design for learning if you saw it? Ten propositions for new directions for the second decade of UDL. Learning Disability Quarterly, 33(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/073194871003300103" ], "drafted_by": [ "Charlotte R. Pennington" @@ -35,5 +36,5 @@ "translation_reviewed_by": [ "Neslihan Özhan" ], - "lastmod": "2026-08-05" + "lastmod": "2026-11-09" } \ No newline at end of file