Find alternative to cpp-linter/cpp-linter-action

[wgtmac]

cpp-linter/cpp-linter-action has introduced untrusted dependency since v2.16 and has been blocked by the Apache Infra team. See apache/infrastructure-actions#325. We need to find a good alternative to help lint and format the code.

[LuciferYang]

I'll take this one. The block is on the action, not the underlying cpp-linter PyPI package, so I plan to install that package with pip and call the CLI with the same options. That keeps clang-tidy and the inline feedback and adds no new action to the allowlist. PR is up at #838.