diff --git a/docs/about/changelog.md b/docs/about/changelog.md
index a7f147f083..1927c94997 100644
--- a/docs/about/changelog.md
+++ b/docs/about/changelog.md
@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ priorities and future plans.
 
 ## Work in progress
 
+- Preserve IO::Async thread callback results in scalar and list context on
+  both execution backends, and align its notifier-loop refcount expectation
+  with native Perl.
+
 - Fix parsing of dense Mo::Inline expressions that use `::` as a bareword.
 
 - Preserve UTF-8 HTML octets through HTML::Parser and no-op entity decoding,
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/perlonjava/backend/bytecode/BytecodeCompiler.java b/src/main/java/org/perlonjava/backend/bytecode/BytecodeCompiler.java
index c3ce53ec97..b9813e3e19 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/perlonjava/backend/bytecode/BytecodeCompiler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/perlonjava/backend/bytecode/BytecodeCompiler.java
@@ -7722,7 +7722,9 @@ public void visit(ListNode node) {
             int listReg = allocateRegister();
             emit(Opcodes.CREATE_LIST);
             emitReg(listReg);
-            emit(Boolean.TRUE.equals(node.getAnnotation("forceListSnapshot")) ? -2 : 1); // count = 1
+            boolean flattenRuntimeAggregate = currentCallContext == RuntimeContextType.RUNTIME;
+            emit((Boolean.TRUE.equals(node.getAnnotation("forceListSnapshot")) || flattenRuntimeAggregate)
+                    ? -2 : 1); // count = 1
             emitReg(elemReg);
             lastResultReg = listReg;
             return;
@@ -7740,7 +7742,10 @@ public void visit(ListNode node) {
         int listReg = allocateRegister();
         emit(Opcodes.CREATE_LIST);
         emitReg(listReg);
-        emit(node.elements.size()); // count
+        boolean forceListSnapshot = Boolean.TRUE.equals(node.getAnnotation("forceListSnapshot"));
+        boolean flattenRuntimeAggregate = currentCallContext == RuntimeContextType.RUNTIME;
+        emit((forceListSnapshot || flattenRuntimeAggregate)
+                ? -node.elements.size() - 1 : node.elements.size());
 
         // Emit register numbers for each element
         for (int elemReg : elementRegs) {
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/perlonjava/backend/jvm/EmitLiteral.java b/src/main/java/org/perlonjava/backend/jvm/EmitLiteral.java
index e8fa6723fe..0f65ebf208 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/perlonjava/backend/jvm/EmitLiteral.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/perlonjava/backend/jvm/EmitLiteral.java
@@ -530,6 +530,12 @@ public static void emitList(EmitterVisitor emitterVisitor, ListNode node) {
             if (forceListSnapshot) {
                 mv.visitMethodInsn(Opcodes.INVOKEVIRTUAL, RuntimeDescriptorConstants.LIST_CLASS,
                         "addSnapshot", "(" + RuntimeDescriptorConstants.BASE_TYPE + ")V", false);
+            } else if (contextType == RuntimeContextType.RUNTIME) {
+                // A dynamic-context aggregate is scalarized by its emitter for
+                // scalar callers and remains an aggregate for list callers.
+                // Expand the latter here without re-evaluating the expression.
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(Opcodes.INVOKEVIRTUAL, RuntimeDescriptorConstants.LIST_CLASS,
+                        "addFlattened", "(" + RuntimeDescriptorConstants.BASE_TYPE + ")V", false);
             } else {
                 addElementToList(mv, element, contextType);
             }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/perlonjava/runtime/runtimetypes/RuntimeList.java b/src/main/java/org/perlonjava/runtime/runtimetypes/RuntimeList.java
index 6ba8360cc8..c896108ae7 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/perlonjava/runtime/runtimetypes/RuntimeList.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/perlonjava/runtime/runtimetypes/RuntimeList.java
@@ -147,6 +147,24 @@ public void add(RuntimeBase value) {
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Adds a value using Perl list-context expansion rules.
+     *
+     * <p>Most callers already receive a {@code RuntimeList} for a list-valued
+     * expression. A dynamically-contextual array or hash is different: in
+     * scalar context it has already become its count, while in list context it
+     * remains an aggregate. Expand that aggregate here so a surrounding list
+     * literal preserves the caller's context without evaluating the expression
+     * twice.</p>
+     */
+    public void addFlattened(RuntimeBase value) {
+        if (value instanceof RuntimeArray || value instanceof RuntimeHash) {
+            add(value.getList());
+        } else {
+            add(value);
+        }
+    }
+
     public void add(RuntimeScalar value) {
         this.elements.add(value);
     }
diff --git a/src/main/perl/lib/PerlOnJava/CpanPatches/IO-Async-0.805/SkipUnsupportedSocketTests.patch b/src/main/perl/lib/PerlOnJava/CpanPatches/IO-Async-0.805/SkipUnsupportedSocketTests.patch
index 8f1ad39c1b..74a05c8333 100644
--- a/src/main/perl/lib/PerlOnJava/CpanPatches/IO-Async-0.805/SkipUnsupportedSocketTests.patch
+++ b/src/main/perl/lib/PerlOnJava/CpanPatches/IO-Async-0.805/SkipUnsupportedSocketTests.patch
@@ -16,12 +16,7 @@
  }
  
 -is_refcount( $loop, 2, '$loop has refcount 2 finally' );
-+if( defined &Internals::jperl_refstate_str ) {
-+   is_refcount( $loop, 3, '$loop has PerlOnJava notifier owner finally' );
-+}
-+else {
-+   is_refcount( $loop, 2, '$loop has refcount 2 finally' );
-+}
++is_refcount( $loop, 2, '$loop has refcount 2 finally' );
  
  done_testing;
 --- t/10loop-poll-io.t.orig
diff --git a/src/test/resources/unit/threads_captured_callback_context.t b/src/test/resources/unit/threads_captured_callback_context.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd18287eba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/resources/unit/threads_captured_callback_context.t
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+use threads;
+
+print "1..3\n";
+my $number = 0;
+sub check {
+    my ($condition, $name) = @_;
+    ++$number;
+    print($condition ? "ok " : "not ok ", $number, " - ", $name, "\n");
+}
+
+# IO::Async::Loop->create_thread() wraps a captured callback in a new
+# ithread, calls it in the requested context, and forwards the joined values
+# to another callback. Keep this project-owned form dependency-free while
+# exercising the same runtime path.
+sub invoke_in_thread {
+    my ($code, $context, $on_joined) = @_;
+    my ($thread) = threads->create(sub {
+        my (@result, $died);
+        eval {
+            $context eq 'list' ? (@result = $code->()) : ($result[0] = $code->());
+            1;
+        } or $died = $@;
+        return died => $died if $died;
+        return return => @result;
+    });
+    $on_joined->($thread->join);
+}
+
+my @scalar;
+invoke_in_thread(sub { return 'A result' }, 'scalar', sub { @scalar = @_ });
+check(join(',', @scalar) eq 'return,A result',
+    'captured callback scalar result reaches joined callback');
+
+my @list;
+invoke_in_thread(sub { return 'A result', 'of many', 'values' }, 'list', sub { @list = @_ });
+check(join(',', @list) eq 'return,A result,of many,values',
+    'captured callback list result reaches joined callback');
+
+my @died;
+invoke_in_thread(sub { die "expected failure\n" }, 'scalar', sub { @died = @_ });
+check($died[0] eq 'died' && $died[1] =~ /expected failure/,
+    'captured callback exception reaches joined callback');