diff --git a/tinycloud-threshold/README.md b/tinycloud-threshold/README.md
index 53879070..292bc51a 100644
--- a/tinycloud-threshold/README.md
+++ b/tinycloud-threshold/README.md
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ The crate is a workspace member with `publish = false`. No other workspace crate
 
 The §3.6 request-digest amendment is explicit in SPEC.md. It makes an identity or transport-key transplant a context mismatch before share equations are evaluated.
 
+`combine` accepts at most `2*n` raw share entries, where `n` is the validated current member count. Duplicates count toward this limit. An oversized input returns `CombineError::TooManyShares`, naming no member, before request/share binding checks or algebra. Within the limit, the existing binding-first checks and member deduplication remain unchanged.
+
 ## Checks
 
 Use the workspace's pinned Rust 1.97.1 toolchain:
diff --git a/tinycloud-threshold/SPEC.md b/tinycloud-threshold/SPEC.md
index 4416ed2d..5f38e99f 100644
--- a/tinycloud-threshold/SPEC.md
+++ b/tinycloud-threshold/SPEC.md
@@ -115,6 +115,7 @@ unwrap(k: &DerivedKey, expected_id, (U, V, W)):
 - **Issue** (member i, `KeyShare` with context X): require the request's context fields equal X exactly, else `Error::ContextMismatch` (no share released). r_i ← Zr* (§3.2 sampling). Share = (i, context digest, request digest, c1 = r_i·g1, c2 = r_i·g2, c3 = s_i·H1(id) + r_i·tpk). The request digest is the approved S0.1 amendment recorded below.
 - **Response signing preimage** = TH(`…DECRYPT-SHARE`, request digest ‖ certificate digest ‖ u16be(i) ‖ encode(share)). The node signs it with its node key.
 - **Verify** against the `PublicKeySet` of context X: first the context check (share's and request's context = X; share's request digest = request digest; member i in X); a mismatch is `ContextMismatch`, never `InvalidShare`. Then e(c1, g2) = e(g1, c2) and e(c3, g2) = e(H1(id), pk_i)·e(tpk, c2), each checked as one multi-pairing; failure is `ShareError::Invalid { member }`. These equations follow the published aggregatable vetBLS scheme.
+- **Combine input bound:** take n from the validated current `PublicKeySet` and count all raw share entries, including duplicates. Accept at most `2*n` entries. Above that bound, return `CombineError::TooManyShares`, naming no member, before request/share binding checks, list iteration, allocation proportional to the supplied entries or algebra. For accepted-length inputs, request mismatch remains `CombineError::ContextMismatch`; all share bindings, including surplus entries, are checked before algebra. The following context-first combine rule applies within this bound.
 - **Combine:** context check on every share first (mixed contexts → `CombineError::MixedContexts`; this check is unconditional, independently of the final pairing result). Each share verified individually; duplicates by member counted once; needs ≥ t; uses the t lowest indices. C_j = Σ λ_i^S·c_{j,i}.
 - **Decrypt key:** k = C3 − tsk·C1. Accept only if k ≠ identity and e(k, g2) = e(H1(id), mpk). Returns `DerivedKey { identity, key context digest, k }`. This final check checks the key against id and mpk; context and authorization checks run separately first.
 
diff --git a/tinycloud-threshold/src/checkpoint.rs b/tinycloud-threshold/src/checkpoint.rs
index 1c0d7306..1d68e390 100644
--- a/tinycloud-threshold/src/checkpoint.rs
+++ b/tinycloud-threshold/src/checkpoint.rs
@@ -122,6 +122,97 @@ fn signing_preimage_rejects_changed_record_nonce() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn p3_combine_accepts_exact_raw_limit() {
+    let (public, _, tsk, req, issued) = setup(11);
+    let repeated: [EncryptedKeyShare; 6] =
+        std::array::from_fn(|i| issued[i % issued.len()].clone());
+    let aggregate = combine(&public, &req, &repeated).unwrap();
+    let key = decrypt_derived_key(&aggregate, &tsk, &public, &req).unwrap();
+    let data = DataKey::new([0x42; 32]);
+    let ciphertext = wrap_key(
+        public.master_public_key(),
+        req.identity(),
+        &data,
+        &mut ChaCha20Rng::from_seed([12; 32]),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        unwrap_key(&key, req.identity(), &ciphertext)
+            .unwrap()
+            .as_bytes(),
+        data.as_bytes()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn p3_combine_counts_duplicate_members_once_at_limit() {
+    let (public, _, _, req, issued) = setup(11);
+    let repeated: [EncryptedKeyShare; 6] = std::array::from_fn(|_| issued[0].clone());
+    assert!(matches!(
+        combine(&public, &req, &repeated),
+        Err(CombineError::NotEnoughShares)
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn p3_combine_rejects_above_raw_limit() {
+    let (public, _, _, req, issued) = setup(11);
+    for share in &issued {
+        assert_eq!(verify_share(&public, &req, share), Ok(()));
+    }
+    let too_many: [EncryptedKeyShare; 7] =
+        std::array::from_fn(|i| issued[i % issued.len()].clone());
+    let result = combine(&public, &req, &too_many);
+    let maximum = 2 * usize::from(public.context().threshold().n());
+    assert!(
+        result.is_err(),
+        "combine accepted {} raw entries above 2*n={maximum}",
+        too_many.len()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(result.err(), Some(CombineError::TooManyShares));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn p3_combine_limit_precedes_context_and_share_checks() {
+    let (public, _, _, req, issued) = setup(11);
+    let mut too_many: [EncryptedKeyShare; 7] =
+        std::array::from_fn(|i| issued[i % issued.len()].clone());
+    let mut other_request = req.clone();
+    other_request.context_digest[0] ^= 1;
+    assert_eq!(
+        combine(&public, &other_request, &too_many).unwrap_err(),
+        CombineError::TooManyShares
+    );
+    too_many[6].context_digest[0] ^= 1;
+    assert_eq!(
+        combine(&public, &req, &too_many).unwrap_err(),
+        CombineError::TooManyShares
+    );
+    too_many[6].context_digest[0] ^= 1;
+    too_many[6].c3 = G1::identity();
+    assert_eq!(
+        combine(&public, &req, &too_many).unwrap_err(),
+        CombineError::TooManyShares
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn p3_verify_share_rejects_canonical_identity_c3_mutation() {
+    let (public, _, _, req, issued) = setup(11);
+    assert_eq!(verify_share(&public, &req, &issued[0]), Ok(()));
+    assert!(!issued[0].c3.is_identity());
+    let mut changed = issued[0].clone();
+    changed.c3 = G1::identity();
+    let changed = EncryptedKeyShare::decode(&changed.encode()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        verify_share(&public, &req, &changed),
+        Err(ShareError::Invalid {
+            member: issued[0].index()
+        })
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn checkpoint_2of3() {
     let (public, shares, tsk, req, issued) = setup(11);
diff --git a/tinycloud-threshold/src/derive.rs b/tinycloud-threshold/src/derive.rs
index e0738846..d414c797 100644
--- a/tinycloud-threshold/src/derive.rs
+++ b/tinycloud-threshold/src/derive.rs
@@ -348,11 +348,17 @@ pub struct EncryptedDerivedKey {
 }
 
 /// Verifies every input, counts each member once, then uses the lowest t indices.
+/// Refuses more than `2 * n` entries, including duplicates, before context checks
+/// or algebra, where `n` is the validated current member count.
 pub fn combine(
     public: &PublicKeySet,
     req: &DecryptRequest,
     shares: &[EncryptedKeyShare],
 ) -> Result<EncryptedDerivedKey, CombineError> {
+    let maximum = usize::from(public.context.threshold().n()).saturating_mul(2);
+    if shares.len() > maximum {
+        return Err(CombineError::TooManyShares);
+    }
     if !req.matches(&public.context) {
         return Err(CombineError::ContextMismatch);
     }
diff --git a/tinycloud-threshold/src/error.rs b/tinycloud-threshold/src/error.rs
index 0c567eb2..3deea2a8 100644
--- a/tinycloud-threshold/src/error.rs
+++ b/tinycloud-threshold/src/error.rs
@@ -66,6 +66,9 @@ pub enum ShareError {
 /// Combining never interprets mixed-context inputs as member faults.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, thiserror::Error)]
 pub enum CombineError {
+    /// Raw entries exceed twice the current member count; no member is blamed.
+    #[error("too many supplied share entries")]
+    TooManyShares,
     #[error("request context mismatch")]
     ContextMismatch,
     #[error("mixed share contexts")]